EP1088901A1 - Process for the thermal treatment of metallic workpieces - Google Patents
Process for the thermal treatment of metallic workpieces Download PDFInfo
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- EP1088901A1 EP1088901A1 EP99118920A EP99118920A EP1088901A1 EP 1088901 A1 EP1088901 A1 EP 1088901A1 EP 99118920 A EP99118920 A EP 99118920A EP 99118920 A EP99118920 A EP 99118920A EP 1088901 A1 EP1088901 A1 EP 1088901A1
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- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- supply voltage
- quenching
- pressure
- fan
- motor
- Prior art date
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 21
- 238000007669 thermal treatment Methods 0.000 title 1
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 42
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 239000000112 cooling gas Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000000977 initiatory effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 9
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000005255 carburizing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000032544 Cicatrix Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010039580 Scar Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005256 carbonitriding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006735 deficit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 208000014745 severe cutaneous adverse reaction Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005496 tempering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/74—Methods of treatment in inert gas, controlled atmosphere, vacuum or pulverulent material
- C21D1/767—Methods of treatment in inert gas, controlled atmosphere, vacuum or pulverulent material with forced gas circulation; Reheating thereof
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
- C21D9/0006—Details, accessories not peculiar to any of the following furnaces
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/56—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering characterised by the quenching agents
- C21D1/613—Gases; Liquefied or solidified normally gaseous material
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/74—Methods of treatment in inert gas, controlled atmosphere, vacuum or pulverulent material
- C21D1/773—Methods of treatment in inert gas, controlled atmosphere, vacuum or pulverulent material under reduced pressure or vacuum
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for the heat treatment of metallic workpieces, in which a cooling gas flow through a fan in a vacuum furnace is generated for quenching the workpieces, wherein the fan by a Three-phase motor is driven, which is above one in terms of motor power of the three-phase motor with a certain minimum pressure in the vacuum furnace a predetermined supply voltage is operated.
- a disadvantage of high-pressure gas quenching is that a comparatively large shaft power is required for a fan generating the cooling gas flow in the vacuum furnace in order to provide the required cooling gas speed at the load torques given at high pressures.
- a large shaft power makes a large motor power of an electric motor driving the fan necessary. This is therefore usually designed as a three-phase motor with a rated output of, for example, 220 kW.
- a rated motor power of 220 kW results in a rated motor current of 400 A at a supply voltage of approx. 400 V.
- the resulting current surges which usually amount to up to nine times the rated motor current under normal conditions of the cooling gas, result in a starting current of 3600 A.
- the invention has for its object to develop a method for the heat treatment of metallic workpieces in such a way that improved quenching performance can be achieved in a simple and inexpensive manner.
- Such a method enables improved quenching performance.
- causes this is primarily due to the fact that due to the start of the fan a lower pressure in the vacuum furnace than the minimum pressure, shorter quenching times can achieve a greater variability in terms of for the create the desired quenching behavior for each workpiece to be treated.
- the invention embraces the surprising finding that a Starting the fan at pressures below the minimum pressure without the danger of flashovers is possible if the three-phase motor with a lower supply voltage is operated than for the required cooling gas speed necessary shaft power of the fan is required.
- the lower supply voltage also reduces the starting current, so that a starting device causing a soft start can be dispensed with becomes.
- the lower supply voltage also reduces the motor power, however, this is due to the still low pressure in the vacuum oven and the associated low density of the cooling gas is sufficient to the To start the fan.
- the fan When the minimum pressure in the vacuum furnace is reached the fan is operated with the higher supply voltage. Since the The fan is already rotating at its nominal speed at this point Switching to the higher supply voltage immediately to quench required shaft power available without - as in the state the technology - an impairment of the deterrent effect as a result of Start-up of the fan due to loss of time occurs.
- kinetic energy in the fan is stored, which is when switching to the higher supply voltage as a flywheel effect.
- the procedure according to the invention also contributes to an in due to the lower starting currents economically cheaper electricity consumption and also leads to that with comparable quenching performance to very high, only expensive realizing quenching pressures can be dispensed with.
- the line voltage is applied to the three-phase motor and by a transformer from the higher to the lower supply voltage and vice versa is increased or decreased.
- the Voltage transformation with a transformer is comparatively inexpensive and enables existing heat treatment plants to simple way of performing the method according to the invention can be retrofitted.
- the three-phase motor above the minimum pressure with a supply voltage 400 V and below the minimum pressure with a supply voltage is operated from approx. 230 V.
- the three-phase motor cooled with water.
- a simple control of the cooling gas flow can be achieved in that advantageous Way the speed of the fan above the minimum pressure in Depending on the desired cooling gas velocity is varied.
- the fan press up to 20 bar is operated to the respective with sufficient quenching performance To ensure appropriate cooling gas pressures.
- Case hardening is used to provide a surface layer for metallic workpieces much higher hardness and thus better the workpiece overall to impart mechanical properties.
- the surface layer initially with carbon, depending on the required properties and / or nitrogen enriched and then from an appropriate Quenching temperature quenched to room temperature or below.
- a procedural and practical case hardening can be achieved if both carburizing and carbonitriding as well the subsequent hardening is carried out in a vacuum oven, the one easy exchange of gaseous heat treatment media allowed.
- the workpieces to be treated are carburized in the vacuum oven, for example by evacuating the gaseous carburizing medium and then flooding the vacuum furnace with an inert cooling gas Hardening process immediately afterwards, without requiring the workpieces to be transported to another furnace chamber.
- an electrically driven fan is provided in the vacuum furnace, which a cooling gas flow with a cooling gas velocity corresponding to the respective requirements generated. The cooling gas flow scares those to be treated Workpieces from the hardening temperature down to room temperature or below.
- a three-phase motor with a nominal output of 200 kW is provided, which at a pressure in the vacuum furnace of less than 750 mbar with a supply voltage of 230 V and at an oven pressure of more than 750 mbar is operated with a supply voltage of 400 V.
- the supply voltage is increased to 230 V by a starting transformer reduced.
- a pressure is reached in the vacuum oven during the flooding with Cooling gas of approx. 750 mbar is switched from 230 V to 400 V.
- the Motor power only a third of that at 400 V supply voltage Available engine power, in the present case 73.3 kW.
- the reduced supply voltage to 230 V also has the consequence that the Risk of rollovers with an engine power of 220 kW at pressures would otherwise be below 750 mbar, is excluded. Finally, the supply voltage reduced to 230 V contributes to the fact that the Fan can start at pressures below 150 mbar and at When the latter pressure is reached, the full shaft power is available stands.
- Figure 1 shows the chronological sequence with regard to the furnace pressure Fan speed and the supply voltage according to the previous status the technology and according to the invention for the initiation of the quenching process.
- Figure 2 shows corresponding measurement curves with and without cooling Use of the invention.
- the continuous filling of the quenching tank also causes one significantly faster cooling of the gas temperature within the first minutes cooling, which results in an increased heat transfer.
- This Advancing in cooling the gas temperature using the invention is in Figure 3 shown.
- this invention is for this Particularly suitable for use.
Abstract
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Wärmebehandlung metallischer Werkstücke, bei dem durch einen Ventilator ein Kühlgasstrom in einem Vakuumofen zum Abschrecken der Werkstücke erzeugt wird, wobei der Ventilator durch einen Drehstrommotor angetrieben wird, der oberhalb eines hinsichtlich der Motorleistung des Drehstrommotors bestimmten Mindestdrucks im Vakuumofen mit einer vorgegebenen Versorgungsspannung betrieben wird.The invention relates to a method for the heat treatment of metallic workpieces, in which a cooling gas flow through a fan in a vacuum furnace is generated for quenching the workpieces, wherein the fan by a Three-phase motor is driven, which is above one in terms of motor power of the three-phase motor with a certain minimum pressure in the vacuum furnace a predetermined supply voltage is operated.
Bei der Wärmebehandlung von metallischen Werkstücken, wie etwa Härten, Anlassen oder Glühen, finden in zunehmendem Maße Vakuumöfen Anwendung, in denen die Werkstücke nach erfolgter Erwärmung durch ein gasförmiges Medium, beispielsweise Stickstoff, abgekühlt werden. Eine derartige Gasabschreckung hat im Vergleich zu der herkömmlichen Öl- oder Salzbadabschreckung den Vorteil, daß keine Verunreinigung der Werkstücke entsteht und somit eine kostenintensive Reinigungsmaßnahme entfällt. Um bei der Gasabschreckung ähnliche Kühleffekte wie bei der Öl- oder Salzbadabschreckung zu erreichen, ist es bekannt, hohe Kühlgasdrücke vorzusehen, die aufgrund der damit verbundenen erhöhten Gasdichte die gewünschte Wärmeübertragung sicherstellen. Nachteilig hierbei ist allerdings, daß hohe Kühlgasdrücke aufwendige Sicherheitsmaßnahmen erfordern und zudem einen verhältnismäßig hohen Zeitbedarf zum Fluten bzw. Evakuieren des Vakuumofens mit sich bringen.In the heat treatment of metallic workpieces, such as hardening, Tempering or annealing, vacuum furnaces are increasingly used, in which the workpieces after heating by a gaseous Medium, for example nitrogen, are cooled. Such gas quenching compared to conventional oil or salt bath quenching the advantage that there is no contamination of the workpieces and a cost-intensive cleaning measure is therefore eliminated. To at the Gas quenching has cooling effects similar to those of oil or salt bath quenching To achieve, it is known to provide high cooling gas pressures, which due to the associated increased gas density the desired heat transfer to ensure. The disadvantage here, however, is that high cooling gas pressures are expensive Security measures require and also a relatively high Bring time to flood or evacuate the vacuum furnace.
Ein weiterer bei der Hochdruckgasabschreckung auftretender Nachteil besteht darin, daß es für einen den Kühlgasstrom im Vakuumofen erzeugenden Ventilator einer vergleichsweise großen Wellenleistung bedarf, um die erforderliche Kühlgasgeschwindigkeit bei den bei hohen Drücken gegebenen Lastmomenten bereitzustellen. Eine große Wellenleistung macht im gleichen Maße eine große Motorleistung eines den Ventilator antreibenden Elektromotors erforderlich. Dieser ist daher üblicherweise als Drehstrommotor mit einer Bemessungsleistung von beispielsweise 220 kW ausgebildet. Eine Motorbemessungsleistung von 220 kW ergibt bei einer Versorgungsspannung von ca. 400 V einen Motorbemessungsstrom von 400 A. Bei Anlaufen des Ventilators entsteht aufgrund der dabei auftretenden Stromstöße, die bei Normzustand des Kühlgases gewöhnlich bis zum neunfachen des Motorbemessungsstroms betragen, ein Anlaufstrom von 3600 A.Another disadvantage of high-pressure gas quenching is that a comparatively large shaft power is required for a fan generating the cooling gas flow in the vacuum furnace in order to provide the required cooling gas speed at the load torques given at high pressures. A large shaft power makes a large motor power of an electric motor driving the fan necessary. This is therefore usually designed as a three-phase motor with a rated output of, for example, 220 kW. A rated motor power of 220 kW results in a rated motor current of 400 A at a supply voltage of approx. 400 V. When the fan is started, the resulting current surges, which usually amount to up to nine times the rated motor current under normal conditions of the cooling gas, result in a starting current of 3600 A.
Derart hohe Ströme führen regelmäßig zu Netzstörungen und verursachen einen hohen Verschleiß, vor allem an den Anschlußstellen. Um dies zu vermeiden, ist es bekannt, Anlaufgeräte einzusetzen, die einen sogenannten Softstart des Drehstrommotors bewirken, indem der Anlaufstrom beschränkt wird, beispielsweise auf das fünf- oder sechsfache des Motorbemessungsstroms. Das Vorsehen von Anlaufgeräten ist jedoch mit höheren Kosten verbunden und daher in wirtschaftlicher Hinsicht unbefriedigend.Such high currents regularly lead to network faults and cause one high wear, especially at the connection points. To avoid this, it is known to use starting devices, the so-called soft start of the three-phase motor cause by limiting the starting current, for example to five or six times the rated motor current. The provision of However, starting devices are associated with higher costs and are therefore more economical Unsatisfactory.
Wenngleich es bei einem Softstart des den Ventilator antreibenden Elektromotors möglich ist, die zu behandelnden Werkstücke schon bei niedrigen Ofendrücken, d.h. noch während des Flutens des Vakuumofens mit Kühlgas, abzuschrecken, ist dem Beginn des Abschreckvorgangs eine Untergrenze in zeitlicher Hinsicht gesetzt. Dies ist darauf zurückzuführen, daß der Vakuumofen vor dem Start des Ventilators auf einen hinsichtlich der Motorversorgungsspannung des Drehstrommotors bestimmten Mindestdruck geflutet werden muß, um das Auftreten von beispielsweise Isolationsschäden hervorrufenden Überschlägen zu vermeiden. Der anhand sogenannter Paschen-Kurven ermittelbare Mindestdruck beträgt bei Drehstrommotoren mit einer Motorversorgungsspannung von 400 V in der Regel etwa 750 mbar.Although it is a soft start of the electric motor driving the fan it is possible to treat the workpieces to be treated even at low furnace pressures, i.e. quenching while the vacuum furnace is flooded with cooling gas a lower limit in terms of time at the start of the quenching process set. This is due to the fact that the vacuum furnace before the start of the Fan on one with regard to the motor supply voltage of the Three-phase motor certain minimum pressure must be flooded to the Arcing, for example, causing insulation damage avoid. The minimum pressure that can be determined using so-called Paschen curves for three-phase motors with a motor supply voltage of 400 V in usually about 750 mbar.
Da der Ventilator erst ab Erreichen des Mindestdrucks beim Fluten des Vakuumofens mit Kühlgas gestartet werden kann, wird ferner aufgrund der unvermeidlichen Anlaufzeit des Ventilators die Abschreckzeit und damit der erreichbare Abschreckeffekt in nachteiliger Weise beeinträchtigt.Since the fan only reaches the minimum pressure when flooding the Vacuum oven can be started with cooling gas, is also due to the inevitable Start-up time of the fan, the quenching time and thus the achievable Quench effect adversely affected.
Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, ein Verfahren zur Wärmebehandlung metallischer Werkstücke dahingehend weiterzubilden, daß sich auf einfache und kostengünstige Weise eine verbesserte Abschreckleistung erzielen läßt.The invention has for its object to develop a method for the heat treatment of metallic workpieces in such a way that improved quenching performance can be achieved in a simple and inexpensive manner.
Diese Aufgabe ist bei einem Verfahren mit den eingangs genannten Merkmalen erfindungsgemäß dadurch gelöst, daß der Ventilator bei einem Druck im Vakuumofen gestartet wird, der geringer als der Mindestdruck ist, wobei der Drehstrommotor bis zum Erreichen des Mindestdruckes im Vakuumofen mit einer zweiten, geringeren Versorgungsspannung betrieben wird.This object is achieved with a method having the above-mentioned features according to the invention characterized in that the fan is started at a pressure in a vacuum oven which is less than the minimum pressure, wherein the three-phase motor is operated until it reaches the minimum pressure in the vacuum furnace at a second, lower supply voltage becomes.
Ein solches Verfahren ermöglicht eine verbesserte Abschreckleistung. Ursächlich hierfür ist in erster Linie, daß sich aufgrund des Starts des Ventilators bereits bei einem geringeren Druck im Vakuumofen als dem Mindestdruck kürzere Abschreckzeiten erreichen lassen, die eine höhere Variabilität hinsichtlich des für die jeweils zu behandelnden Werkstücke gewünschten Abschreckverhaltens schaffen. Die Erfindung macht sich dabei die überraschende Erkenntnis zu eigen, daß ein Start des Ventilators bei Drücken unterhalb des Mindestdrucks, ohne die Gefahr von Überschlägen einzugehen, dann möglich ist, wenn der Drehstrommotor mit einer geringeren Versorgungsspannung betrieben wird als für die hinsichtlich der geforderten Kühlgasgeschwindigkeit notwendigen Wellenleistung des Ventilators erforderlich ist. Durch die geringere Versorgungsspannung reduziert sich zudem der Anlaufstrom, so daß ein einen Softstart bewirkendes Anlaufgerät entbehrlich wird. Die geringere Versorgungsspannung reduziert zwar gleichfalls die Motorleistung, diese ist aber aufgrund des noch geringen Druckes im Vakuumofen und der damit einhergehenden geringen Dichte des Kühlgases ausreichend, um den Ventilator anlaufen zu lassen. Bei Erreichen des Mindestdrucks im Vakuumofen wird der Ventilator mit der höheren Versorgungsspannung betrieben. Da sich der Ventilator zu diesem Zeitpunkt bereits mit seiner Nenndrehzahl dreht, steht beim Umschalten auf die höhere Versorgungsspannung unverzüglich die zum Abschrecken erforderliche Wellenleistung zur Verfügung, ohne daß - wie im Stand der Technik - eine Beeinträchtigung des Abschreckeffektes infolge eines durch das Anlaufen des Ventilators bedingten Zeitverlustes auftritt. Hierbei kommt in besonderem Maße zum Tragen, daß infolge des Drehens des Ventilators bereits vor Erreichen des Mindestdrucks im Vakuumofen kinetische Energie im Ventilator gespeichert ist, die sich beim Umschalten auf die höhere Versorgungsspannung als Schwungradeffekt bemerkbar macht. Die erfindungsgemäße Verfahrensführung trägt darüber hinaus aufgrund der geringeren Anlaufströme zu einem in wirtschaftlicher Hinsicht günstigeren Stromverbrauch bei und führt überdies dazu, daß bei vergleichbarer Abschreckleistung auf sehr hohe, nur aufwendig zu realisierende Abschreckdrücke verzichtet werden kann.Such a method enables improved quenching performance. Cause this is primarily due to the fact that due to the start of the fan a lower pressure in the vacuum furnace than the minimum pressure, shorter quenching times can achieve a greater variability in terms of for the create the desired quenching behavior for each workpiece to be treated. The invention embraces the surprising finding that a Starting the fan at pressures below the minimum pressure without the danger of flashovers is possible if the three-phase motor with a lower supply voltage is operated than for the required cooling gas speed necessary shaft power of the fan is required. The lower supply voltage also reduces the starting current, so that a starting device causing a soft start can be dispensed with becomes. The lower supply voltage also reduces the motor power, however, this is due to the still low pressure in the vacuum oven and the associated low density of the cooling gas is sufficient to the To start the fan. When the minimum pressure in the vacuum furnace is reached the fan is operated with the higher supply voltage. Since the The fan is already rotating at its nominal speed at this point Switching to the higher supply voltage immediately to quench required shaft power available without - as in the state the technology - an impairment of the deterrent effect as a result of Start-up of the fan due to loss of time occurs. Here comes in particularly to wear that already due to the rotation of the fan before reaching the minimum pressure in the vacuum furnace, kinetic energy in the fan is stored, which is when switching to the higher supply voltage as a flywheel effect. The procedure according to the invention also contributes to an in due to the lower starting currents economically cheaper electricity consumption and also leads to that with comparable quenching performance to very high, only expensive realizing quenching pressures can be dispensed with.
Von besonderem Vorteil ist es, wenn am Drehstrommotor die Netzspannung angelegt und durch einen Transformator von der höheren auf die niedrigere Versorgungsspannung und umgekehrt herab- bzw. heraufgesetzt wird. Die Spannungstransformation mit einem Transformator ist vergleichsweise kostengünstig und ermöglicht, daß bereits bestehende Wärmebehandlungsanlagen auf einfache Art und Weise zur Durchführung des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens nachgerüstet werden können. Zu dem gleichen Zweck wird vorgeschlagen, daß der Drehstrommotor oberhalb des Mindestdrucks mit einer Versorgungsspannung von ca. 400 V und unterhalb des Mindestdrucks mit einer Versorgungsspannung von ca. 230 V betrieben wird.It is particularly advantageous if the line voltage is applied to the three-phase motor and by a transformer from the higher to the lower supply voltage and vice versa is increased or decreased. The Voltage transformation with a transformer is comparatively inexpensive and enables existing heat treatment plants to simple way of performing the method according to the invention can be retrofitted. For the same purpose, it is proposed that the three-phase motor above the minimum pressure with a supply voltage 400 V and below the minimum pressure with a supply voltage is operated from approx. 230 V.
Gemäß einer bevorzugten Weiterbildung der Erfindung wird die am Drehstrommotor anliegende Versorgungsspannung in Abhängigkeit von dem im Vakuumofen herrschenden Druck und/oder der durch den Drehstrommotor fließenden Stromstärke umgeschaltet, um eine möglichst einfache und automatisierbare Verfahrensführung sicherzustellen. In Weiterbildung der Erfindung wird zudem ein Mindestdruck von 750 mbar vorgeschlagen, so daß der Motorleitung der gängigsten Drehstrommotoren für in Vakuumöfen eingesetzte Ventilatoren Rechnung getragen wird.According to a preferred development of the invention, that on the three-phase motor applied supply voltage depending on that in the vacuum furnace prevailing pressure and / or the current flowing through the three-phase motor switched to a process that is as simple and automatable as possible ensure. In a further development of the invention, a Minimum pressure of 750 mbar proposed, so that the engine line most common three-phase motors for fans used in vacuum furnaces Is taken into account.
Um leistungsstarke Drehstrommotoren verwenden zu können, wird gemäß einem weiteren Merkmal der Erfindung der Drehstrommotor mit Wasser gekühlt. Eine einfache Regelung des Kühlgasstroms läßt sich dadurch erreichen, daß in vorteilhafter Weise die Drehzahl des Ventilators oberhalb des Mindestdrucks in Abhängigkeit von der gewünschten Kühlgasgeschwindigkeit variiert wird. Schließlich wird vorgeschlagen, daß der Ventilator beim Drücken im Vakuumofen bis zu 20 bar betrieben wird, um bei hinreichender Abschreckleistung den jeweiligen Anforderungen entsprechende Kühlgasdrücke zu gewährleisten.In order to be able to use powerful three-phase motors, according to one Another feature of the invention, the three-phase motor cooled with water. A simple control of the cooling gas flow can be achieved in that advantageous Way the speed of the fan above the minimum pressure in Depending on the desired cooling gas velocity is varied. Finally it is suggested that the fan press up to 20 bar is operated to the respective with sufficient quenching performance To ensure appropriate cooling gas pressures.
Einzelheiten und weitere Vorteile des Gegenstandes der vorliegenden Erfindung ergeben sich aus der nachfolgenden, beispielhaften Beschreibung des Einsatzhärtens von metallischen Werkstücken.Details and further advantages of the subject of the present invention result from the following, exemplary description of case hardening of metallic workpieces.
Das Einsatzhärten dient dazu, der Randschicht metallischer Werkstücke eine wesentlich höhere Härte und somit dem Werkstück insgesamt bessere mechanische Eigenschaften zu verleihen. Zu diesem Zweck wird die Randschicht zunächst je nach den geforderten Gebrauchseigenschaften mit Kohlenstoff und/oder Stickstoff angereichert und anschließend von einer zweckentsprechenden Härtetemperatur auf Raumtemperatur oder darunter abgeschreckt. Ein in verfahrenstechnischer Hinsicht und praxisgerechtes Einsatzhärten läßt sich dann erreichen, wenn sowohl das Aufkohlen bzw. Carbonitrieren als auch das anschließende Härten in einem Vakuumofen durchgeführt wird, der einen einfachen Austausch gasförmiger Wärmebehandlungsmedien gestattet.Case hardening is used to provide a surface layer for metallic workpieces much higher hardness and thus better the workpiece overall to impart mechanical properties. For this purpose the surface layer initially with carbon, depending on the required properties and / or nitrogen enriched and then from an appropriate Quenching temperature quenched to room temperature or below. A procedural and practical case hardening can be achieved if both carburizing and carbonitriding as well the subsequent hardening is carried out in a vacuum oven, the one easy exchange of gaseous heat treatment media allowed.
Nachdem die zu behandelnden Werkstücke in dem Vakuumofen zum Beispiel aufgekohlt worden, läßt sich durch Evakuieren des gasförmigen Aufkohlungsmediums und anschließendem Fluten des Vakuumofens mit einem inerten Kühlgas der Härteprozeß unmittelbar anschließend, ohne daß es erforderlich ist, die Werkstücke in eine andere Ofenkammer zu transportieren. Zum Härten der Werkstücke ist in dem Vakuumofen ein elektrisch angetriebener Ventilator vorgesehen, der einen Kühlgasstrom mit einer den jeweiligen Erfordernissen entsprechenden Kühlgasgeschwindigkeit erzeugt. Der Kühlgasstrom schreckt die zu behandelnden Werkstücke von der Härtetemperatur auf Raumtemperatur oder darunter ab.After the workpieces to be treated are carburized in the vacuum oven, for example by evacuating the gaseous carburizing medium and then flooding the vacuum furnace with an inert cooling gas Hardening process immediately afterwards, without requiring the workpieces to be transported to another furnace chamber. For hardening the workpieces an electrically driven fan is provided in the vacuum furnace, which a cooling gas flow with a cooling gas velocity corresponding to the respective requirements generated. The cooling gas flow scares those to be treated Workpieces from the hardening temperature down to room temperature or below.
Zum Antrieb des Ventilators ist ein Drehstrommotor mit einer Nennleistung von 200 kW vorgesehen, der bei einem Druck im Vakuumofen von weniger als 750 mbar mit einer Versorgungsspannung von 230 V und bei einem Ofendruck von mehr als 750 mbar mit einer Versorgungsspannung von 400 V betrieben wird. Durch einen Anlaßtransformator wird die Versorgungsspannung auf 230 V reduziert. Bei Erreichen eines Drucks im Vakuumofen während des Flutens mit Kühlgas von ca. 750 mbar wird von 230 V auf 400 V umgeschaltet. So lange der Drehstrommotor mit einer Spannung von 230 V versorgt wird, beträgt die Motorleistung lediglich ein Drittel der bei 400 V Versorgungsspannung zur Verfügung stehenden Motorleistung, vorliegend also 73,3 kW. Dies hat zur Folge, daß der Motorbemessungsstrom von einem Wert von 400 A bei einer Motorleistung von 220 kW auf etwa die Hälfte des ursprünglichen Wertes abnimmt. Beim Start des Ventilators ergeben sich folglich im gleichen Maße reduzierte Anlaufströme, die auf diese Weise zu keiner Beeinträchtigung des Stromnetzes führen. Messungen ergaben, daß der maximal auftretende Anlaufstrom bei 1500 A liegt, welcher für einen Zeitraum von 1-2 s auftritt. Aufgrund der niedrigeren Anlaufströme ist zudem ein vergleichsweise geringer Stromverbrauch sichergestellt.A three-phase motor with a nominal output of 200 kW is provided, which at a pressure in the vacuum furnace of less than 750 mbar with a supply voltage of 230 V and at an oven pressure of more than 750 mbar is operated with a supply voltage of 400 V. The supply voltage is increased to 230 V by a starting transformer reduced. When a pressure is reached in the vacuum oven during the flooding with Cooling gas of approx. 750 mbar is switched from 230 V to 400 V. As long as that Three-phase motor is supplied with a voltage of 230 V, the Motor power only a third of that at 400 V supply voltage Available engine power, in the present case 73.3 kW. As a consequence, that the rated motor current of a value of 400 A at a Engine power decreases from 220 kW to about half of the original value. When the fan is started, there are consequently equally reduced Starting currents that do not affect the power grid in this way to lead. Measurements showed that the maximum starting current occurring at 1500 A which occurs for a period of 1-2 s. Because of the lower Starting currents is also a comparatively low power consumption ensured.
Die auf 230 V reduzierte Versorgungsspannung hat ferner zur Folge, daß die Gefahr von Überschlägen, die bei einer Motorleistung von 220 kW bei Drücken unterhalb von 750 mbar ansonsten vorhanden wäre, ausgeschlossen wird. Schließlich trägt die auf 230 V reduzierte Versorgungsspannung dazu bei, daß der Ventilator bereits bei Drücken unterhalb von 150 mbar anlaufen kann und bei Erreichen des letztgenannten Druckes somit die vollen Wellenleistung zur Verfügung steht.The reduced supply voltage to 230 V also has the consequence that the Risk of rollovers with an engine power of 220 kW at pressures would otherwise be below 750 mbar, is excluded. Finally, the supply voltage reduced to 230 V contributes to the fact that the Fan can start at pressures below 150 mbar and at When the latter pressure is reached, the full shaft power is available stands.
Das Bild 1 zeigt den zeitlichen Ablauf bezüglich des Ofendrucks, der Ventilatordrehzahl und der Versorgungsspannung gemäß dem bisherigen Stand der Technik und gemäß der Erfindung für die Einleitung des Abschreckvorganges.Figure 1 shows the chronological sequence with regard to the furnace pressure Fan speed and the supply voltage according to the previous status the technology and according to the invention for the initiation of the quenching process.
Da das bisher übliche Füllen des Abschreckbehälters auf einen Mindestdruck zum Anlaufen des Ventilatormotors entfällt, kann der gewählte Gasabschreckdruck ohne Zeitverzögerung aufgebracht werden. Dies führt zu einem schnelleren Beginn der Abkühlung mit maximaler Abkühlleistung, was einen entsprechenden Zeitvorteil bei der Erreichung einer angestrebten Abkühlendtemperatur bedingt. Dies führt bei gleichen Bauteil-Werkstoff-Kominationen zu einem im Vergleich zum bisherigen Stand der Technik verbesserten Abschreckergebnis.Since the usual filling of the quenching tank to a minimum pressure The selected gas quenching pressure can be omitted be applied without delay. This leads to a faster one Start of cooling with maximum cooling capacity, which is a corresponding Time advantage when reaching a target cooling end temperature. With the same component-material combinations, this leads to a comparison to prior art improved quenching result.
Das Bild 2 zeigt entsprechende Meßkurven bezüglich der Abkühlung mit und ohne Verwendung der Erfindung. Figure 2 shows corresponding measurement curves with and without cooling Use of the invention.
Das durchgehende Füllen des Abschreckbehälters bewirkt außerdem eine erheblich schnellere Abkühlung der Gastemperatur innerhalb der ersten Minuten der Kühlung, wodurch sich ein vergrößerter Wärmeübergang ergibt. Dieses Voreilen in der Abkühlung der Gastemperatur unter Einsatz der Erfindung ist im Bild 3 dargestellt.The continuous filling of the quenching tank also causes one significantly faster cooling of the gas temperature within the first minutes cooling, which results in an increased heat transfer. This Advancing in cooling the gas temperature using the invention is in Figure 3 shown.
Da besonders Einsatzstähle eine relativ niedrige Härtbarkeit besitzen und daher zur Erreichung eines ausreichenden Abschreckergebnisses eine sehr schnelle Abkühlung innerhalb der ersten Minute benötigen, ist diese Erfindung für diesen Anwendungsfall besonders geeignet.Because case steels in particular have a relatively low hardenability and therefore a very quick one to achieve a sufficient deterrent result Need cooling within the first minute, this invention is for this Particularly suitable for use.
Claims (9)
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß der Ventilator bei einem Druck in der Abschreckkammer gestartet wird, der geringer als der Mindestdruck ist, wobei der Drehstrommotor bis zum Erreichen des Mindestdrucks in der Abschreckkammer mit einer zweiten, geringeren Versorgungsspannung betrieben wird.Process for the heat treatment of metallic workpieces, in which a fan generates a cooling gas flow in an evacuable quenching chamber of a single- or multi-chamber furnace for quenching the workpieces, the fan being driven by a three-phase motor which also co-operates in the quenching chamber above a minimum pressure determined with regard to its motor output a given supply voltage is operated,
characterized by
that the fan is started at a pressure in the quenching chamber which is lower than the minimum pressure, the three-phase motor being operated with a second, lower supply voltage until the minimum pressure in the quenching chamber is reached.
Priority Applications (8)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE59903032T DE59903032D1 (en) | 1999-09-24 | 1999-09-24 | Process for the heat treatment of metallic workpieces |
| ES99118920T ES2184376T3 (en) | 1999-09-24 | 1999-09-24 | PROCEDURE FOR THE THERMAL TREATMENT OF METAL WORK PIECES. |
| EP99118920A EP1088901B1 (en) | 1999-09-24 | 1999-09-24 | Process for the thermal treatment of metallic workpieces |
| AT99118920T ATE225862T1 (en) | 1999-09-24 | 1999-09-24 | METHOD FOR HEAT TREATING METALLIC WORKPIECES |
| US09/653,993 US6428742B1 (en) | 1999-09-24 | 2000-09-01 | Method for heat-treating metallic workpieces |
| CA002341152A CA2341152C (en) | 1999-09-24 | 2001-03-21 | Method for heat-treating metallic workpieces |
| JP2001096006A JP5178975B2 (en) | 1999-09-24 | 2001-03-29 | Heat treatment method for metal workpieces |
| CN01112301.XA CN1227378C (en) | 1999-09-24 | 2001-04-02 | Heat treating method for metal workpiece |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP99118920A EP1088901B1 (en) | 1999-09-24 | 1999-09-24 | Process for the thermal treatment of metallic workpieces |
| CA002341152A CA2341152C (en) | 1999-09-24 | 2001-03-21 | Method for heat-treating metallic workpieces |
| JP2001096006A JP5178975B2 (en) | 1999-09-24 | 2001-03-29 | Heat treatment method for metal workpieces |
| CN01112301.XA CN1227378C (en) | 1999-09-24 | 2001-04-02 | Heat treating method for metal workpiece |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP1088901A1 true EP1088901A1 (en) | 2001-04-04 |
| EP1088901B1 EP1088901B1 (en) | 2002-10-09 |
Family
ID=27427686
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP99118920A Expired - Lifetime EP1088901B1 (en) | 1999-09-24 | 1999-09-24 | Process for the thermal treatment of metallic workpieces |
Country Status (8)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US6428742B1 (en) |
| EP (1) | EP1088901B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JP5178975B2 (en) |
| CN (1) | CN1227378C (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE225862T1 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2341152C (en) |
| DE (1) | DE59903032D1 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES2184376T3 (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE102005017906B4 (en) * | 2005-04-18 | 2008-06-05 | Ipsen International Gmbh | Heat treatment of metallic workpieces |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2844809B1 (en) * | 2002-09-20 | 2007-06-29 | Air Liquide | RAPID COOLING PROCESS OF PARTS BY CONVECTIVE AND RADIATIVE TRANSFER |
| US7201870B2 (en) * | 2003-01-14 | 2007-04-10 | Medtronic, Inc. | Active air removal system operating modes of an extracorporeal blood circuit |
| US7335334B2 (en) * | 2003-01-14 | 2008-02-26 | Medtronic, Inc. | Active air removal from an extracorporeal blood circuit |
| US7189352B2 (en) | 2003-01-14 | 2007-03-13 | Medtronic, Inc. | Extracorporeal blood circuit priming system and method |
| JP5407281B2 (en) * | 2008-11-04 | 2014-02-05 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | Heat treatment method |
| DE102009000201B4 (en) | 2009-01-14 | 2018-06-21 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Charging rack and quenching device with charging rack |
| CN101935745B (en) * | 2010-08-05 | 2011-11-30 | 山西鑫博瑞科技有限公司 | Heat treatment device and heat treatment method for coal cutting teeth |
| FR3001229B1 (en) * | 2013-01-23 | 2015-10-30 | Ecm Technologies | GAS TUMBLE CELL |
| CN107557553A (en) * | 2017-08-07 | 2018-01-09 | 安徽盛美金属科技有限公司 | A kind of metal sheet annealing device |
| US11053560B2 (en) | 2018-08-24 | 2021-07-06 | William R. Jones | High pressure rapid gas quenching vacuum furnace utilizing an isolation transformer in the blower motor power system to eliminate ground faults from electrical gas ionization |
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| EP0313888A1 (en) * | 1987-10-28 | 1989-05-03 | Leybold Durferrit GmbH | Method for the heat treatment of metallic work pieces |
| EP0798391A1 (en) * | 1996-03-29 | 1997-10-01 | ALD AICHELIN GesmbH. | Method and device for heat treating metallic workpieces |
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| US5478985A (en) * | 1993-09-20 | 1995-12-26 | Surface Combustion, Inc. | Heat treat furnace with multi-bar high convective gas quench |
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- 1999-09-24 AT AT99118920T patent/ATE225862T1/en active
- 1999-09-24 DE DE59903032T patent/DE59903032D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-09-24 EP EP99118920A patent/EP1088901B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-09-24 ES ES99118920T patent/ES2184376T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2000
- 2000-09-01 US US09/653,993 patent/US6428742B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2001
- 2001-03-21 CA CA002341152A patent/CA2341152C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2001-03-29 JP JP2001096006A patent/JP5178975B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2001-04-02 CN CN01112301.XA patent/CN1227378C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE649125C (en) * | 1937-08-16 | Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie | Method for the uninterrupted asynchronous starting of alternating current machines | |
| DE200995C (en) * | 1907-06-13 | |||
| EP0313888A1 (en) * | 1987-10-28 | 1989-05-03 | Leybold Durferrit GmbH | Method for the heat treatment of metallic work pieces |
| EP0798391A1 (en) * | 1996-03-29 | 1997-10-01 | ALD AICHELIN GesmbH. | Method and device for heat treating metallic workpieces |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| DE102005017906B4 (en) * | 2005-04-18 | 2008-06-05 | Ipsen International Gmbh | Heat treatment of metallic workpieces |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CA2341152C (en) | 2009-09-01 |
| CN1377978A (en) | 2002-11-06 |
| JP5178975B2 (en) | 2013-04-10 |
| ES2184376T3 (en) | 2003-04-01 |
| CN1227378C (en) | 2005-11-16 |
| US6428742B1 (en) | 2002-08-06 |
| EP1088901B1 (en) | 2002-10-09 |
| DE59903032D1 (en) | 2002-11-14 |
| CA2341152A1 (en) | 2002-09-21 |
| ATE225862T1 (en) | 2002-10-15 |
| JP2002294333A (en) | 2002-10-09 |
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