EP0313888A1 - Method for the heat treatment of metallic work pieces - Google Patents

Method for the heat treatment of metallic work pieces Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0313888A1
EP0313888A1 EP88116477A EP88116477A EP0313888A1 EP 0313888 A1 EP0313888 A1 EP 0313888A1 EP 88116477 A EP88116477 A EP 88116477A EP 88116477 A EP88116477 A EP 88116477A EP 0313888 A1 EP0313888 A1 EP 0313888A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
cooling gas
helium
mpa
hydrogen
quenching
Prior art date
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Granted
Application number
EP88116477A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0313888B1 (en
EP0313888B2 (en
Inventor
Paul Dipl.-Ing. Heilmann
Friedrich Dipl.Phys.Dr. Preisser
Rolf Schuster
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
ALD Vacuum Technologies GmbH
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Leybold Durferrit GmbH
Degussa GmbH
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Application filed by Leybold Durferrit GmbH, Degussa GmbH filed Critical Leybold Durferrit GmbH
Priority to AT88116477T priority Critical patent/ATE65801T1/en
Publication of EP0313888A1 publication Critical patent/EP0313888A1/en
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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
    • C21D1/74—Methods of treatment in inert gas, controlled atmosphere, vacuum or pulverulent material
    • C21D1/767—Methods of treatment in inert gas, controlled atmosphere, vacuum or pulverulent material with forced gas circulation; Reheating thereof
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
    • C21D1/56—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering characterised by the quenching agents
    • C21D1/613—Gases; Liquefied or solidified normally gaseous material
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
    • C21D1/74—Methods of treatment in inert gas, controlled atmosphere, vacuum or pulverulent material
    • C21D1/773—Methods of treatment in inert gas, controlled atmosphere, vacuum or pulverulent material under reduced pressure or vacuum
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27B—FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS IN GENERAL; OPEN SINTERING OR LIKE APPARATUS
    • F27B5/00—Muffle furnaces; Retort furnaces; Other furnaces in which the charge is held completely isolated
    • F27B5/06—Details, accessories, or equipment peculiar to furnaces of these types
    • F27B5/16—Arrangements of air or gas supply devices
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27B—FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS IN GENERAL; OPEN SINTERING OR LIKE APPARATUS
    • F27B5/00—Muffle furnaces; Retort furnaces; Other furnaces in which the charge is held completely isolated
    • F27B5/06—Details, accessories, or equipment peculiar to furnaces of these types
    • F27B5/16—Arrangements of air or gas supply devices
    • F27B2005/161—Gas inflow or outflow

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for the heat treatment of metallic workpieces in a vacuum furnace by heating the workpieces and then quenching them in a cooling gas under excess pressure and cooling gas circulation.
  • This object is achieved in that helium, hydrogen, mixtures of helium and hydrogen or mixtures of helium and / or hydrogen with up to 30 vol% inert gas are used as cooling gas, that the cooling gas pressure "p" in the furnace is quenched to values is set between 1 and 4 MPa, and that the cooling gas velocity "v" is chosen so that the product p ⁇ v is between 10 and 250 m ⁇ MPa ⁇ sec ⁇ 1.
  • Helium or helium mixtures with up to 30% by volume of hydrogen and / or inert gases are preferably used as the cooling gas.
  • the cooling gas velocity "V" refers to the exit from the cooling gas distribution pipes.
  • the steel parts are heated in a vacuum oven customary for this purpose.
  • the furnace is advantageously flooded with the helium or hydrogen gas at the beginning of the heating at about 2 MPa pressure and the gas is circulated with a fan.
  • This has the advantage that the heat transfer to the steel parts is not by radiation but by convection, which results in a uniform heating of the batch and a considerable reduction in the heating time.
  • the gas is removed from the oven and further heated under vacuum. In this temperature range, the radiant heating is very effective and a protective gas for heating the batches is not necessary.
  • the furnace is flooded with cold cooling gas up to 4 MPa overpressure to cool the batch.
  • the cooling gas is circulated with the aid of a fan, cooled down via a heat exchanger after leaving the furnace interior and fed back to the batch. This circulation continues until the batch has cooled.
  • the gas speed is adjusted with the help of the fan so that the product p ⁇ v between 10 and 250 m ⁇ MPa ⁇ sec ⁇ 1.
  • a component with a diameter of approx. 10 mm made of the low-alloy steel 100 Cr6 is heated in a vacuum furnace to the austenitizing temperature of approx. 850 ° C. After this temperature has been reached, the furnace is flooded with helium to an excess pressure of 1.6 MPa, the sample being cooled down to 400 ° C. in 16 seconds at a gas velocity of 65 m ⁇ sec ⁇ 1, which corresponds to the cooling rate in an oil bath .
  • a martensitic structure with a hardness of 64 HRC is obtained. With the gas quenching processes known to date, the steel 100 6Cr cannot be hardened.

Abstract

A process for heat treatment of metallic workpieces by heating in a vacuum furnace followed by quenching in a coolant gas under above-atmospheric pressure and with coolant-gas circulation.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Wärmebehandlung metallischer Werkstücke in einem Vakuumofen durch Aufheizen der Werkstücke und anschließendes Abschrecken in einem Kühlgas unter Überdruck und Kühlgasumwälzung.The invention relates to a method for the heat treatment of metallic workpieces in a vacuum furnace by heating the workpieces and then quenching them in a cooling gas under excess pressure and cooling gas circulation.

Zum Härten metallischer Werkstücke, insbesondere Werkzeuge, werden diese in einem Ofen auf die Austenitisierungs­temperatur des Werkstoffs erhitzt und dann abgeschreckt. Je nach Werkstoffart und gewünschter mechanischer Eigenschaften sind zum Abschrecken Bäder aus Wasser, Öl oder geschmolzenen Salzen erforderlich. Teile aus Schnellarbeitsstählen und anderen hochregierten Werkstoffen können auch in Inertgasen abgeschreckt werden, wenn diese kontinuierlich gekühlt und umgewälzt werden.To harden metallic workpieces, in particular tools, they are heated in an oven to the austenitizing temperature of the material and then quenched. Depending on the type of material and the desired mechanical properties, baths of water, oil or molten salts are required for quenching. Parts made from high-speed steels and other highly regulated materials can also be quenched in inert gases if they are continuously cooled and circulated.

In der DE-PS 28 39 807 und der DE-PS 28 44 343 werden Vakuumöfen beschrieben, in denen zum Abschrecken Kühlgase mit hoher Gasgeschwindigkeit und,mit Drücken bis zu 0,6 MPa (6 bar) über die aufgeheizten Werkstückchargen und anschließend über Wärmetauscher geleitet werden. Die erforderlichen hohen Kühlgasgeschwindigkeiten erreicht man mit Hilfe von Düsen oder Ventilatoren. Höhere Abschreckgeschwindigkeiten kann man im Prinzip durch Erhöhung des Kühlgasdrucks erzielen, doch erreicht man bei den derzeit verwendeten Kühlgasen (z. B. Stickstoff, Argon) nur einen Überdruck bis zu etwa 0,6 MPa. Die Anwendung höherer Drücke wird durch die Motorleistung begrenzt, die zur Umwälzung der komprimierten Gase erforderlich ist. Bei Verwendung von Stickstoff als Kühlgas mit 0,6 MPa Überdruck beträgt die erforderliche Motorenleistung bei einem Ventilator bereits über 100 kW. Motoren mit höheren Leistungen sind aber sehr voluminös, teuer und für einen Einbau in einen Vakuumofen normalerweise nicht geeignet.In DE-PS 28 39 807 and DE-PS 28 44 343 vacuum furnaces are described in which, for quenching, cooling gases with high gas velocity and with pressures up to 0.6 MPa (6 bar) over the heated workpiece batches and then over heat exchangers be directed. The required high cooling gas speeds are achieved with the help of nozzles or fans. In principle, higher quenching speeds can be achieved by increasing the cooling gas pressure, but the cooling gases currently used (e.g. nitrogen, argon) only achieve an overpressure of up to about 0.6 MPa. The use of higher pressures is limited by the engine power required to circulate the compressed gases. When using nitrogen as cooling gas with 0.6 MPa overpressure the required motor power for a fan is already over 100 kW. However, motors with higher outputs are very voluminous, expensive and usually not suitable for installation in a vacuum furnace.

Durch diese technisch bedingte Begrenzung der Kühlgasum­wälzung und des Kühlgasdrucks war es bisher nicht möglich, höhere Abschreckintensitäten mit Kühlgasen zu erreichen, so daß das Abschreckverfahren mit Kühlgasen auf spezielle Werkstoffe beschränkt ist.Due to this technical limitation of the cooling gas circulation and the cooling gas pressure, it has so far not been possible to achieve higher quenching intensities with cooling gases, so that the quenching process with cooling gases is restricted to special materials.

Es war Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung, ein Verfahren zur Wärmebehandlung metallischer Werkstücke in einem Vakuumofen durch Aufheizen der Werkstücke und anschließendes Abschrecken in einem Kühlgas unter Überdruck und Kühlgas­umwälzung zu entwickeln, mit dem eine höhere Abschreck­intensität erzielbar ist, ohne die Motorenleistung für die Kühlgasumwälzung erhöhen zu müssen.It was an object of the present invention to develop a method for the heat treatment of metallic workpieces in a vacuum furnace by heating the workpieces and then quenching them in a cooling gas under excess pressure and cooling gas circulation, with which a higher quenching intensity can be achieved without having to increase the engine output for the cooling gas circulation .

Diese Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß dadurch gelöst, daß als Kühlgas Helium, Wasserstoff, Gemische aus Helium und Wasserstoff oder Gemische aus Helium und/oder Wasserstoff mit bis zu 30 Vol% Inertgas verwendet werden, daß der Kühlgasdruck "p" im Ofen bei der Abschreckung auf Werte zwischen 1 und 4 MPa eingestellt wird, und daß die Kühlgasgeschwindigkeit "v" so gewählt wird, daß das Produkt p ˙ v zwischen 10 und 250 m ˙ MPa ˙ sec⁻¹ liegt.This object is achieved in that helium, hydrogen, mixtures of helium and hydrogen or mixtures of helium and / or hydrogen with up to 30 vol% inert gas are used as cooling gas, that the cooling gas pressure "p" in the furnace is quenched to values is set between 1 and 4 MPa, and that the cooling gas velocity "v" is chosen so that the product p ˙ v is between 10 and 250 m ˙ MPa ˙ sec⁻¹.

Vorzugsweise verwendet man als Kühlgas Helium oder Helium­gemische mit bis zu 30 Vol% Wasserstoff und/oder Inertgasen.Helium or helium mixtures with up to 30% by volume of hydrogen and / or inert gases are preferably used as the cooling gas.

Als günstig hat es sich erwiesen, im Ofen einen Kühlgasdruck zwischen 1,4 und 3,0 MPa einzustellen und die Kühlgasum­wälzung mit einem Ventilator vorzunehmen.It has proven to be advantageous to set a cooling gas pressure between 1.4 and 3.0 MPa in the furnace and to carry out the cooling gas circulation with a fan.

Die Kühlgasgeschwindigkeit "V" bezieht sich auf den Austritt aus den Kühlgasverteilungsrohren.The cooling gas velocity "V" refers to the exit from the cooling gas distribution pipes.

Es hat sich überraschenderweise erwiesen, daß bei Verwendung von Helium und/oder Wasserstoff bzw. deren Gemische mit bis zu 30 Vol% Inertgas, wie z. B. Stickstoff, als Kühlgas in den entsprechenden Öfen Drücke bis zu 4 MPa eingestellt werden können, ohne daß die Motorleistung der verwendeten Ventilatoren erhöht werden müssen. Dadurch wird die Kühlwirkung der Gase derart verstärkt, daß ein wesentlich breiteres Spektrum von Stählen gehärtet werden kann, auch solche Stahlsorten, die man bisher in einem Ölbad abschrecken musste. Diese Hochdruck-Gasabschreckung hat gegenüber flüssigen Abschreckmedien verfahrenstechnische und wirt­schaftliche Vorteile. Außerdem ist sie umweltfreundlicher.It has surprisingly been found that when using helium and / or hydrogen or mixtures thereof with up to 30 vol% inert gas, such as. B. nitrogen, as cooling gas in the corresponding furnaces, pressures up to 4 MPa can be set without the motor power of the fans used having to be increased. This strengthens the cooling effect of the gases in such a way that a much broader range of steels can be hardened, including those types of steel that previously had to be quenched in an oil bath. This high-pressure gas quenching has procedural and economic advantages over liquid quenching media. It is also more environmentally friendly.

Bei der praktischen Ausführung dieses Verfahrens werden die Stahlteile in einem für diesen Zweck üblichen Vakuumofen aufgeheizt. Dabei flutet man den Ofen vorteilhafterweise mit dem Helium- bzw. Wasserstoffgas bereits zu Beginn der Aufheizung mit etwa 2 MPa Druck und wälzt das Gas mit einem Ventilator um. Das hat den Vorteil, daß die Wärmeübertragung auf die Stahlteile nicht durch Strahlung sondern durch Konvektion erfolgt, was ein gleichmäßiges Aufheizen der Charge und eine beträchtliche Verkürzung der Aufheizzeit zur Folge hat. Oberhalb 750 °C wird das Gas aus dem Ofen entfernt und unter Vakuum weitererhitzt. In diesem Temperaturbereich ist die Strahlungserwärmung sehr wirksam und ein Schutzgas zur Erwärmung der Chargen nicht notwendig. Nach Erreichen der jeweiligen Austenitisierungtemperatur, die zwischen 800 und 1300 °C liegen kann, wird zum Abkühlen der Charge der Ofen mit kaltem Kühlgas bis zu 4 MPa Überdruck geflutet. Das Kühlgas wird mit Hilfe eines Ventilators umgewälzt, nach Verlassen des Ofeninnenraums über einen Wärmetauscher abgekühlt und erneut der Charge zugeleitet. Diese Umwälzung erfolgt solange, bis die Charge abgekühlt ist. Die Gasgeschwindigkeit wird dabei mit Hilfe des Ventilators so eingestellt, daß das Produkt p ˙ v zwischen 10 und 250 m ˙ MPa ˙ sec⁻¹ liegt.In the practical implementation of this method, the steel parts are heated in a vacuum oven customary for this purpose. The furnace is advantageously flooded with the helium or hydrogen gas at the beginning of the heating at about 2 MPa pressure and the gas is circulated with a fan. This has the advantage that the heat transfer to the steel parts is not by radiation but by convection, which results in a uniform heating of the batch and a considerable reduction in the heating time. Above 750 ° C, the gas is removed from the oven and further heated under vacuum. In this temperature range, the radiant heating is very effective and a protective gas for heating the batches is not necessary. After reaching the respective austenitizing temperature, which can be between 800 and 1300 ° C, the furnace is flooded with cold cooling gas up to 4 MPa overpressure to cool the batch. The cooling gas is circulated with the aid of a fan, cooled down via a heat exchanger after leaving the furnace interior and fed back to the batch. This circulation continues until the batch has cooled. The gas speed is adjusted with the help of the fan so that the product p ˙ v between 10 and 250 m ˙ MPa ˙ sec⁻¹.

Folgendes Beispiel soll das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren näher erläutern:
Ein Bauteil mit ca. 10 mm Durchmesser aus dem niedrig­legierten Stahl 100 Cr6 wird in einem Vakuumofen auf die Austenitisierungstemperatur von ca. 850 °C erwärmt. Nach Erreichen dieser Temperatur wird der Ofen mit Helium bis zu einem Überdruck von 1,6 MPa geflutet, wobei bei einer Gasgeschwindigkeit von 65 m ˙ sec⁻¹ in 16 sec die Probe auf 400 °C heruntergekühlt war, was der Abkühlge­schwindigkeit in einem Ölbad entspricht. Man erhält einen martensitischen Gefügezustand mit einer Härte von 64 HRC. Mit den bisher bekannten Gasabschreckungsverfahren läßt sich der Stahl 100 6Cr nicht härten.The following example is intended to explain the process according to the invention in more detail:
A component with a diameter of approx. 10 mm made of the low-alloy steel 100 Cr6 is heated in a vacuum furnace to the austenitizing temperature of approx. 850 ° C. After this temperature has been reached, the furnace is flooded with helium to an excess pressure of 1.6 MPa, the sample being cooled down to 400 ° C. in 16 seconds at a gas velocity of 65 m˙ sec⁻¹, which corresponds to the cooling rate in an oil bath . A martensitic structure with a hardness of 64 HRC is obtained. With the gas quenching processes known to date, the steel 100 6Cr cannot be hardened.

Claims (4)

1. Verfahren zur Wärmebehandlung metallischer Werkstücke in einem Vakuumofen durch Aufheizen der Werkstücke und anschließendes Abschrecken in einem Kühlgas unter Überdruck und Kühlgasumwälzung,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß als Kühlgas Helium, Wasserstoff, Gemische aus Helium und Wasserstoff oder Gemische aus Helium und/oder Wasserstoff mit bis zu 30 Vol% Inertgas verwendet werden, daß der Kühlgasdruck "p" im Ofen bei der Abschreckung auf Werte zwischen 1 und 4 MPa eingestellt wird, und daß die Kühlgasgeschwindigkeit "V" so gewählt wird, daß das Produkt p ˙ v zwischen 10 und 250 m ˙ MPa ˙ sec⁻¹ liegt.1. Process for the heat treatment of metallic workpieces in a vacuum furnace by heating the workpieces and then quenching them in a cooling gas under excess pressure and cooling gas circulation,
characterized,
that helium, hydrogen, mixtures of helium and hydrogen or mixtures of helium and / or hydrogen with up to 30 vol% inert gas are used as the cooling gas, that the cooling gas pressure "p" in the furnace is set to values between 1 and 4 MPa during quenching , and that the cooling gas velocity "V" is chosen so that the product p ˙ v is between 10 and 250 m ˙ MPa ˙ sec⁻¹. 2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß als'Kühlgas Helium oder Heliumgemische mit bis zu 30 Vol% Wasserstoff und/oder Inertgasen verwendet werden.2. The method according to claim 1,
characterized,
that helium or helium mixtures with up to 30 vol% hydrogen and / or inert gases are used as the cooling gas. 3. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 und 2,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß im Ofen bei der Abschreckung ein Kühlgasdruck zwischen 1,4 und 3,0 MPa eingestellt wird.3. The method according to claim 1 and 2,
characterized,
that a cooling gas pressure between 1.4 and 3.0 MPa is set in the furnace during quenching. 4. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 bis 3,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß die Kühlgasumwälzung mit einem Ventilator erfolgt.4. The method according to claim 1 to 3,
characterized,
that the cooling gas circulation takes place with a fan.
EP88116477A 1987-10-28 1988-10-05 Method for hardening of work pieces of steel Expired - Lifetime EP0313888B2 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT88116477T ATE65801T1 (en) 1987-10-28 1988-10-05 METHOD OF HEAT TREATMENT OF METALLIC WORKPIECES.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3736501 1987-10-28
DE3736501A DE3736501C1 (en) 1987-10-28 1987-10-28 Process for the heat treatment of metallic workpieces

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0313888A1 true EP0313888A1 (en) 1989-05-03
EP0313888B1 EP0313888B1 (en) 1991-07-31
EP0313888B2 EP0313888B2 (en) 1998-06-17

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP88116477A Expired - Lifetime EP0313888B2 (en) 1987-10-28 1988-10-05 Method for hardening of work pieces of steel

Country Status (28)

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US (1) US4867808A (en)
EP (1) EP0313888B2 (en)
JP (1) JP3068135B2 (en)
CN (1) CN1015066B (en)
AT (1) ATE65801T1 (en)
AU (1) AU606473B2 (en)
BG (1) BG49828A3 (en)
BR (1) BR8805492A (en)
CA (1) CA1308631C (en)
CS (1) CS274632B2 (en)
DD (1) DD283421A5 (en)
DE (2) DE3736501C1 (en)
DK (1) DK167497B1 (en)
ES (1) ES2023993T5 (en)
FI (1) FI86560C (en)
HR (1) HRP920581B1 (en)
HU (1) HU204102B (en)
IL (1) IL87762A (en)
MX (1) MX169690B (en)
NO (1) NO169244C (en)
PL (1) PL159767B1 (en)
PT (1) PT88896A (en)
RO (1) RO110067B1 (en)
RU (1) RU1813104C (en)
SI (1) SI8811937A8 (en)
UA (1) UA13002A (en)
YU (1) YU46574B (en)
ZA (1) ZA886853B (en)

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EP0962538A2 (en) * 1998-06-02 1999-12-08 Linde Aktiengesellschaft Process and device for efficient cooling of workpieces
EP1088901A1 (en) * 1999-09-24 2001-04-04 Ipsen International GmbH Process for the thermal treatment of metallic workpieces
EP1167548A3 (en) * 2000-06-19 2004-01-02 ALD Vacuum Technologies AG Process and device for determining the cooling effect of a circulating gas atmosphere on workpieces

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WO2013096646A1 (en) 2011-12-20 2013-06-27 Eclipse, Inc. METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR A DUAL MODE BURNER YIELDING LOW NOx EMISSION
CN105695716A (en) * 2016-01-29 2016-06-22 柳州市安龙机械设备有限公司 Heat treatment method for hard alloy cutter

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EP0960949A1 (en) * 1998-05-29 1999-12-01 Etudes Et Constructions Mecaniques Gas quenching device
FR2779218A1 (en) * 1998-05-29 1999-12-03 Etudes Const Mecaniques GAS QUENCHING CELL
EP0962538A2 (en) * 1998-06-02 1999-12-08 Linde Aktiengesellschaft Process and device for efficient cooling of workpieces
EP0962538A3 (en) * 1998-06-02 2003-09-24 Linde AG Process and device for efficient cooling of workpieces
EP1088901A1 (en) * 1999-09-24 2001-04-04 Ipsen International GmbH Process for the thermal treatment of metallic workpieces
EP1167548A3 (en) * 2000-06-19 2004-01-02 ALD Vacuum Technologies AG Process and device for determining the cooling effect of a circulating gas atmosphere on workpieces

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US4867808B1 (en) 1994-02-22
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SI8811937A8 (en) 1997-06-30

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