EP1071115A1 - Range III infrared emitter and composite material for the emission of such a radiation - Google Patents

Range III infrared emitter and composite material for the emission of such a radiation Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1071115A1
EP1071115A1 EP00402021A EP00402021A EP1071115A1 EP 1071115 A1 EP1071115 A1 EP 1071115A1 EP 00402021 A EP00402021 A EP 00402021A EP 00402021 A EP00402021 A EP 00402021A EP 1071115 A1 EP1071115 A1 EP 1071115A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
oxide
infrared radiation
metal
transmitter according
composite material
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Granted
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EP00402021A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP1071115B1 (en
Inventor
Patrice Seguy
Valérie Alonso
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Aerospatiale Matra Missiles SA
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Aerospatiale Matra Missiles SA
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01K—ELECTRIC INCANDESCENT LAMPS
    • H01K7/00—Lamps for purposes other than general lighting
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01K—ELECTRIC INCANDESCENT LAMPS
    • H01K1/00—Details
    • H01K1/02—Incandescent bodies
    • H01K1/04—Incandescent bodies characterised by the material thereof
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01K—ELECTRIC INCANDESCENT LAMPS
    • H01K11/00—Lamps having an incandescent body which is not conductively heated, e.g. heated inductively, heated by electronic discharge

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an infrared radiation emitter in band III and a composite material allowing the emission of such infrared radiation.
  • the present invention relates to a transmitter capable of transmitting infrared radiation in band III (8 to 12 ⁇ m in length wave) and intended, in particular, to be used in the same type of application, to simulate the optical signature of other types of aircraft.
  • a device to simulate a signature in band III which is based on the emission of a highly emissive heated body.
  • This known device comprises a metal dome, which is heated by a propane burner. Said device achieves a luminance of around 40 W / sr when mounted on a flying machine that flies at speed moderate (75 m / s).
  • the object of the present invention is to remedy these drawbacks. It concerns a transmitter of reduced cost and size, to emit infrared radiation in band III, which have the aforementioned characteristics which are likely to be used in the applications indicated above.
  • the transmitter according to the invention is capable of emitting radiation in band III of sufficient light energy for the applications considered.
  • the emitted radiation has a luminance very reduced in bands I (1 ⁇ m - 1.5 ⁇ m) and II (3 ⁇ m - 5 ⁇ m), the energy consumption is reduced accordingly, allowing optimize the overall energy efficiency of said transmitter.
  • the emissivity of a body is a value dimensionless which expresses the relationship between the luminance emitted by this body and the maximum luminance of an ideal body, called "black body”. This value varies, depending on the material and the wavelength, between 0 and 1.
  • the oxide by depositing the oxide on a metal, the problems of cost, robustness, machining, heating and supply are remedied, which would exist if the oxide were used alone, with the conditions of surface (150 cm 2 ) and temperature (800 ° C) considered here.
  • a metal e.g. titanium, copper, nickel or irradiated platinum
  • said heater allows efficient heating of said composite material to a temperature prescribed between 500 ° C and 1000 ° C, preferably of the order of 800 ° C.
  • said metal has a semi-spherical shape and said oxide is deposited on the semi-spherical external face of said metal.
  • said heating device includes means for adjusting the heating temperature and realizes preferably Joule heating.
  • Other modes of known heating are of course also possible.
  • the present invention also relates to a composite material comprising a metal and an oxide, for the emission of infrared radiation in strip III, said composite material and in particular the oxide having the above characteristics.
  • Figure 1 schematically shows a transmitter according to the invention.
  • Figure 2 shows curves showing emissivity respectively a black body and a composite material according to the invention, depending on the wavelength.
  • Figure 3 shows curves showing the luminance respectively a black body and a transmitter according to the invention, in function of the wavelength.
  • the transmitter 1 according to the invention and shown diagrammatically in Figure 1 is intended to emit infrared radiation R in band III, specified below.
  • FIG. 2 shows in dashed lines, the emissivity E2 of a perfect black body, which is assumed to be equal to 1 whatever the wavelength ⁇ considered.
  • the emissivity curve E1 represented in FIG. 2, corresponds to that of aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ) which is the preferred oxide for the implementation of the present invention.
  • magnesium oxide or ytrium oxide can also be used for the implementation of the invention, and in particular magnesium oxide or ytrium oxide.
  • the emissivity E for longer wavelengths ⁇ at 10 ⁇ m is irrelevant in the context of the present invention, since the energy emitted for such wavelengths is negligible.
  • said metal 4 preferably a common metal, for example titanium, copper, nickel or irradiated platinum, has a semi-spherical shape, for example of diameter 15 cm, and said oxide 5 is deposited on the semi-spherical external face of said metal 4, which makes it possible to obtain a high ratio between the emissive surface and the bulk of said material composite 3.
  • a common metal for example titanium, copper, nickel or irradiated platinum
  • said oxide 5 is deposited in the form of a layer thin, whose thickness results from a compromise between the optical properties of the oxide used and the constraints linked to the deposition process used work, and is, for example, close to 50 ⁇ m in the case of the oxide aluminum.
  • said oxide 5 can be deposited by various known methods, for example by spraying with plasma.
  • the choice of process depends, preferably, on the type of metal and of the type of oxide chosen.
  • methods of thermal spraying a "PVD” (“Physical Vapor Deposition") process or a “CVD” (“Chemical Vapor Deposition”) process.
  • the heater 6 is only provided as a preferred example. Other known heating devices can of course also be used.
  • infrared radiation R in band III (8-12 ⁇ m) which has a luminance of 100 W / sr between 8 and 10 ⁇ m, with an emissive surface of for example 150 cm 2 .
  • the transmitter 1 mainly transmits in band III, while the black body has a very high luminance peak located between 2 and 3 ⁇ m.
  • the transmitter 1 according to the invention can be mounted on a flying machine, for example a target machine of type C22, to simulate the optical signature of an aircraft.
  • a flying machine for example a target machine of type C22
  • the existence of low luminance in the near range infrared makes it possible not to disturb certain guidance systems of missiles for the destruction of said target device, in particular systems provided of plotter in band I.

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  • Resistance Heating (AREA)
  • Photometry And Measurement Of Optical Pulse Characteristics (AREA)
  • Compositions Of Oxide Ceramics (AREA)
  • Radiation-Therapy Devices (AREA)
  • Luminescent Compositions (AREA)
  • Conductive Materials (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to an emitter of infrared radiation in band III as well as to a composite allowing the emission of such infrared radiation. The emitter includes an emission source having a composite on which a thin oxide layer is deposited. The oxide has an emissivity which is less than 0.2 for wavelengths of emitted radiation of less than 6 mum and greater than 0.8 for wavelengths of between 8 and 10 mum. The invention also includes a heating device which can heat the composite so that it emits infrared radiation in band III.

Description

La présente invention concerne un émetteur de rayonnement infrarouge en bande III et un matériau composite permettant l'émission d'un tel rayonnement infrarouge.The present invention relates to an infrared radiation emitter in band III and a composite material allowing the emission of such infrared radiation.

On connaít des émetteurs de rayonnement infrarouge en bande II (longueurs d'onde du rayonnement infrarouge de 3 à 5 µm) susceptibles d'être montés sur un engin volant, par exemple un avion cible, pour simuler la signature optique de certains types d'aéronef, en particulier dans le but de permettre la mise en oeuvre de tirs d'essai pour des armes, telles que des missiles, de destruction d'aéronef.We know emitters of infrared radiation in band II (infrared radiation wavelengths from 3 to 5 µm) likely to be mounted on a flying object, for example a target plane, to simulate the optical signature of certain types of aircraft, in particular in the purpose of enabling test fire to be carried out on weapons, such than missiles, destroying aircraft.

La présente invention concerne un émetteur susceptible d'émettre des rayonnements infrarouges en bande III (8 à 12 µm de longueur d'onde) et destiné, en particulier, à être utilisé dans le même type d'application, pour simuler la signature optique d'autres types d'aéronef.The present invention relates to a transmitter capable of transmitting infrared radiation in band III (8 to 12 µm in length wave) and intended, in particular, to be used in the same type of application, to simulate the optical signature of other types of aircraft.

On sait que, pour de telles applications (montage sur un aéronef volant à vitesses élevées, pour simuler la signature optique d'avions émettant en bande III), l'émetteur doit présenter des caractéristiques particulières, concernant notamment :

  • la luminance, qui doit être de l'ordre de 100 W/sr entre 8 et 10 µm de longueur d'onde ;
  • la tenue aux contraintes d'environnement mécanique et climatique, qui doit être compatible avec les conditions d'utilisation envisagées (montage sur un engin volant pouvant voler jusqu'à une vitesse proche de Mach 1 et pouvant monter jusqu'à une altitude de 4 000 m) ;
  • l'encombrement (la surface émissive doit rester inférieure à quelques centaines de cm2) ; et
  • le coût qui doit rester faible.
We know that, for such applications (mounting on an aircraft flying at high speeds, to simulate the optical signature of aircraft transmitting in band III), the transmitter must have specific characteristics, relating in particular to:
  • luminance, which must be of the order of 100 W / sr between 8 and 10 μm in wavelength;
  • the resistance to mechanical and climatic environment constraints, which must be compatible with the envisaged conditions of use (mounting on a flying machine which can fly up to a speed close to Mach 1 and which can climb to an altitude of 4,000 m);
  • size (the emissive surface must remain less than a few hundred cm 2 ); and
  • the cost which must remain low.

De nombreuses solutions sont envisageables, mais aucune d'elles ne permet de satisfaire à toutes les conditions précitées. A titre d'illustration, on peut citer :

  • une solution pyrotechnique utilisant un traceur à poudre. La mise en oeuvre d'une telle solution, et notamment le maintien d'une combustion stable, paraissent difficiles, voire impossibles, dans les conditions d'utilisation envisagées. De plus, la puissance lumineuse susceptible d'être émise en bande III semble insuffisante ;
  • une solution utilisant un laser. Cette solution est prohibitive en termes de coût, de poids, d'encombrement et d'autonomie ; et
  • des lampes de Nerst (barreau de matériau réfractaire, chauffé par effet Joule). Ces dernières sont trop fragiles et la puissance émise en bande III est bien insuffisante, pour les applications envisagées.
Many solutions are possible, but none of them makes it possible to satisfy all of the above conditions. By way of illustration, we can cite:
  • a pyrotechnic solution using a powder tracer. The implementation of such a solution, and in particular the maintenance of stable combustion, seem difficult, even impossible, under the conditions of use envisaged. In addition, the light power capable of being emitted in band III seems insufficient;
  • a solution using a laser. This solution is prohibitive in terms of cost, weight, size and autonomy; and
  • Nerst lamps (bar of refractory material, heated by Joule effect). The latter are too fragile and the power emitted in band III is quite insufficient, for the applications envisaged.

Par ailleurs, on connaít un dispositif pour simuler une signature en bande III, qui est basé sur l'émission d'un corps fortement émissif chauffé. Ce dispositif connu comprend un dôme en métal, qui est chauffé par un brûleur à propane. Ledit dispositif permet d'atteindre une luminance de l'ordre de 40 W/sr lorsqu'il est monté sur un engin volant qui vole à vitesse modérée (75 m/s).Furthermore, we know a device to simulate a signature in band III, which is based on the emission of a highly emissive heated body. This known device comprises a metal dome, which is heated by a propane burner. Said device achieves a luminance of around 40 W / sr when mounted on a flying machine that flies at speed moderate (75 m / s).

Toutefois, ce dispositif connu ne peut être utilisé pour les applications envisagées dans la présente invention. En effet :

  • le niveau de luminance obtenu est insuffisant (40 W/sr au lieu de 100 W/sr) ; et de plus
  • le refroidissement dû au flux aérodynamique à la vitesse de vol élevée envisagée (280 m/s) provoquerait une chute de la température du dôme et l'effondrement du niveau de luminance.
However, this known device cannot be used for the applications envisaged in the present invention. Indeed :
  • the luminance level obtained is insufficient (40 W / sr instead of 100 W / sr); and further
  • the cooling due to the aerodynamic flow at the envisaged high flight speed (280 m / s) would cause the dome temperature to drop and the luminance level to collapse.

La présente invention a pour objet de remédier à ces inconvénients. Elle concerne un émetteur de coût et d'encombrement réduits, permettant d'émettre des rayonnements infrarouges en bande III, qui présentent les caractéristiques précitées et qui sont susceptibles d'être utilisés dans les applications indiquées précédemment.The object of the present invention is to remedy these drawbacks. It concerns a transmitter of reduced cost and size, to emit infrared radiation in band III, which have the aforementioned characteristics which are likely to be used in the applications indicated above.

A cet effet, selon l'invention, ledit émetteur de rayonnement infrarouge en bande III est remarquable en ce qu'il comprend :

  • une source d'émission comportant un matériau composite qui comprend un métal usuel et courant, par exemple du cuivre ou du nickel, sur lequel est déposée une couche mince d'oxyde présentant, par exemple une épaisseur de l'ordre de 50 µm, ledit oxyde présentant de plus une émissivité qui est :
    • inférieure à 0,2, au moins pour les longueurs d'onde de rayonnement émis, inférieures à 6 µm ; et
    • supérieure à 0,8, pour les longueurs d'onde comprises entre 8 µm et 10 µm ; et
  • un dispositif de chauffage susceptible de chauffer ledit matériau composite de sorte qu'il émette un rayonnement infrarouge en bande III.
To this end, according to the invention, said infrared radiation emitter in band III is remarkable in that it comprises:
  • an emission source comprising a composite material which comprises a common and current metal, for example copper or nickel, on which is deposited a thin layer of oxide having, for example a thickness of the order of 50 μm, said oxide further having an emissivity which is:
    • less than 0.2, at least for the wavelengths of radiation emitted, less than 6 µm; and
    • greater than 0.8, for wavelengths between 8 µm and 10 µm; and
  • a heating device capable of heating said composite material so that it emits infrared radiation in band III.

Ainsi, grâce notamment aux caractéristiques d'émissivité dudit oxyde (par exemple de l'oxyde d'aluminium, de magnésium ou d'ytrium), l'émetteur conforme à l'invention est susceptible d'émettre un rayonnement en bande III d'énergie lumineuse suffisante pour les applications envisagées. Comme de plus, le rayonnement émis présente une luminance très réduite en bandes I (1 µm - 1,5 µm) et II (3 µm - 5 µm), la consommation énergétique est réduite en conséquence, ce qui permet d'optimiser le rendement énergétique global dudit émetteur.Thus, thanks in particular to the emissivity characteristics of said oxide (for example aluminum, magnesium or ytrium oxide), the transmitter according to the invention is capable of emitting radiation in band III of sufficient light energy for the applications considered. As further, the emitted radiation has a luminance very reduced in bands I (1 µm - 1.5 µm) and II (3 µm - 5 µm), the energy consumption is reduced accordingly, allowing optimize the overall energy efficiency of said transmitter.

On notera que, par définition, l'émissivité d'un corps est une valeur sans dimension qui exprime le rapport entre la luminance émise par ce corps et la luminance maximale d'un corps idéal, dit "corps noir". Cette valeur varie, en fonction du matériau et de la longueur d'onde, entre 0 et 1. Note that, by definition, the emissivity of a body is a value dimensionless which expresses the relationship between the luminance emitted by this body and the maximum luminance of an ideal body, called "black body". This value varies, depending on the material and the wavelength, between 0 and 1.

En outre, par le dépôt de l'oxyde sur un métal, on remédie aux problèmes de coût, de robustesse, d'usinage, de chauffage et d'approvisionnement, qui existeraient si on utilisait de l'oxyde seul, avec les conditions de surface (150 cm2) et de température (800°C) envisagées ici.In addition, by depositing the oxide on a metal, the problems of cost, robustness, machining, heating and supply are remedied, which would exist if the oxide were used alone, with the conditions of surface (150 cm 2 ) and temperature (800 ° C) considered here.

De plus, l'utilisation d'un métal (par exemple du titane, du cuivre, du nickel ou du platine irradié) associé audit dispositif de chauffage permet un chauffage efficace dudit matériau composite à une température prescrite comprise entre 500°C et 1000°C, de préférence de l'ordre de 800°C.In addition, the use of a metal (e.g. titanium, copper, nickel or irradiated platinum) associated with said heater allows efficient heating of said composite material to a temperature prescribed between 500 ° C and 1000 ° C, preferably of the order of 800 ° C.

De préférence, ledit métal présente une forme demi-sphérique et ledit oxyde est déposé sur la face externe demi-sphérique dudit métal.Preferably, said metal has a semi-spherical shape and said oxide is deposited on the semi-spherical external face of said metal.

Par ailleurs, de façon avantageuse, ledit dispositif de chauffage comprend des moyens pour régler la température de chauffage et il réalise de préférence le chauffage par effet Joule. D'autres modes de chauffage connus sont bien entendus également envisageables.Furthermore, advantageously, said heating device includes means for adjusting the heating temperature and realizes preferably Joule heating. Other modes of known heating are of course also possible.

En outre, dans un mode de réalisation particulier, l'émetteur conforme à l'invention comporte de plus :

  • un réflecteur permettant de diriger le rayonnement infrarouge émis par la source d'émission selon un angle solide prédéfini, ce qui permet d'augmenter le rendement global de l'émetteur ; et/ou
  • un boítier qui renferme la source d'émission, de manière à la protéger par rapport à l'extérieur, et qui est muni d'une fenêtre transparente aux rayonnements infrarouges émis par ladite source d'émission, ce qui permet notamment d'isoler la source émissive du flux aérodynamique externe.
In addition, in a particular embodiment, the transmitter according to the invention further comprises:
  • a reflector for directing the infrared radiation emitted by the emission source at a predefined solid angle, which makes it possible to increase the overall efficiency of the emitter; and or
  • a housing which contains the emission source, so as to protect it from the outside, and which is provided with a window transparent to infrared radiation emitted by said emission source, which in particular makes it possible to isolate the emissive source of the external aerodynamic flow.

La présente invention concerne également un matériau composite comportant un métal et un oxyde, pour l'émission de rayonnement infrarouge en bande III, ledit matériau composite et notamment l'oxyde présentant les caractéristiques précitées. The present invention also relates to a composite material comprising a metal and an oxide, for the emission of infrared radiation in strip III, said composite material and in particular the oxide having the above characteristics.

Les figures du dessin annexé feront bien comprendre comment l'invention peut être réalisée. Sur ces figures, des références identiques désignent des éléments semblables.The figures in the accompanying drawing will make it clear how the invention can be realized. In these figures, identical references denote similar elements.

La figure 1 montre schématiquement un émetteur conforme à l'invention.Figure 1 schematically shows a transmitter according to the invention.

La figure 2 représente des courbes montrant l'émissivité respectivement d'un corps noir et d'un matériau composite conforme à l'invention, en fonction de la longueur d'onde.Figure 2 shows curves showing emissivity respectively a black body and a composite material according to the invention, depending on the wavelength.

La figure 3 représente des courbes montrant la luminance respectivement d'un corps noir et d'un émetteur conforme à l'invention, en fonction de la longueur d'onde.Figure 3 shows curves showing the luminance respectively a black body and a transmitter according to the invention, in function of the wavelength.

L'émetteur 1 conforme à l'invention et représenté schématiquement sur la figure 1 est destiné à émettre un rayonnement infrarouge R en bande III, précisé ci-dessous.The transmitter 1 according to the invention and shown diagrammatically in Figure 1 is intended to emit infrared radiation R in band III, specified below.

A cet effet, ledit émetteur 1 comprend, selon l'invention :

  • une source d'émission 2 comportant un matériau composite 3 qui comprend un métal 4 sur lequel est déposée une couche mince d'oxyde 5, ledit oxyde 5 présentant une émissivité E1, tel que représenté sur la figure 2, qui est :
    • inférieure à 0,2 au moins pour les longueurs d'onde λ inférieures à 6 µm ; et
    • supérieure à 0,8 et le plus proche possible de 1 pour les longueurs d'onde λ comprises entre 8 µm et 10 µm ; et
  • un dispositif de chauffage 6 susceptible de chauffer ledit matériau composite 3 de sorte qu'il émette un rayonnement infrarouge en bande III.
To this end, said transmitter 1 comprises, according to the invention:
  • an emission source 2 comprising a composite material 3 which comprises a metal 4 on which is deposited a thin layer of oxide 5, said oxide 5 having an emissivity E1, as shown in FIG. 2, which is:
    • less than 0.2 at least for wavelengths λ less than 6 µm; and
    • greater than 0.8 and as close as possible to 1 for wavelengths λ between 8 µm and 10 µm; and
  • a heating device 6 capable of heating said composite material 3 so that it emits infrared radiation in band III.

On a de plus représenté sur la figure 2, en traits interrompus, l'émissivité E2 d'un corps noir parfait, qui est supposée être égale à 1 quelle que soit la longueur d'onde λ considérée. In addition, FIG. 2 shows in dashed lines, the emissivity E2 of a perfect black body, which is assumed to be equal to 1 whatever the wavelength λ considered.

La courbe E1 d'émissivité, représentée sur la figure 2, correspond à celle de l'oxyde d'aluminium (Al2O3) qui est l'oxyde préféré pour la mise en oeuvre de la présente invention.The emissivity curve E1, represented in FIG. 2, corresponds to that of aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ) which is the preferred oxide for the implementation of the present invention.

Toutefois, d'autres oxydes peuvent également être utilisés pour la mise en oeuvre de l'invention, et notamment de l'oxyde de magnésium ou de l'oxyde d'ytrium.However, other oxides can also be used for the implementation of the invention, and in particular magnesium oxide or ytrium oxide.

On notera que l'émissivité E pour des longueurs d'onde λ supérieures à 10 µm est sans importance dans le cadre de la présente invention, puisque l'énergie émise pour de telles longueurs d'onde est négligeable.Note that the emissivity E for longer wavelengths λ at 10 μm is irrelevant in the context of the present invention, since the energy emitted for such wavelengths is negligible.

On notera de plus que le fait d'utiliser un matériau composite 3, dont l'émissivité est proche de 1 dans la bande utile (bande III) et quasi-nulle pour les gammes de longueurs d'onde inférieures, permet de limiter les problèmes d'échauffement thermique et d'augmenter le rendement.It will also be noted that the fact of using a composite material 3, whose emissivity is close to 1 in the useful band (band III) and almost zero for the lower wavelength ranges, limits thermal heating problems and increase the yield.

Dans un mode de réalisation préféré représenté sur la figure 1, ledit métal 4, de préférence un métal courant, par exemple du titane, du cuivre, du nickel ou du platine irradié, présente une forme demi-sphérique, par exemple de diamètre 15 cm, et ledit oxyde 5 est déposé sur la face externe demi-sphérique dudit métal 4, ce qui permet d'obtenir un rapport élevé entre la surface émissive et l'encombrement dudit matériau composite 3.In a preferred embodiment shown in Figure 1, said metal 4, preferably a common metal, for example titanium, copper, nickel or irradiated platinum, has a semi-spherical shape, for example of diameter 15 cm, and said oxide 5 is deposited on the semi-spherical external face of said metal 4, which makes it possible to obtain a high ratio between the emissive surface and the bulk of said material composite 3.

De préférence, ledit oxyde 5 est déposé sous forme d'une couche mince, dont l'épaisseur résulte d'un compromis entre les propriétés optiques de l'oxyde utilisé et les contraintes liées au procédé de dépôt mis en oeuvre, et est, par exemple, proche de 50 µm dans le cas de l'oxyde d'aluminium.Preferably, said oxide 5 is deposited in the form of a layer thin, whose thickness results from a compromise between the optical properties of the oxide used and the constraints linked to the deposition process used work, and is, for example, close to 50 µm in the case of the oxide aluminum.

Dans le cadre de la présente invention, ledit oxyde 5 peut être déposé par différents procédés connus, par exemple par pulvérisation à plasma. Le choix du procédé dépend, de préférence, du type de métal et du type d'oxyde choisis. On peut en particulier utiliser des procédés de projection thermique, un procédé "PVD" ("Physical Vapor Deposition") ou un procédé "CVD" ("Chemical Vapor Deposition").In the context of the present invention, said oxide 5 can be deposited by various known methods, for example by spraying with plasma. The choice of process depends, preferably, on the type of metal and of the type of oxide chosen. In particular, methods of thermal spraying, a "PVD" ("Physical Vapor Deposition") process or a "CVD" ("Chemical Vapor Deposition") process.

Par ailleurs, le dispositif de chauffage 6 comporte :

  • des moyens 7 connus, par exemple des résistances électriques, représentés schématiquement et destinés à chauffer par effet Joule ledit métal 4 ;
  • des moyens 8 connus, pour régler la température de chauffage, comme illustré par une liaison 9 ; et
  • une unité 10 d'alimentation en courant électrique, reliée par une liaison 11 aux moyens 8.
Furthermore, the heating device 6 comprises:
  • known means 7, for example electrical resistors, shown diagrammatically and intended to heat said metal 4 by Joule effect;
  • known means 8 for adjusting the heating temperature, as illustrated by a link 9; and
  • a power supply unit 10, connected by a link 11 to the means 8.

Le dispositif de chauffage 6 n'est fourni qu'à titre d'exemple préféré. D'autres dispositifs de chauffage connus peuvent bien entendu également être utilisés.The heater 6 is only provided as a preferred example. Other known heating devices can of course also be used.

Par ailleurs, selon l'invention, ledit émetteur 1 comporte de plus :

  • un réflecteur métallique 12, par exemple de forme parabolique, centré autour du matériau composite 3 et permettant de diriger le rayonnement infrarouge R émis par ladite source émissive 2 selon un angle solide a prédéfini, ce qui permet d'augmenter le rendement global de l'émetteur 1 ; et
  • un boítier, dont on a uniquement représenté une fenêtre 13, destiné à protéger la source émissive 2 de l'extérieur, et notamment du flux aérodynamique externe lorsque l'émetteur 1 est monté sur un engin volant. Ladite fenêtre 13 est bien entendu transparente auxdits rayonnements infrarouges R.
Furthermore, according to the invention, said transmitter 1 further comprises:
  • a metallic reflector 12, for example of parabolic shape, centered around the composite material 3 and making it possible to direct the infrared radiation R emitted by said emissive source 2 at a predefined solid angle, which makes it possible to increase the overall efficiency of the transmitter 1; and
  • a housing, which only shows a window 13, intended to protect the emitting source 2 from the outside, and in particular from the external aerodynamic flow when the emitter 1 is mounted on a flying object. Said window 13 is of course transparent to said infrared radiation R.

Ainsi, grâce à l'invention, on peut émettre un rayonnement infrarouge R en bande III (8-12 µm) qui présente une luminance de 100 W/sr entre 8 et 10 µm, avec une surface émissive de par exemple 150 cm2. Thus, thanks to the invention, it is possible to emit infrared radiation R in band III (8-12 μm) which has a luminance of 100 W / sr between 8 and 10 μm, with an emissive surface of for example 150 cm 2 .

Sur la figure 3, on a représenté la luminance L (en W/st/m2/µm), pour une température de l'ordre de 800°C correspondant à la température de chauffage préférée, à savoir :

  • d'une part, la luminance L1 de l'émetteur 1 conforme à l'invention ; et
  • d'autre part, à titre de comparaison, la luminance L2 d'un corps noir, dans les mêmes conditions de mise en oeuvre.
FIG. 3 shows the luminance L (in W / st / m 2 / μm), for a temperature of the order of 800 ° C corresponding to the preferred heating temperature, namely:
  • on the one hand, the luminance L1 of the transmitter 1 according to the invention; and
  • on the other hand, by way of comparison, the luminance L2 of a black body, under the same conditions of implementation.

On voit bien que l'émetteur 1 émet essentiellement en bande III, alors que le corps noir présente un pic de luminance très élevé situé entre 2 et 3 µm.We can see that the transmitter 1 mainly transmits in band III, while the black body has a very high luminance peak located between 2 and 3 µm.

On notera qu'en plus des avantages précités, on réalise grâce à l'invention un compromis efficace entre l'encombrement et le rendement de l'émetteur 1. En effet, on rappellera que, concernant un corps noir, pour des températures supérieures à 1000°C, le gain en luminance en bande III devient de plus en plus réduit, l'énergie émise en bande I devient prépondérante et le rendement bande III / bande I, qui doit être important dans les applications envisagées dans la présente invention, s'effondre. L'optimum de rendement se situe à des températures modérées de 200°C. Cependant, pour de telles températures, la surface des matériaux nécessaire à l'obtention de la luminance souhaitée (100 W/sr dans 1,5 sr) en bande III est prohibitive (environ 10 000 cm2). Par conséquent, grâce à l'invention, on obtient un rendement élevé avec une source d'émission 2 de surface émissive réduite (150 cm2), chauffée à une température de l'ordre de 800°C.It will be noted that, in addition to the aforementioned advantages, thanks to the invention, an effective compromise is achieved between the size and the output of the transmitter 1. In fact, it will be recalled that, for a black body, for temperatures above 1000 ° C, the gain in luminance in band III becomes more and more reduced, the energy emitted in band I becomes preponderant and the yield band III / band I, which must be significant in the applications envisaged in the present invention, s 'collapses. The optimum yield is at moderate temperatures of 200 ° C. However, for such temperatures, the surface area of the materials required to obtain the desired luminance (100 W / sr in 1.5 sr) in band III is prohibitive (approximately 10,000 cm 2 ). Consequently, thanks to the invention, a high efficiency is obtained with an emission source 2 of reduced emissive surface (150 cm 2 ), heated to a temperature of the order of 800 ° C.

A titre d'application préférée mais non exclusive, l'émetteur 1 conforme à l'invention peut être monté sur un engin volant, par exemple un engin cible de type C22, pour simuler la signature optique d'un aéronef. De plus, l'existence d'une luminance faible dans la gamme du proche infrarouge permet de ne pas perturber certains systèmes de guidage de missiles de destruction dudit engin cible, notamment des systèmes munis de traceur en bande I.As a preferred but not exclusive application, the transmitter 1 according to the invention can be mounted on a flying machine, for example a target machine of type C22, to simulate the optical signature of an aircraft. In addition, the existence of low luminance in the near range infrared makes it possible not to disturb certain guidance systems of missiles for the destruction of said target device, in particular systems provided of plotter in band I.

Claims (16)

Emetteur de rayonnement infrarouge en bande III,
caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend : une source d'émission (2) comportant un matériau composite (3) qui comprend un métal (4) sur lequel est déposée une couche mince d'oxyde (5), ledit oxyde présentant une émissivité qui est : inférieure à 0,2 au moins pour les longueurs d'onde de rayonnement émis (R), inférieures à 6 µm ; et supérieure à 0,8 pour les longueurs d'onde comprises entre 8 µm et 10 µm ; et un dispositif de chauffage (6) susceptible de chauffer ledit matériau composite (3) de sorte qu'il émette un rayonnement infrarouge en bande III. Band III infrared radiation emitter,
characterized in that it comprises: an emission source (2) comprising a composite material (3) which comprises a metal (4) on which a thin layer of oxide (5) is deposited, said oxide having an emissivity which is: less than 0.2 at least for the wavelengths of emitted radiation (R), less than 6 µm; and greater than 0.8 for wavelengths between 8 µm and 10 µm; and a heating device (6) capable of heating said composite material (3) so that it emits infrared radiation in band III. Emetteur selon la revendication 1,
caractérisé en ce que ladite couche mince présente une épaisseur de l'ordre de 50 µm.Transmitter according to claim 1,
characterized in that said thin layer has a thickness of the order of 50 µm. Emetteur selon l'une des revendications 1 et 2,
caractérisé en ce que ledit oxyde (5) est de l'oxyde d'aluminium.Transmitter according to one of claims 1 and 2,
characterized in that said oxide (5) is aluminum oxide. Emetteur selon l'une des revendications 1 et 2,
caractérisé en ce que ledit oxyde (5) est de l'oxyde de magnésium.Transmitter according to one of claims 1 and 2,
characterized in that said oxide (5) is magnesium oxide. Emetteur selon l'une des revendications 1 et 2,
caractérisé en ce que ledit oxyde (5) est de l'oxyde d'ytrium.Transmitter according to one of claims 1 and 2,
characterized in that said oxide (5) is ytrium oxide. Emetteur selon l'une des revendications 1 à 5,
caractérisé en ce que ledit métal (4) présente une forme demi-sphérique et en ce que ledit oxyde (5) est déposé sur la face externe demi-sphérique dudit métal (4).Transmitter according to one of Claims 1 to 5,
characterized in that said metal (4) has a semi-spherical shape and in that said oxide (5) is deposited on the external semi-spherical face of said metal (4). Emetteur selon l'une des revendications 1 à 6,
caractérisé en ce que ledit dispositif de chauffage (6) comprend des moyens (8) pour régler la température de chauffage. Transmitter according to one of claims 1 to 6,
characterized in that said heating device (6) comprises means (8) for adjusting the heating temperature. Emetteur selon l'une des revendications 1 à 7,
caractérisé en ce que ledit dispositif de chauffage (6) réalise un chauffage par effet Joule.Transmitter according to one of Claims 1 to 7,
characterized in that said heating device (6) performs heating by Joule effect. Emetteur selon l'une des revendications 1 à 8,
caractérisé en ce qu'il comporte de plus un réflecteur (12) permettant de diriger le rayonnement infrarouge (R) émis par ladite source d'émission (2) selon un angle solide prédéfini.Transmitter according to one of Claims 1 to 8,
characterized in that it further comprises a reflector (12) for directing the infrared radiation (R) emitted by said emission source (2) at a predefined solid angle. Emetteur selon l'une des revendications 1 à 9,
caractérisé en ce qu'il comporte de plus un boítier qui renferme la source d'émission (2), de manière à la protéger par rapport à l'extérieur, et qui est muni d'une fenêtre (13) transparente au rayonnement infrarouge (R) émis par ladite source d'émission (2).Transmitter according to one of Claims 1 to 9,
characterized in that it further comprises a housing which encloses the emission source (2), so as to protect it from the outside, and which is provided with a window (13) transparent to infrared radiation ( R) emitted by said emission source (2). Matériau composite pour l'émission de rayonnement infrarouge en bande III,
caractérisé en ce qu'il comporte un métal (4) et un oxyde (5), en ce que ledit oxyde (5) est déposé sous forme de couche mince sur ledit métal (4), et en ce que ledit oxyde (5) présente une émissivité qui est : inférieure à 0,2 pour les longueurs d'onde inférieures à 6 µm ; et supérieure à 0,8 pour les longueurs d'onde comprises entre 8 µm et 10 µm. Composite material for the emission of infrared radiation in band III,
characterized in that it comprises a metal (4) and an oxide (5), in that said oxide (5) is deposited in the form of a thin layer on said metal (4), and in that said oxide (5) has an emissivity which is: less than 0.2 for wavelengths less than 6 µm; and greater than 0.8 for wavelengths between 8 µm and 10 µm. Matériau selon la revendication 11,
caractérisé en ce que ladite couche mince présente une épaisseur de l'ordre de 50 µm.Material according to claim 11,
characterized in that said thin layer has a thickness of the order of 50 µm. Matériau selon l'une des revendications 11 et 12,
caractérisé en ce que ledit oxyde (5) est de l'oxyde d'aluminium.Material according to one of claims 11 and 12,
characterized in that said oxide (5) is aluminum oxide. Matériau selon l'une des revendications 11 et 12,
caractérisé en ce que ledit oxyde (5) est de l'oxyde de magnésium.Material according to one of claims 11 and 12,
characterized in that said oxide (5) is magnesium oxide. Matériau selon l'une des revendications 11 et 12,
caractérisé en ce que ledit oxyde (5) est de l'oxyde d'ytrium. Material according to one of claims 11 and 12,
characterized in that said oxide (5) is ytrium oxide. Matériau selon l'une des revendications 11 à 15,
caractérisé en ce que ledit métal (4) présente une forme demi-sphérique et en ce que ledit oxyde (5) est déposé sur la face externe demi-sphérique dudit métal (4).Material according to one of claims 11 to 15,
characterized in that said metal (4) has a semi-spherical shape and in that said oxide (5) is deposited on the external semi-spherical face of said metal (4).
EP00402021A 1999-07-21 2000-07-13 Range III infrared emitter and composite material for the emission of such a radiation Expired - Lifetime EP1071115B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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FR9909436A FR2796756B1 (en) 1999-07-21 1999-07-21 INFRARED BAND III RADIATION EMITTER AND COMPOSITE MATERIAL ALLOWING THE EMISSION OF SUCH RADIATION
FR9909436 1999-07-21

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US20140225009A1 (en) * 2013-02-08 2014-08-14 Wayne O'Brien Infrared Light Sources and Methods of Their Use and Manufacture
US10041866B2 (en) 2015-04-24 2018-08-07 University Of South Carolina Reproducible sample preparation method for quantitative stain detection
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ATE328362T1 (en) 2006-06-15
FR2796756B1 (en) 2001-09-28
FR2796756A1 (en) 2001-01-26
ES2265326T3 (en) 2007-02-16
US6370327B1 (en) 2002-04-09
DE60028303T2 (en) 2007-05-24
EP1071115B1 (en) 2006-05-31

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