Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
  • H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
  • H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
  • H01L31/042—PV modules or arrays of single PV cells
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
  • B32B27/06—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
  • B32B27/08—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material of synthetic resin
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
  • H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
  • H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
  • H01L31/042—PV modules or arrays of single PV cells
  • H01L31/048—Encapsulation of modules
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02S—GENERATION OF ELECTRIC POWER BY CONVERSION OF INFRARED RADIATION, VISIBLE LIGHT OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT, e.g. USING PHOTOVOLTAIC [PV] MODULES
  • H02S50/00—Monitoring or testing of PV systems, e.g. load balancing or fault identification
  • H02S50/10—Testing of PV devices, e.g. of PV modules or single PV cells
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
  • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10S136/00—Batteries: thermoelectric and photoelectric
  • Y10S136/291—Applications
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/23—Sheet including cover or casing
  • Y10T428/237—Noninterengaged fibered material encased [e.g., mat, batt, etc.]
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
  • Y10T428/31507—Of polycarbonate
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
  • Y10T428/3154—Of fluorinated addition polymer from unsaturated monomers
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
  • Y10T428/3154—Of fluorinated addition polymer from unsaturated monomers
  • Y10T428/31544—Addition polymer is perhalogenated
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
  • Y10T428/31551—Of polyamidoester [polyurethane, polyisocyanate, polycarbamate, etc.]
  • Y10T428/31573—Next to addition polymer of ethylenically unsaturated monomer
  • Y10T428/31576—Ester monomer type [polyvinylacetate, etc.]
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
  • Y10T428/31551—Of polyamidoester [polyurethane, polyisocyanate, polycarbamate, etc.]
  • Y10T428/31573—Next to addition polymer of ethylenically unsaturated monomer
  • Y10T428/3158—Halide monomer type [polyvinyl chloride, etc.]

Definitions

• the present invention relates to photovoltaic modules that contain one or more layers of a multi-layer composite film and their
• Glass is used almost exclusively as a cover for rigid photovoltaic modules. Covers made of glass are characterized by their low mechanical strength.
• Covers made of transparent plastics instead of glass are known. They mainly consist of polycarbonate sheets. They are used when a higher mechanical strength is required, as is the case on sailing ships, for example.
• the modules are used in the deck superstructures, so that e.g. it cannot be ruled out that the modules will be entered.
• Modules with polycarbonate as a cover have the disadvantage that they are not very weatherproof. In addition, they are permeable to water vapor, so that the photovoltaic modules can corrode. This means that these modules have to be replaced after a short time.
• foils made of fluoropolymers are used as light-transmitting cover foils in light and flexible photovoltaic modules.
• pure fluoropolymers e.g. Polyvinyl fluoride (PVF)
• modified fluoropolymers such as ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymers (ETFE) are used.
• PVF Polyvinyl fluoride
• ETFE ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymers
• Films for this purpose are used, for example, Tedlar ® or Tefzel®, both commercial products from Du Pont.
• Three-layer films with the layer structure of polyvinyl fluoride / polyester / polyvinyl fluoride are also used as backing films for photovoltaic modules.
• An example of this is Icosolar ® , a commercial product from Isovolta.
• Photovoltaic modules with covers made of fluoropolymer films are only mechanically resilient. The fluoropolymer films are difficult to print on.
• the present invention has for its object to provide photovoltaic modules with improved properties.
• the printability should be improved compared to photovoltaic modules with covers made of fluoropolymers.
• the mechanical resilience should be improved.
• weight is to be saved and break resistance is to be increased. Compared to
• Photovoltaic modules with polycarbonate as a cover are said to improve weather resistance, water vapor impermeability and scratch resistance.
• the low operating temperature resistance of photovoltaic modules with fluoropolymers as a cover is to be increased.
• photovoltaic modules which are characterized in that they contain one or more layers consisting of a multilayer composite film which contains at least one layer of polycarbonate and at least one layer of a polymer containing fluorine.
• the photovoltaic modules according to the invention have numerous advantages.
• Photovoltaic modules based on polycarbonate / fluoropolymer composite films show improved mechanical resilience with low weight.
• the low weight is particularly advantageous for the use of the photovoltaic modules according to the invention for mobile power generation.
• the scratch resistance is high. - 3 -
• the photovoltaic modules according to the invention contain at least one layer consisting of a multilayer composite film which contains at least one layer made of polycarbonate and at least one layer made of a polymer containing fluorine. They also contain at least one layer consisting of one or more
• the solar cells can be connected in parallel or in series.
• the photovoltaic modules according to the invention are preferably constructed from a plurality of layers, the uppermost layer facing the light consisting of a composite film, the at least one layer made of polycarbonate and at least one
• the solar cells of the photovoltaic modules according to the invention consist of inorganic and / or organic photosensitive materials, e.g. monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon or amorphous silicon or copper indium
• the solar cells are preferably based on silicon.
• the polycarbonate-fluoropolymer composite films according to the invention can consist of two or more layers.
• a preferred embodiment of the polycarbonate-fluoropolymer composite films according to the invention is the two-layer structure comprising a layer of polycarbonate and a layer of fluoropolymer. There may be an adhesive layer between the two layers. In addition, other additives such as UV absorbers can be contained in the layers. - 4 -
• polycarbonate-fluoropolymer composite films according to the invention is a three-layer system composed of a layer of fluoropolymer, a layer of polycarbonate and a layer of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer.
• Adhesion promoter layers can lie between the layers mentioned.
• other additives such as UV absorbers can be contained in the layers.
• This layer structure is particularly advantageous for the production of the photovoltaic modules according to the invention, since the solar cells can be laminated into the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer layer without having to use a separate film made of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer.
• the polycarbonate-fluoropolymer composite films according to the invention can e.g. be produced by extrusion, coextrusion or lamination. You can by plasma deposition, e.g. CVD (chemical vapor deposition), sputtering, vapor deposition, ion beam-supporting deposition, painting, etc. are surface-coated.
• CVD chemical vapor deposition
• sputtering vapor deposition
• ion beam-supporting deposition ion beam-supporting deposition
• painting etc. are surface-coated.
• the polycarbonate-fluoropolymer composite films according to the invention can have thicknesses of 5 ⁇ m to 1000 ⁇ m. A thickness of 100 ⁇ m to 1,000 ⁇ m is preferred. A thickness of 200 ⁇ m to 600 ⁇ m is particularly preferred.
• the weight ratio polycarbonate / fluoropolymer can be from 1000: 1 to 1: 1000. This ratio is preferably 100: 1 to 1: 100. It is particularly preferably 20: 1 to 1:20.
• the polycarbonates used in the polycarbonate-fluoropolymer composite films are those based on the diphenols of the formula (II)
• A is a single bond Cj-C 5 alkylene, C2-C 5 alkylidene, C 5 -C 6 cycloalkylidene, -S- or -SO2-,
• R 7 and R 8 independently of one another, in each case hydrogen, halogen, preferably chlorine or bromine, C r C 8 alkyl, C 5 -C 6 cycloalkyl, C 6 -C 10 aryl, preferably phenyl, and C 7 -Ci 2 Aralkyl, preferably phenyl-C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, in particular benzyl,
• n is an integer of 4, 5, 6 or 7, preferably 4 or 5,
• R 9 and R 10 can be selected individually for each Z, independently of one another hydrogen or C r C 6 alkyl, - 6 -
• Z means carbon, with the proviso that ZR 9 and R 10 simultaneously mean alkyl on at least one atom.
• Suitable diphenols of formula (II) are e.g. Hydroquinone, resorcinol, 4,4'-dihydroxydiphenyl, 2,2-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) propane (ie bisphenol A), 2,4-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) -2-methylbutane, 1, 1-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) cyclohexane, 2,2-bis (3-chloro-4-hydroxy-phenyl) propane, 2,2-bis (3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxyphenyl) - propane.
• Preferred diphenols of the formula (II) are 2,2-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) propane, 2,2-bis (3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl) propane and 1,1-bis- (4th -hydroxyphenyl) cyclohexane.
• Preferred diphenols of the formula (III) are l, l-bis- (4-hydroxyphenyl) -3,3-dimethylcyclohexane, l, l-bis- (4-hydroxyphenyl) -3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane and 1,1- Bis- (4-hydroxyphenyl) -2,4,4-trimethyl-cyclopentane.
• Polycarbonates suitable according to the invention are both homopolycarbonates and
• Copolycarbonates A mixture of the thermoplastic polycarbonates defined above is also suitable.
• Polycarbonates can be made in a known manner from diphenols with phosgene according to the interfacial process or with phosgene according to the process in a homogeneous manner
• Suitable chain terminators are, for example, phenol, p-chlorophenol, p-tert-butylphenol or 2,4,6-tribromophenol, but also long-chain alkylphenols, such as 4- (1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl) phenol or monoalkylphenol or dialkylphenol with a total of 8 to 20 carbon atoms in the alkyl substituents such as 3,5-di-tert-butylphenol, p-iso-octylphenol, p-tert-octylphenol, p-dodecylphenol and 2- (3rd , 5-dimethyl-heptyl) phenol and 4- (3, 5-dimethyl-heptyl) phenol.
• alkylphenols such as 4- (1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl) phenol or monoalkylphenol or dialkylphenol with a total of 8 to 20 carbon atoms in the alkyl substituents such as 3,5-di-
• the amount of chain terminators is generally between 0.5 and 10 mol%, based on the sum of the diphenols of the formulas (II) and / or (III) used in each case.
• the polycarbonates suitable according to the invention have average molecular weights (M w ), weight average, measured, for example, by ultracentrifugation or scattered light measurement) of 10,000 to 200,000, preferably 18,000 to 80,000.
• the polycarbonates suitable according to the invention can be branched in a known manner, preferably by incorporating 0.05 to 2 mol%, based on the sum of the diphenols used, of three or more than three-functional compounds, e.g. those with three or more than three phenolic groups.
• preferred polycarbonates are the copolycarbonates of bisphenol A with up to 15 mol%, based on the molar sum of diphenols, of 2,2-bis (3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxyphenyl) propane and the copolycarbonates of bisphenol A with up to 60 mol%, based on the molar sums
• polycarbonates can be replaced by aromatic polyester carbonates.
• aromatic polycarbonates can also contain polysiloxane blocks. Their manufacture is described, for example, in US Pat. No. 3,821,325.
• the fluoropolymers used are polymers in which the hydrogen atoms in the carbon chain of polyethylene are replaced in whole or in part by fluorine atoms, and chlorine or fluorine-chlorine derivatives and copolymers derived therefrom.
• a preferred embodiment of the photovoltaic modules according to the invention is given by the following structure.
• the side facing the light consists of a composite film according to the invention.
• Underneath is the solar cell layer embedded in a polymer.
• the polymer can e.g. Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer,
• Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer is preferably used here.
• the embedding is preferably done so that the solar cells are laminated between two ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer films.
• a backing layer made of glass, metal, epoxy resin mats or plastic.
• the other layers of the photovoltaic module are preferably combined into a complete module in one manufacturing step at the same time as the solar cells are laminated.
• the photovoltaic modules can be surrounded by a frame made of metal or other materials.
• the photovoltaic modules can also be directly, without a support layer, on other documents, e.g. Wing frame of gliders, lie.
• the side facing the light consists of a composite film according to the invention.
• Underneath is the layer of solar cells embedded in a polymer.
• the polymer can e.g. Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, polyurethane or a polysiloxane. Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer is preferably used here.
• the embedding is preferably carried out in such a way that the solar cells are laminated between two ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer films.
• Underneath there is a second layer made of the composite film according to the invention.
• the photovoltaic modules can be from one
• the photovoltaic modules according to the invention can be flat or not flat. They are preferably not flat.
• the photovoltaic modules according to the invention can also be part of so-called
• Hybrid modules that generate electricity and heat.
• the photovoltaic modules according to the invention can be used for stationary and mobile power generation.
• the photovoltaic modules according to the invention can e.g. are used for solar vehicles, e.g. Solar automobiles, for
• Airplanes or airships for ships or boats, for watermobiles or caravans, for toys, for advertising media such as Illuminated boards, for lighting timetables, for parking ticket machines, for lighting systems in the trekking area or in the leisure area, in the area of security technology, for facade modules, roof modules or for noise protection wall modules.
• the photovoltaic modules according to the invention can either serve to cover the entire energy requirement of the corresponding object, i.e. e.g. Deliver energy that e.g. a solar automobile is required for movement, or the photovoltaic modules according to the invention only supply part of the energy required by the corresponding objects, e.g. for lighting a vehicle.
• the manufacture of the photovoltaic modules according to the invention can e.g. after the embedding process or after the casting process.
• a vacuum lamination process using ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) as an adhesive film has proven to be an essential embedding process.
• EVA ethylene vinyl acetate
• the photovoltaic modules are assembled into a "laminate" in a vacuum chamber under the action of negative and / or positive pressure at elevated temperature.
• EVA melts in this process and encloses the solar cells - 10 -
• the other layers of the photovoltaic module are preferably combined into a complete module in one manufacturing step at the same time as the solar cells are laminated into the EVA layer.
• a casting process was developed for the production of large-area modules.
• the solar cells are sandwiched between two cover layers, e.g. Polycarbonate-polyvinyl fluoride composite films, inserted.
• the space is e.g. with a low viscosity polyurethane resin or
• Polycarbonate-polyvinyl fluoride composite film (according to the invention); printed on the polycarbonate side screen printing ink A no detachment of ink 0 screen printing ink B no detachment of ink 1
• Polyvinyl fluoride film (comparative example) screen printing ink A no adhesion of the ink 5 screen printing ink B no adhesion of the ink 5
• Ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer film (comparative example) Screen printing ink A no adhesion of ink 5 Screen printing ink B no adhesion of ink 5
• the foils were printed with two different one-component screen printing inks:
• the printing was carried out once over a 100 mesh. Horde drying was carried out at room temperature. The test was carried out 43 hours after printing.
• the cross cut test was carried out according to DIN 53 151, ISO 2409.
• cross hatch score 0 is the best assessment. This is followed by grading up to cross-hatch index 5 as the worst assessment. Cross-hatch index 0 to cross-hatch index 5 is graded on comparative images according to the standard mentioned.
• the adhesive tape test is carried out as follows. A cross cut is carried out, then an adhesive strip 18 mm wide is stuck to the ink layer, pressed on with a rubber roller with medium pressure, and then the adhesive strip is pulled off evenly at medium speed. The assessment is carried out analogously to the grid check.
• the test weight with a mass of 250 grams is rotatably mounted on a lever.
• the radius on the underside of the test weight is 20 mm. For the test, it is raised by an amount x and, in free fall, dropped onto the photovoltaic module to be tested.
• the pad is made of solid material. It is exchangeable and is adapted to the respective module mounting conditions in practice.
• the height of the free fall can be read on the scale in stages.
• the impact resistance is checked by dropping the weight ten times and then determining the damage visually and by measuring the electrical parameters of the module.

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• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
• Electromagnetism (AREA)
• General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
• Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
• Power Engineering (AREA)
• Laminated Bodies (AREA)
• Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
• Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)

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• 1998
  • 1998-04-01 DE DE19814652A patent/DE19814652A1/de not_active Ceased
• 1999
  • 1999-03-22 EP EP99916858A patent/EP1070354A1/de not_active Withdrawn
  • 1999-03-22 CN CN99806394A patent/CN1301402A/zh active Pending
  • 1999-03-22 IL IL13869899A patent/IL138698A/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 1999-03-22 WO PCT/EP1999/001913 patent/WO1999052154A1/de not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 1999-03-22 KR KR1020007010916A patent/KR20010042351A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 1999-03-22 US US09/647,386 patent/US6329588B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 1999-03-22 AU AU35197/99A patent/AU3519799A/en not_active Abandoned
  • 1999-03-22 CA CA002326792A patent/CA2326792A1/en not_active Abandoned
• 2000
  • 2000-09-26 ZA ZA200005137A patent/ZA200005137B/en unknown

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