Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
  • C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
  • C08J5/18—Manufacture of films or sheets
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
  • B32B27/06—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
  • B32B27/08—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material of synthetic resin
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
  • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
  • B65D2565/00—Wrappers or flexible covers; Packaging materials of special type or form
  • B65D2565/38—Packaging materials of special type or form
  • B65D2565/381—Details of packaging materials of special type or form
  • B65D2565/388—Materials used for their gas-permeability
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
  • C08J2323/00—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers
  • C08J2323/02—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after treatment
  • C08J2323/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of ethene
  • C08J2323/06—Polyethene
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/25—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component and including a second component containing structurally defined particles
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/25—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component and including a second component containing structurally defined particles
  • Y10T428/252—Glass or ceramic [i.e., fired or glazed clay, cement, etc.] [porcelain, quartz, etc.]
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
  • Y10T428/31855—Of addition polymer from unsaturated monomers

Definitions

• This invention relates to improved controlled permeability films and to improved methods of making such films.
• Controlled permeability films are particularly concerned with allowing gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide to pass through the film. These films find application in the storage of products which are affected by the presence of gases such as ethylene, oxygen and carbon dioxide and which respire and produce or consume these gases. Conditions for the optimal storage of horticultural products are influenced by factors which include crop species, cultivar, maturity, growing conditions, quality, relative humidity, temperature, packaging and storage duration. Control of carbon dioxide and/or oxygen concentration about such products has been shown to increase the product's storage life. Storage under controlled atmosphere involves modifying the concentration of oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapour, ethylene and other gases. Rates of respiration vary, with broccoli having a high rate and lettuce having a relatively low rate.
• Controlled atmosphere research with broccoli has shown that oxygen levels below approximately 1% and C0 2 levels higher than about 15% independently induced offensive off-odors and off-flavors.
• Optimum oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations reported for broccoli range from approximately 1 to 2. 5% and about 5 to 10% respectively.
• Product life is extended using controlled atmosphere because respiration is slow and pathogen growth is inhibited.
• modified atmosphere packaging the respiration behavior of the produce is utilized to control the composition of the atmosphere about the produce.
• the film permeability is matched to the expected respiration behavior as influenced by temperature and atmosphere conditions to provide an optimum carbon dioxide and oxygen content in the package.
• the accumulated oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations in such a package will be related to the rate at which they are consumed or generated by the produce and the package permeability, by a simple mass balance.
• the sensitivity of this balance to oxygen and carbon dioxide permeability requires consistent manufacturing processes to make controlled permeability films.
• Perforated films can produce controlled permeability but have the disadvantage of not acting as a barrier to microorganisms and/or moisture. Controlled permeability can be achieved by careful selection of the polymers used and patent specification WO94/25271 is one example where two different polymers are used in separate layers. This patent also recognizes that clarity, printability, and feel of the film are also critical factors for packaging film used at the retail level.
• One disadvantage is that the range of permeability is limited.
• Permeability is achieved by incorporating into the film filler particles larger than the intrinsic thickness of the film.
• the filler particles are inert and porous.
• the permeability can be varied by treating the filled film with heat and/or pressure or by stretching the film.
• the object of such a method is that one film can be treated to provide a range of films with differing permeability. This would enable a food packer to purchase one type of film and treat it on site to produce an appropriate film for each product to be packed.
• One shortcoming with this type of film is that it is not suitable for retail packaging because the clarity and feel of the film is not acceptable to the majority of consumers.
• nematodes may be successfully packed for storage and transport using controlled permeability films. It is an object of this invention to overcome the shortcomings of the prior art and provide a consumer acceptable film able to provide a wide range of permeability.
• the layer containing the filler particles may be a barrier film particularly when lower permeabilities are desired. It is also unexpected that acceptable permeability can be achieved using a barrier film.
• An advantage in using a barrier layer is that the range of permeability that can be achieved by treating one film will commence with a non permeable film and range upwardly into high permeability films.
• a preferred barrier layer is a polyolefine barrier film especially one composed of an ethylene/vinyl alcohol co-polymer. The films as taught in specification WO92/02580 had a lower permeability limit that was not considered non-permeable.
• the layer carrying the particles may be a non barrier film such as polyethylene, a copolymer of ethylene/vinyl acetatefEVA] or polyethylene terephthalate.
• the particles are substantially spherical and/or non porous as this is thought to provide a more consistent permeability across the film surface. Most available porous particles tend to be of irregular shape and this is thought to contribute to the inconsistency in permeability experienced with porous particles. The majority of non porous particles are of a regular or spherical shape.
• the loading of the particles in the film is about 0.1 % by weight of the film.
• non porous filler particles are contrary to current theory which holds that the permeability of films containing porous particles is due in part to gas passing through the film via the pores in the filler particles. In some cases better permeability is achieved using non porous particles.
• the main advantage of non- porous fillers over porous fillers is that all non porous fillers are opaque or colored and diminish the clarity of the film, where as non porous particles especially glass are transparent and, in the film, do not adversely effect the film's clarity.
• Non porous, spherical particles also provide more consistent film permeability once the film has been activated.
• the present invention provides a permeable film comprising a multi layer film in which an inner layer consists of a polymer containing inert filler particles of a size larger than the intrinsic thickness of the film. It has surprisingly been found that permeability is still achievable if the inert filler particles are contained in a layer between 2 or more outer layers. These outer layers can be chosen for their properties of clarity, flexibility and stiffness to provide a consumer acceptable film. The permeability of the outer layers is not critical as the permeability treatment renders the whole laminate permeable. Thus a barrier layer may be used as one of the non particle containing layers. The polymers used in the laminate will be determined by the application for which the laminate is intended.
• a laminate Or multi layer film made of layers of any combination of polyolefines such as polyethylene [PE], polypropylene [PP],and copolymers of ethylene such as ethylene-vinyl acetate [EVA] ethylene-vinyl alcohol [EVOH], ethylene-ethylene acrylate [EEA], polyethylene terephthalate[PET] or polystyrene [PS] such as styrene-butadiene copolymers.
• Some films may be heat sealable on at least one surface for heat sealing to other packaging items such as sealable lids for trays etc.
• PE is a common choice for heat sealing but if the container is made of PET then modified EVA resins are usually recommended.
• the spherical inert filler particles need not be non porous but may be porous. There are applications where porous particles are still acceptable because of the benefits provided by the multilayer film structure.
• the film is subjected to treatment with heat and/or pressure.
• the method used is disclosed in specification WO95/07949.
• the treatment is preferably carried out by passing the film between pressure rollers some of which may be heated.
• the temperature of the rollers contacting the film need not all be at the treatment temperature.
• An increase in permeability can be obtained without heating or by heating one or both surfaces of the film.
• the temperature selected will be within the range of 10°C to 200°C preferably 21 to 100°C.
• the pressure plate or roller applies a compressive force to the film sufficient to thin the film surrounding the particles .
• the compressive force applied may be in the range of about 2.5kg to 100kg, preferably about 5kg to 75kg.
• a roller treatment is preferred as it provides a more consistent film thickness.
• the film may also be subjected to uni-axial stretching.
• the stretching force applied may be about 2.5kg to 75 kg, preferably about 5 kg to 50 kg.
• intrinsic film thickness refers to the calculated thickness of the multi layer film.
• the intrinsic film thickness is the thickness the film would have if the filler particles were absent.
• film as used in this specification is intended to include sheet or film suitable for packaging.
• the required degree of permeability for oxygen and carbon dioxide can be achieved by making only a portion of the surface of the package permeable to a degree sufficient for the volume of the package, the quantity and type of the product and the expected ambient conditions.
• the inert filler may be treated to modify its surface behaviour and consequently modify the films permeability characteristics.
• the surface modifying agent may reduce the adhesion of the film forming polymer to the inert filler, which may result in the formation of depressions in the film.
• the depression's may impart micro-perforations to the controlled permeability film.
• the net effect of the surface modifying agent is the reduction in the effective film thickness.
• the carbon dioxide to oxygen permeability ratio for the controlled permeability film may also be altered.
• the surface modifying agent may be any suitable substance capable of modifying the surface of the inert filler.
• the agent is suitable to render the surface of the inert filler hydrophobic.
• the surface modifying patent may be inorganic or and inorganic polymeric material, for example polyolefines, particularly polyethylenes, and oxygenated polyethylene, for example polyethylene glycols, nonyl phenyl polyethylene oxide, poly vinyl alcohols, poly vinyl acetates, paraffins, polysiloxanes and silane coupling agents, metal alkoxides such as those of titanium and aluminium, alcohols such as n-butanol, and combinations there of.
• the surface modifying agent should be used in an amount sufficient to coat at least 10 percent of the surface of the inert filler.
• the surface modifying agent or combination of surface modifying agents may be added in quantities greater than needed to coat the total surface of the inert particles, so as to fill or partially fill the available pore volume.
• be film only layer containing the inert filler may also contain a dispersing polymer.
• the dispersing polymer should not be compatible with the film forming polymer so that when combined with appropriate blowing techniques, it forms distinct sections within the composite film.
• the inclusion of a dispersing polymer may effect the characteristics of the polymer film. For example, where a linear low density polyethylene [LLDPE] film has been combined with a less dense polyethylene [e.g. linear very low density polyethylene] these may lead to an increase in the oxygen permeability of the film.
• the inclusion of a less viscous polyethylene [ e.g. high pressure low density polyethylene] may lead to a thinning of the film.
• Suitable polymeric material that may be line to form a composite film include polyolefines of differing grades. Particularly preferred polyolefines are polyethylenes and oxygenated polyethylenes, polypropylene, polyester's including polyethylene terephthalate and polybutylene terephthalate, vinyl polymers including polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl acetate, ethylene-vinyl acetate co-polymers and ethylene-vinyl alcohols copolymers, polycarbonates and polystyrene, polyalkyleneoxide polymers including polyethylene oxide polymer; and mixtures there of.
• a composite film may comprise to or more polymers blended together. The most third blended films may be selected depending upon the desired characteristics of the film.
• a composite film comprised 30 to 99% by weight placed on the total weight film, of a polyolefine polymer; and approximately 1 to 70% by weight placed on the total weight of the Composites film of a dispersing polymer selected from polyolefines, polyesters, vinyl polymers, polycarbonates, polystyrenes, polyalkyleneolefine polymers and mixtures thereof.
• a preferred multilayer film has an outer layer [ ie: a layer used to form the outer layer in a package] to provide clarity, stiffness, crinkle feeling and glossy finish to the multilayer film.
• This outer layer is also adapted to carry printing.
• the internal surface of a package formed with this film is provided by an inner layer chosen for its acceptance as a film that can contact food, has heat sealability [ low temperature seal initiation and ultimate hot tack strength], clarity, toughness and good machinability and must be able to perform in high speed form-fill-seal equipment. Both the inner and outer layers must comply with food regulations such as those set by the F D A in the USA.
• the middle or internal layer carrying the inert filler particles may be a barrier film particularly where a lower range of permeabilities is desired.
• the controlled permeability films of this invention may be utilized in the packaging of highly sensitive produce ranging from broccoli to organisms such as nematodes.
• the produce packaged may be any suitable type sensitive to oxygen deterioration.
• the multilayer film structure allows retail marketing of minimally processed vegetables of very low to very high respiring produce packaged individually or in combinations.
• Typical processed produce include grated, chopped lettuce of different types .prepared mixed lettuce, grated, julienned, or diced carrots, prepared stir fry mixtures, broccoli and cauliflower florets, prepared soup mixtures and grated cabbage.
• Typical whole produce include broccoli, brussels sprouts, beans, cabbage, chicory, celery, cauliflower, radish, artichoke, lettuce, tomato, pepper, leeks, parsley, spinach, asparagus, mushrooms and okra, flowers, berries, cherry, melons, mango, papaya, pineapple, avacado, persimmon, grapefruit, kiwi, nectarine, peach, apple, banana, orange, apricot, grape, cranberry, plum, Pear, and nashi.
• the produce packaged with the treated single or multilayer films of this invention have been found to exhibit improved carbon dioxide to oxygen permeability such that the deterioration of the produce is significantly reduced.
• the atmospheric oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations may be optimized to be within the optimum ranges for a specific product.
• Reported optimum oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations for broccoli range of approximately 1 to 2.5% and approximately five to 10% respectively. It is thought that the controlled permeability package achieves extended produce life because of a slowing in respiration and inhibition of pathogen growth.
• the concentration of carbon dioxide will be controlled volume respiration rate of the produce less the amount of carbon dioxide released through the film. This may be expressed
• the concentration of oxygen is directly related to the permeability film to oxygen.
• the variation in the ratio of permeability of carbon dioxide to oxygen provides an ability to produce a film having optimum characteristics for any chosen produce.
• the single layer controlled permeability film utilized in this aspect of the present invention is preferably a polyethylene film more preferably a low density polyethylene [LDPE] film.
• the inert filler particle is preferably a non porous particle and in this aspect of the present invention is preferably a glass microsphere filler. It has been found that the broccoli produce may be packaged with produce loadings of approximately 6 to 7 kg per square meter of packaging film. It will be understood that the mass of produce stored relative to the area of polymer film available for gasses to pass through, he is an important parameter affecting internal package atmosphere. Zagory et al [Proc. ⁇ th Int.
• the unique advantage of the single or multilayer films of this invention is that with one single film a number of packaging applications can be addressed.
• a wide range of film permeabilities can be achieved.
• a factory processing whole or fresh cut vegetables can purchase one packaging film and treat it on site to produce an appropriate film before each vegetable product from very low respiring products such as chopped cos lettuce or whole carrots, to very high respiring products such as broccoli florets, cauliflower florets, julienned carrots.
• the film provides optimized combination of properties such as machinability on vertical form, fill, seal equipment, consistent film permeabilities following the heat and/or pressure treatment, good optical characteristics and seal performance.
• a polyethylene film of 15% low density and 85% linear low density was fabricated according to WO92/02580 with 2% Ballotini glass spheres.
• the intrinsic film thickness was 30 micron and the particle size of the filler was 53 to 61 microns.
• the film was processed by passing it between two stainless steel rollers each weighing approximately 7kg.
• the rollers can be set a predetermined distance between apart and the bottom roller can move against two springs with spring constants of 0.54 kgmm "1 .
• the rollers can be maintained at an elevated temperature bypassing thermostatically controlled heated oil through them. In this example the rollers were at a constant spacing of 40 microns.
• the permeabilities before and after the treatment are shown in table 1 measured as mole m "1 s "1 Pa "1 . Table 1
• example 1 The procedure and materials of example 1 were used except the roller spacing was 0 micron.
• the oxygen and carbon dioxide permeabilities before and after are shown in table 3 as mole m " V 1 Pa ⁇ 1 .
• the preferred polymer for the outer layer is a styrene-butadiene copolymer.
• a preferred product is Philips K resin grade KR10 which meets FDA regulations.
• the preferred internal polymer is an ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer [EVOH].
• EVOH ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer
• a preferred product is Nippon Gohsei's Sornaol ET 3803 which has an ethylene content of 38.
• Prior to co-extrusion a 10% loading of non porous particles was master batched with EVOH in the presence of nitrogen to avoid undesirable effects of moisture. The master batch was then diluted with EVOH during the film production by co extrusion.
• the inner layer that directly contacts fresh food is preferably a polyolefin plastomer particularly an ethylene alpha olefin manufactured by the single site catalyst technology.
• a preferred polymer is Dow plastics PF 1140 plastomer.
• the multi layer film is preferably produced by co extrusion and to ensure bonding between the layers, a tie layer is provided between each pair of functional layers.
• the adhesive tie iayer is selected from polymers that have good clarity and adhesion between the barrier Iayer and the outer or inner Iayer.
• the tie Iayer between the barrier Iayer and the outer Iayer is an anhydride modified ethylene vinyl acetate polymer.
• the preferred adhesive for the tie Iayer between the barrier and inner layer is an anhydride modified linear low density polyethylene polymer.
• Preferred product for the tie Iayer is Dupont's Bynel products such as 3861 and 41 E 557. Table 3 illustrates the structure of the preferred film of this invention.
• the co extrusion is preferably carried out using a seven Iayer blown film co extruder.
• the permeability of a film can be manipulated by applying pressure to the film. Rollers at room temperature or higher can be used to provide compressive force on the film. This alters or thins the film thickness surrounding the particles and this event results in increased gas transmission rates.
• the parameters in the treatment which can be varied to alter transmission rates include 1) application of different pressures by varying the weight of the roller 2) adjusting the spacing between the rollers
• Two oil heated rollers are set at a desired temperature between 80 and 110°C.
• the spacing between the rollers and their speed were altered to manipulate film transmission properties.
• the variation obtained is shown in table 5 where conditions are shown as temperature, spacing in microns, speed as percentage and H./H. indicates two hot rollers.
• Method 2 one heated and one cold roller was used in activation. In this method no space setting is used, since the cold roller provides the pressure on the film by its weight [ 19kg]. The permeability of the film was modified by using different temperatures and speed settings. For this method C/H was used to represent one cold and one hot roller.
• Vary the activation area by varying the width of the roller from 0.5 cm for slow respiring produce up to the whole width of the film for high respiring produce. For further information see example 5.
• Tables 6A and 6B demonstrate the effect of film activation on the permeability of 0.1% ballotini sphere filled film where the inner Iayer [Dow Affinity] contacts the hot roller and the outer Iayer [ K-resin] contacts the cold roller.
• the permeability is shown as x 10 15 mole m " V 1 Pa ⁇ 1 measured at 22 °C and 55-60% RH. The permeability is measured for the treated area [15cm x 38cm] only.
• Table 5A Roller weight 7Kg]
• This example measured permeabilities of a given surface area of film which had varying proportions of the area treated. This is one technique for providing a lower range of permeabilities for lower respiring products. Processing conditions of the film activation process were varied as follows: The width of the metal disc rollers which contacts the film surface during activation were made adjustable, changing from 0.5cm to 25cm or more if required. The activated film area at room temperature[21 °C] provides sufficient increase in oxygen permeability in the range of 7-10 x10 "15 mole m " V 1 Pa ⁇ 1 . Furthermore the processing temperature can be manipulated further if higher permeabilities are preferred.
• the measured film permeability results as shown in table 6 include all surface area involved during permeability measurement [both activated and non activated area].
• the film and treatment used was the same as in example 4 with activation temperature being 21 °C, the roller speed setting being 10% or 30% and the measured surface area being 28cm x 38cm.
• the permeability is shown as x 10 15 mole m " V 1 Pa "1 measured at 22 °C and 55-60% RH.
• the film activation conditions for packaged cut lettuce were determined for a package having an oxygen permeability of 9.5 x10 "15 mole m "1 s "1 Pa ⁇ 1 and the following parameters:
• Target oxygen concentration is 3%
• the film activation conditions for packaged cut broccoli florets were determined for a package having an oxygen permeability of 9.5 x10 "15 mole m "1 s "1 Pa ⁇ 1 and the following parameters:
• the films according to this invention not only enable one feedstock to be transformed into a range of films of differing permeability but all the multilayer films exhibit good clarity and crinkle feel.

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• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
• Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
• Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• Materials Engineering (AREA)
• Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Laminated Bodies (AREA)
• Wrappers (AREA)
• Manufacture Of Macromolecular Shaped Articles (AREA)
• Packging For Living Organisms, Food Or Medicinal Products That Are Sensitive To Environmental Conditiond (AREA)

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• 1998
  • 1998-12-23 CA CA 2313404 patent/CA2313404A1/fr not_active Abandoned
  • 1998-12-23 DE DE1998635619 patent/DE69835619T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 1998-12-23 US US09/581,314 patent/US6579607B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 1998-12-23 NZ NZ505211A patent/NZ505211A/en unknown
  • 1998-12-23 AT AT98960931T patent/ATE336367T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 1998-12-23 EP EP19980960931 patent/EP1042122B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 1998-12-23 JP JP2000526370A patent/JP2001526987A/ja active Pending
  • 1998-12-23 WO PCT/AU1998/001074 patent/WO1999033658A1/fr active IP Right Grant

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