EP0999569B1 - Power switch - Google Patents

Power switch Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0999569B1
EP0999569B1 EP99810920A EP99810920A EP0999569B1 EP 0999569 B1 EP0999569 B1 EP 0999569B1 EP 99810920 A EP99810920 A EP 99810920A EP 99810920 A EP99810920 A EP 99810920A EP 0999569 B1 EP0999569 B1 EP 0999569B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
contact
circuit breaker
power circuit
breaker according
pin
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP99810920A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0999569A3 (en
EP0999569A2 (en
Inventor
Harald Kretz
Markus Vestner
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
ABB Schweiz AG
Original Assignee
ABB Schweiz AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by ABB Schweiz AG filed Critical ABB Schweiz AG
Publication of EP0999569A2 publication Critical patent/EP0999569A2/en
Publication of EP0999569A3 publication Critical patent/EP0999569A3/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0999569B1 publication Critical patent/EP0999569B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H33/00—High-tension or heavy-current switches with arc-extinguishing or arc-preventing means
    • H01H33/70—Switches with separate means for directing, obtaining, or increasing flow of arc-extinguishing fluid
    • H01H33/88—Switches with separate means for directing, obtaining, or increasing flow of arc-extinguishing fluid the flow of arc-extinguishing fluid being produced or increased by movement of pistons or other pressure-producing parts
    • H01H33/90—Switches with separate means for directing, obtaining, or increasing flow of arc-extinguishing fluid the flow of arc-extinguishing fluid being produced or increased by movement of pistons or other pressure-producing parts this movement being effected by or in conjunction with the contact-operating mechanism
    • H01H33/904—Switches with separate means for directing, obtaining, or increasing flow of arc-extinguishing fluid the flow of arc-extinguishing fluid being produced or increased by movement of pistons or other pressure-producing parts this movement being effected by or in conjunction with the contact-operating mechanism characterised by the transmission between operating mechanism and piston or movable contact
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H33/00—High-tension or heavy-current switches with arc-extinguishing or arc-preventing means
    • H01H33/02—Details
    • H01H2033/028—Details the cooperating contacts being both actuated simultaneously in opposite directions
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H33/00—High-tension or heavy-current switches with arc-extinguishing or arc-preventing means
    • H01H33/70—Switches with separate means for directing, obtaining, or increasing flow of arc-extinguishing fluid
    • H01H33/88—Switches with separate means for directing, obtaining, or increasing flow of arc-extinguishing fluid the flow of arc-extinguishing fluid being produced or increased by movement of pistons or other pressure-producing parts
    • H01H33/90—Switches with separate means for directing, obtaining, or increasing flow of arc-extinguishing fluid the flow of arc-extinguishing fluid being produced or increased by movement of pistons or other pressure-producing parts this movement being effected by or in conjunction with the contact-operating mechanism
    • H01H33/91—Switches with separate means for directing, obtaining, or increasing flow of arc-extinguishing fluid the flow of arc-extinguishing fluid being produced or increased by movement of pistons or other pressure-producing parts this movement being effected by or in conjunction with the contact-operating mechanism the arc-extinguishing fluid being air or gas

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a circuit breaker, as used in power plants, substations and other facilities of the electric power supply for switching on and off of operating and overcurrents.
  • a generic circuit breaker is known from EP-A-0 313 813.
  • the switching pin is in each case electrically conductively connected to the corresponding electrical connection via a sliding contact arrangement, which is effective between the outside of the switching pin and a stationary sliding contact immediately surrounding it.
  • the contact surface is inevitably small in this embodiment of the sliding contact arrangement, so that the conditions for a good current transition are rather unfavorable.
  • the invention is based on the object, a generic switch with respect to the current transition between the switching pin and the corresponding electrical Improve connection. This object is solved by the features in the characterizing part of claim 1.
  • the contact resistance of the sliding contact arrangement is considerably reduced and the current transition is improved accordingly.
  • the length of the sliding contact arrangement is also reduced, so that the overall length of the switching pin can be reduced. This in turn facilitates its precise mechanical guidance, so that the bearing for the switching pin can be kept short. Overall, results in a shorter overall length of the circuit breaker.
  • the overall structure of the circuit breaker according to the invention can be connected to a contact tube 2 surrounding a switching axis 1, which is connected to an electrical connection and in a fixed rated current contact expires, a movable along the indexing axis 1 movable mating contact arrangement (not shown) with a rated current contact, a AbbrandWallettulpe and surrounding this Isolierstoffdüse and with a likewise along the switching axis 1 inversely displaceable switching pin 3, surrounded by the contact tube 2 at a distance and with the same is electrically connected and cooperates with the Abbrandcardtulpe the mating contact arrangement, exactly the embodiment of FIG. 2 in EP-A-0 313 813 correspond.
  • connection between the mating contact arrangement and the switching pin 3 is formed. It comprises two mirror-symmetrically arranged with respect to the switching axis gear, each with one attached to the mating contact arrangement, parallel to the indexing axis 1 rack 4a and 4b and a gear 5a and 5b, rotatably mounted between crossbar 6 in the contact tube 2 about an axis directed transversely to the indexing axis 1 axis is and with the rack 4a and 4b and also parallel to the shift axis 1 on the outside of the shift pin 3 attached teeth 7a and 7b engages.
  • the switching pin 3 is connected to the contact tube 2 via a surrounding him at a distance contact carrier, which is formed as a closed contact ring 8 (see also Fig. 2), which is attached via two diametrically opposed spokes 9a, b on the switching pin 3 and carries on its cylindrical outer surface a sliding contact, which is designed as arranged in a circumferential groove spiral contact 10. He is with us the inside of the contact tube 2 in electrically conductive contact and forms with the same a sliding contact arrangement, which has a large contact surface at a small longitudinal extent because of the relatively large radius of the contact ring 8. In the present example, the ratio of the radii of the contact ring 8 and the switching pin 3 is about 7: 1. Of course, other size ratios are possible. A range between 2: 1 and 10: 1 is preferred, in particular between 4: 1 and 8: 1.
  • the spokes 9a, b between which a part of the resulting at the switching off hot gases escape capture a certain proportion of the gas pressure, which supports the movement of the switching pin 3.
  • the racks 4a, b are slidably guided through openings 11a, b in the spokes 9a, b, which improves their guidance.
  • the materials preferably used correspond largely to the usual in switch construction.
  • a copper alloy can be used, for the shift pen tip in particular tungsten copper.
  • the contact ring 8 and the contact tube 1 are mainly copper or aluminum in question.
  • the spiral contact 10 is made of silver plated copper wire.
  • the racks 4a, b can be made of fiber-reinforced plastic.

Landscapes

  • Breakers (AREA)
  • Contacts (AREA)
  • Rotary Switch, Piano Key Switch, And Lever Switch (AREA)
  • Arc-Extinguishing Devices That Are Switches (AREA)
  • Slide Switches (AREA)
  • Saccharide Compounds (AREA)

Abstract

The power switch has a switching pin (3) which is displaceable between a switch on position and a switch off position. A fixed contact tube (2) surrounds the pin coaxially and spaced from it, and is connected to a first electrical connection. The contact tube is electrically connected to the switching pin via a sliding contact arrangement. The sliding contact arrangement operates between a sliding contact on the outside of a contact ring (8) fixed to the switching pin, and the inner surface of the contact tube.

Description

Technisches GebietTechnical area

Die Erfindung betrifft einen Leistungsschalter, wie sie in Kraftwerken, Umspannwerken und anderen Einrichtungen der Elektroenergieversorgung zum Ein- und Ausschalten von Betriebs- und Überströmen eingesetzt werden.The invention relates to a circuit breaker, as used in power plants, substations and other facilities of the electric power supply for switching on and off of operating and overcurrents.

Stand der TechnikState of the art

Ein gattungsgemässer Leistungsschalter ist aus EP-A-0 313 813 bekannt. Bei derartigen Leistungsschaltern ist der Schaltstift jeweils mit dem entsprechenden elektrischen Anschluss über eine Gleitkontaktanordnung elektrisch leitend verbunden, welche zwischen der Aussenseite des Schaltstiftes und einem denselben unmittelbar umgebenden feststehenden Gleitkontakt wirksam ist.A generic circuit breaker is known from EP-A-0 313 813. In such circuit breakers, the switching pin is in each case electrically conductively connected to the corresponding electrical connection via a sliding contact arrangement, which is effective between the outside of the switching pin and a stationary sliding contact immediately surrounding it.

Wegen des geringen Umfangs des Schaltstiftes ist bei dieser Ausbildung der Gleitkontaktanordnung die Kontaktfläche zwangsläufig klein, so dass die Voraussetzungen für eine guten Stromübergang eher ungünstig sind.Because of the small circumference of the switching pin, the contact surface is inevitably small in this embodiment of the sliding contact arrangement, so that the conditions for a good current transition are rather unfavorable.

Darstellung der ErfindungPresentation of the invention

Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zu Grunde, einen gattungsgemässen Schalter hinsichtlich des Stromübergangs zwischen dem Schaltstift und dem entsprechenden elektrischen Anschluss zu verbessern. Diese Aufgabe wird durch die Merkmale im Kennzeichen des Anspruchs 1 gelöst.The invention is based on the object, a generic switch with respect to the current transition between the switching pin and the corresponding electrical Improve connection. This object is solved by the features in the characterizing part of claim 1.

Durch die Erfindung wird der Kontaktwiderstand der Gleitkontaktanordnung beträchtlich vermindert und der Stromübergang entsprechend verbessert. Darüberhinaus wird auch die Länge der Gleitkontaktanordnung reduziert, so dass die Gesamtlänge des Schaltstiftes verringert werden kann. Dies erleichtert wiederum dessen präzise mechanische Führung, so dass das Lager für den Schaltstift kurz gehalten werden kann. Insgesamt ergibt sich eine geringere Baulänge des Leistungsschalters.By the invention, the contact resistance of the sliding contact arrangement is considerably reduced and the current transition is improved accordingly. Moreover, the length of the sliding contact arrangement is also reduced, so that the overall length of the switching pin can be reduced. This in turn facilitates its precise mechanical guidance, so that the bearing for the switching pin can be kept short. Overall, results in a shorter overall length of the circuit breaker.

Kurze Beschreibung der ZeichnungenBrief description of the drawings

Im folgenden wird die Erfindung anhand von Figuren, welche lediglich ein Ausführungsbeispiel darstellen, näher erläutert. Es zeigen

  • Fig. 1 einen Längsschnitt durch einen Abschnitt eines erfindungsgemässen Leistungsschalters, oben in Einschalt-, unten in Ausschaltstellung und
  • Fig. 2 eine Draufsicht von rechts auf einen Teil des in Fig. 1 dargestellten Abschnitts des erfindungsgemässen Leistungsschalters.
In the following the invention will be explained in more detail with reference to figures, which represent only one embodiment. Show it
  • 1 shows a longitudinal section through a portion of a circuit breaker according to the invention, at the top in switch-on, down in switch-off and
  • Fig. 2 is a plan view from the right of a portion of the illustrated in Fig. 1 portion of the inventive circuit breaker.

Wege zur Ausführung der ErfindungWays to carry out the invention

Der Gesamtaufbau des erfindungsgemässen Leistungsschalters kann mit einem eine Schaltachse 1 umgebenden Kontaktrohr 2, das mit einem elektrischen Anschluss verbunden ist und in einen feststehenden Nennstromkontakt ausläuft, einer längs der Schaltachse 1 verschieblichen beweglichen Gegenkontaktanordnung (nicht dargestellt) mit einem Nennstromkontakt, einer Abbrandkontakttulpe und einer diese umgebenden Isolierstoffdüse sowie mit einem ebenfalls längs der Schaltachse 1 gegenläufig verschieblichen Schaltstift 3, der vom Kontaktrohr 2 mit Abstand umgeben und mit demselben elektrisch leitend verbunden ist und mit der Abbrandkontakttulpe der Gegenkontaktanordnung zusammenwirkt, genau der Ausführung nach Fig. 2 in EP-A-0 313 813 entsprechen.The overall structure of the circuit breaker according to the invention can be connected to a contact tube 2 surrounding a switching axis 1, which is connected to an electrical connection and in a fixed rated current contact expires, a movable along the indexing axis 1 movable mating contact arrangement (not shown) with a rated current contact, a Abbrandkontakttulpe and surrounding this Isolierstoffdüse and with a likewise along the switching axis 1 inversely displaceable switching pin 3, surrounded by the contact tube 2 at a distance and with the same is electrically connected and cooperates with the Abbrandkontakttulpe the mating contact arrangement, exactly the embodiment of FIG. 2 in EP-A-0 313 813 correspond.

Ebenfalls wie dort ist die Verbindung zwischen der Gegenkontaktanordnung und dem Schaltstift 3 ausgebildet. Sie umfasst zwei spiegelsymmetrisch zur Schaltachse angeordnete Getriebe mit jeweils einer an der Gegenkontaktanordnung befestigten, zur Schaltachse 1 parallelen Zahnstange 4a bzw. 4b sowie einem Zahnrad 5a bzw. 5b, das zwischen Querbalken 6 im Kontaktrohr 2 um eine quer zur Schaltachse 1 gerichtete Achse drehbar gelagert ist und mit der Zahnstange 4a bzw. 4b und einer ebenfalls parallel zur Schaltachse 1 an der Aussenseite des Schaltstifts 3 angebrachten Verzahnung 7a bzw. 7b eingreift.Also as there, the connection between the mating contact arrangement and the switching pin 3 is formed. It comprises two mirror-symmetrically arranged with respect to the switching axis gear, each with one attached to the mating contact arrangement, parallel to the indexing axis 1 rack 4a and 4b and a gear 5a and 5b, rotatably mounted between crossbar 6 in the contact tube 2 about an axis directed transversely to the indexing axis 1 axis is and with the rack 4a and 4b and also parallel to the shift axis 1 on the outside of the shift pin 3 attached teeth 7a and 7b engages.

Der Schaltstift 3 ist jedoch mit dem Kontaktrohr 2 über einen ihn mit Abstand umgebenden Kontaktträger verbunden, der als geschlossener Kontaktring 8 (s. auch Fig. 2) ausgebildet ist, welcher über zwei einander diametral gegenüberliegende Speichen 9a,b am Schaltstift 3 befestigt ist und an seiner zylindermantelförmigen Aussenfläche einen Gleitkontakt trägt, der als in einer umlaufenden Nut angeordneter Spiralkontakt 10 ausgebildet ist. Er steht mit der Innenseite des Kontaktrohrs 2 in elektrisch leitendem Kontakt und bildet mit derselben eine Gleitkontaktanordnung, welche bei geringer Längenerstreckung wegen des verhältnismässig grossen Radius des Kontaktringes 8 eine grosse Kontaktfläche aufweist. Im vorliegenden Beispiel liegt das Verhältnis der Radien des Kontaktringes 8 und des Schaltstiftes 3 bei etwa 7:1. Es sind natürlich auch andere Grössenverhältnisse möglich. Bevorzugt wird ein Bereich zwischen 2:1 und 10:1, insbesondere zwischen 4:1 und 8:1.However, the switching pin 3 is connected to the contact tube 2 via a surrounding him at a distance contact carrier, which is formed as a closed contact ring 8 (see also Fig. 2), which is attached via two diametrically opposed spokes 9a, b on the switching pin 3 and carries on its cylindrical outer surface a sliding contact, which is designed as arranged in a circumferential groove spiral contact 10. He is with us the inside of the contact tube 2 in electrically conductive contact and forms with the same a sliding contact arrangement, which has a large contact surface at a small longitudinal extent because of the relatively large radius of the contact ring 8. In the present example, the ratio of the radii of the contact ring 8 and the switching pin 3 is about 7: 1. Of course, other size ratios are possible. A range between 2: 1 and 10: 1 is preferred, in particular between 4: 1 and 8: 1.

Die Speichen 9a,b, zwischen denen ein Teil der bei der Ausschaltung entstehenden heissen Gase entweicht, fangen einen gewissen Anteil des Gasdrucks auf, was die Bewegung des Schaltstiftes 3 unterstützt. Die Zahnstangen 4a,b sind durch Oeffnungen 11a,b in den Speichen 9a,b gleitend durchgeführt, was ihre Führung verbessert.The spokes 9a, b, between which a part of the resulting at the switching off hot gases escape capture a certain proportion of the gas pressure, which supports the movement of the switching pin 3. The racks 4a, b are slidably guided through openings 11a, b in the spokes 9a, b, which improves their guidance.

Die vorzugsweise verwendeten Materialien entsprechen weitgehend den im Schalterbau üblichen. Für den Schaltstift 3 kann eine Kupferlegierung verwendet werden, für die Schaltstiftspitze insbesondere Wolframkupfer. Für den Kontaktring 8 und das Kontaktrohr 1 kommen vor allem Kupfer oder Aluminium in Frage. Der Spiralkontakt 10 besteht aus versilbertem Kupferdraht. Die Zahnstangen 4a,b können aus faserverstärktem Kunststoff hergestellt sein.The materials preferably used correspond largely to the usual in switch construction. For the switching pin 3, a copper alloy can be used, for the shift pen tip in particular tungsten copper. For the contact ring 8 and the contact tube 1 are mainly copper or aluminum in question. The spiral contact 10 is made of silver plated copper wire. The racks 4a, b can be made of fiber-reinforced plastic.

BezugszeichenlisteLIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS

11
Schaltachseswitching axis
22
Kontaktrohrcontact tube
33
Schaltstiftswitch Probe
4a,b4a, b
Zahnstangenracks
5a,b5a, b
Zahnrädergears
66
Querbalkencrossbeam
7a,b7a, b
Verzahnungengearing
88th
Kontaktringcontact ring
9a,b9a, b
Speichenspoke
1010
Spiralkontaktspiral contact
11a,b11a, b
Oeffnungen in Speichen 9a,bOpenings in spokes 9a, b

Claims (10)

  1. Power circuit breaker having an contact pin (3) which can be displaced along a switching axis (1) between a closed position and an open position, and having a fixed contact tube (2), which surrounds said contact pin coaxially at a distance and is connected to a first electric terminal and with the aid of which the contact pin (3) is connected in an electrically conducting fashion via a sliding contact arrangement, characterized in that the sliding contact arrangement acts between a sliding contact on the outer side of a contact ring (8) permanently connected to the contact pin (3) and the inner surface of the contact tube (2).
  2. Power circuit breaker according to Claim 1, characterized in that the sliding contact extends essentially over the entire circumference of the contact ring (8).
  3. Power circuit breaker according to Claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the sliding contact is constructed as a spiral contact (10) arranged in a groove on the outer side of the contact ring (8).
  4. Power circuit breaker according to one of Claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the contact ring (8) is connected to the contact pin (3) via radial spokes (9a, 9b).
  5. Power circuit breaker according to one of Claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the ratio of the radii of the contact ring (8) and the contact pin (3) is at least 2:1, in particular between 4:1 and 8:1.
  6. Power circuit breaker according to one of Claims 1 to 5, characterized in that it has at least one gear which connects the contact pin (3) to a movable mating contact arrangement in such a way that it necessarily executes a movement counter to the movement thereof.
  7. Power circuit breaker according to Claim 6, characterized in that the at least one gear comprises a rack (4a; 4b), which is parallel to the switching axis and connected to the mating contact arrangement, and at least one pinion (5a, 5b) which engages with the rack (4a; 4b) and a toothing (7a; 7b), which is permanently connected to the contact pin (3) and parallel to the switching axis (1).
  8. Power circuit breaker according to Claim 6 or 7, characterized in that it has two gears arranged with mirror symmetry relative to the switching axis (1).
  9. Power circuit breaker according to Claim 4 and claim 7 or 8, characterized in that the rack (4a; 4b) of at least one gear is respectively guided through an opening (11a; 11b) in a spoke (9a; 9b).
  10. Power circuit breaker according to one of Claims 6 to 9, characterized in that the contact tube (2) bears a fixed nominal-current contact which cooperates with a nominal-current contact of the mating contact arrangement.
EP99810920A 1998-11-02 1999-10-11 Power switch Expired - Lifetime EP0999569B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19850396A DE19850396A1 (en) 1998-11-02 1998-11-02 Circuit breaker
DE19850396 1998-11-02

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0999569A2 EP0999569A2 (en) 2000-05-10
EP0999569A3 EP0999569A3 (en) 2002-09-18
EP0999569B1 true EP0999569B1 (en) 2006-05-03

Family

ID=7886371

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP99810920A Expired - Lifetime EP0999569B1 (en) 1998-11-02 1999-10-11 Power switch

Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (1) US6229109B1 (en)
EP (1) EP0999569B1 (en)
JP (1) JP2000149722A (en)
KR (1) KR100615869B1 (en)
CN (1) CN1132210C (en)
AT (1) ATE325423T1 (en)
DE (2) DE19850396A1 (en)

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DE19850396A1 (en) * 1998-11-02 2000-05-04 Asea Brown Boveri Circuit breaker
US20050056117A1 (en) * 2003-07-22 2005-03-17 Kaiser Compositek, Inc. Composite strut and method of making same
KR100725899B1 (en) * 2006-01-12 2007-06-08 강필구 Circuit breaker on/off switch open and close device
EP1879207B1 (en) 2006-07-12 2017-04-19 ABB Schweiz AG Rack and pinion gear for a switch
EP1930930B1 (en) * 2006-12-06 2013-08-28 ABB Technology AG Transmission for a high-voltage circuit breaker
FR2962252B1 (en) 2010-07-01 2013-08-30 Areva T & D Sas BREAKER CHAMBER FOR A MEDIUM OR HIGH VOLTAGE CIRCUIT BREAKER WITH REDUCED MANEUVER POWER
US8355243B2 (en) 2011-01-27 2013-01-15 Eaton Corporation Closed door circuit breaker racking extension
CN102820176B (en) * 2012-08-14 2015-03-25 河南平高电气股份有限公司 Double acting high voltage sulfur hexafluoride breaker and double acting transmission device thereof
CN102820162B (en) * 2012-08-14 2015-07-01 河南平高电气股份有限公司 Double-acting high-voltage sulfur hexafluoride circuit breaker and double-acting transmission device thereof
CN102820177B (en) * 2012-08-14 2015-04-01 河南平高电气股份有限公司 High voltage sulfur hexafluoride breaker and double acting transmission device thereof
CN106148533B (en) * 2016-07-28 2019-06-11 北京泱深生物信息技术有限公司 Marker for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma diagnosis and treatment
CN106825879B (en) * 2017-03-13 2018-06-12 江苏锡沂高新区科技发展有限公司 A kind of starting device in bonding machine

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DE19850396A1 (en) * 1998-11-02 2000-05-04 Asea Brown Boveri Circuit breaker

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0999569A3 (en) 2002-09-18
DE19850396A1 (en) 2000-05-04
DE59913382D1 (en) 2006-06-08
US6229109B1 (en) 2001-05-08
CN1132210C (en) 2003-12-24
JP2000149722A (en) 2000-05-30
EP0999569A2 (en) 2000-05-10
KR20000035137A (en) 2000-06-26
KR100615869B1 (en) 2006-08-25
CN1253369A (en) 2000-05-17
ATE325423T1 (en) 2006-06-15

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