EP0991569A1 - Profil de pale pour voilure tournante d'aeronef et pale pour voilure tournante presentant un tel profil - Google Patents
Profil de pale pour voilure tournante d'aeronef et pale pour voilure tournante presentant un tel profilInfo
- Publication number
- EP0991569A1 EP0991569A1 EP98929498A EP98929498A EP0991569A1 EP 0991569 A1 EP0991569 A1 EP 0991569A1 EP 98929498 A EP98929498 A EP 98929498A EP 98929498 A EP98929498 A EP 98929498A EP 0991569 A1 EP0991569 A1 EP 0991569A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- profiles
- blade
- relative thickness
- maximum
- thickness
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64C—AEROPLANES; HELICOPTERS
- B64C27/00—Rotorcraft; Rotors peculiar thereto
- B64C27/32—Rotors
- B64C27/46—Blades
- B64C27/467—Aerodynamic features
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S416/00—Fluid reaction surfaces, i.e. impellers
- Y10S416/02—Formulas of curves
Definitions
- Blade profile for rotary wing of an aircraft and blade for rotary wing having such a profile are provided.
- the present invention relates to the aerodynamic profiles used for the support of rotary wing aircraft and, more particularly, relates to a family of profiles for helicopter rotor blades.
- Such an aerodynamic profile is generally defined by a dimension table. He introduces :
- profiles with different relative thicknesses can be generated by any method to form a family of profiles.
- the process used may or may not maintain the position of the maximum thickness, the value of the camber and its position.
- the kinetic pressure changes both along the blade and as a function of the azimuthal position thereof.
- the lift levels Cz, and consequently the incidences are low on the side of the advancing blade and strong on the side of the reversing blade.
- the profiles constituting the blade meet, during a rotation thereof, alternately high relative speeds and low incidences, then moderate relative speeds and high incidences.
- the speed (or Mach number) and incidence levels encountered by the profiles are a function of their span position along the blade.
- the first method consists in defining the profiles using a single camber or skeleton law and a thickness law related to the maximum relative thickness. This technique is described in the report: "Theory of wing sections" by H. Abbot and E. Von Doenhoff published by Me Graw-Hill in 1949. We obtain profiles of different thicknesses by applying a multiplier coefficient to said thickness law which is therefore the same for all the profiles;
- a second method consists, starting from a basic profile whose ordinates of the upper surface and the lower surface are defined by a table of values, in defining the other profiles by applying a multiplier coefficient to these ordinates, this coefficient multiplier which may possibly be different for the upper surface and for the lower surface.
- the Dadone patent presents a family of profiles obtained according to the second process.
- the Flemming patent presents a family of profiles which can be generated by either of the two methods.
- the Ledciner patent and the Nakadate patent present families of profiles both generated from the second process.
- the blade profile for rotary wing of an aircraft comprising, between a leading edge and a trailing edge, an upper surface and a lower surface whose geometrical location of the points equidistant therefrom defines the camber, remarkable, according to the invention, in that the value of the ratio of the maximum camber to the maximum thickness varies linearly with the relative thickness of the profile and is between 0.13 and 0.19 for a relative thickness of 7% of the cord and is between 0.18 and 0.24 for a relative thickness of 15% of the cord.
- the position of the maximum camber evolves linearly with the relative thickness of the profile and is between 14% and 16% of the rope for a relative thickness of 7% and between 27% and 29% of the rope for a thickness 15% relative.
- the law of evolution of the position of the maximum camber is represented by the formula:
- the ratio between the thicknesses at 20% of the cord and the maximum thickness varies linearly with the relative thickness and is between 0.957 and 0.966 for a relative thickness of 7% and between 0.938 and 0.947 for a relative thickness 15%.
- the blade profile according to the invention is remarkable by a position of maximum relative thickness of between 31% and 35% of the rope.
- Figure 1 is a schematic view of a rotary blade helicopter with four blades.
- Figure 2 is a diagram illustrating the variations in Mach number and lift encountered by two profiles located at 50% and 95% of the span of a blade of the helicopter of Figure 1 in forward flight.
- Figure 3 is a general view of a blade profile of the family according to the invention.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing the positions of the maximum thickness of the blade profiles of the family according to the invention and of other profiles of the prior art, as a function of the maximum relative thickness.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram showing the evolution of the ratio of the thickness of the blade profiles of the family according to the invention at 20% of the chord to the maximum thickness as a function of the relative thickness and the evolution of this same report for families of profiles according to the prior art.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram showing the evolution of the position of the maximum camber expressed as a percentage of rope as a function of the relative thickness of the blade profiles of the family according to the invention and the evolution of this same position for families of profiles according to the prior art.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram showing the evolution of the ratio of the value of the maximum camber to the maximum relative thickness of the blade profiles of the family according to the invention as a function of the relative thickness and the evolutions of this ratio for families of profiles according to the prior art.
- FIG. 8 is a diagram on which is plotted, for a profile of 8% relative thickness of the family according to the invention and profiles of the same relative thickness of the prior art, the evolution of the pressure coefficients at vicinity of the leading edge for a Mach number of 0.4 and a Cz level of 1.
- FIG. 9 is a diagram on which is plotted, for a profile of 8% relative thickness of the family according to the invention and profiles of the same relative thickness of the prior art, the evolution of the pressure coefficients in the vicinity from the leading edge for a Mach number of 0.75 and a zero Cz.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram on which is plotted, for a profile of 12% relative thickness of the family according to the invention and profiles of the same relative thickness of the prior art, the evolution of the pressure coefficients in the vicinity the leading edge for a Mach number of 0.4 and a Cz of 1.25.
- FIG. 11 is a diagram on which is plotted, for a profile of 12% relative thickness of the family according to the invention and profiles of the same relative thickness of the prior art, the evolution of the pressure coefficients in the vicinity from the leading edge for a Mach number of 0.75 and a zero Cz.
- FIG. 12 is a diagram on which are plotted, for profiles of 8% and 12% relative thickness of the family according to the invention and for profiles of the same relative thickness according to the prior art, the values of the coefficient of minimum pressure on the lower surface for a Mach number of 0.75 and a zero Cz as a function of the value of the minimum pressure coefficient on the upper surface for a Mach number of 0.4 and a Cz equal to 1 for the profiles of 8% relative thickness and a Cz equal to 1.25 for profiles of 12% relative thickness.
- FIG. 12 is a diagram on which are plotted, for profiles of 8% and 12% relative thickness of the family according to the invention and for profiles of the same relative thickness according to the prior art, the values of the coefficient of minimum pressure on the lower surface for a Mach number of 0.75 and a zero Cz as a function of the value of the minimum pressure coefficient on the upper surface for a Mach number of 0.4 and a Cz equal to 1 for the profiles of 8% relative thickness and a Cz equal to 1.25 for profiles of 12% relative
- FIG. 2 illustrates well the fact that the helicopter blade profiles meet, according to their position in span on the blade, operating conditions in terms of Mach number and different lift coefficient and that it is advantageous to define a blade at high performance, to use profiles well suited to these operating conditions. This is illustrated in FIG. 2, in the case of a helicopter flying at a moderate advance speed for two blade sections located at 50% and 95% of the maximum span of the blade.
- a profile 1 of blade P according to the invention is composed of an upper part 2 called the upper surface and a lower part 3 called the lower surface joined, on the one hand, to the leading edge 1A and , on the other hand, at the trailing edge IB.
- the profile 1 of FIG. 3 is related to a system of axes Ox, Oy, orthogonal to each other at point 0, which coincides with the leading edge 1A.
- the axis Ox, which passes through the point of the trailing edge IB, is moreover confused with the chord C of the profile.
- the system of axes Ox, Oy serves as a reference for reduced coordinates, that is to say on the abscissa X and on the ordinate Y, reported respectively at the length C of the profile chord. Furthermore, it is in particular considered, to determine the external contour of a profile, an average line 4 or skeleton, passing through point 0 and point IB, which represents the geometrical location of the points equidistant from lines 2 and 3.
- the evolution of the thickness of the profile between lines 2 and 3 is characterized by the abscissa X of the point where the thickness is maximum, abscissa located along the chord C of the profile and expressed in relative value compared to along the 3 rd of the chord ( v is (Xema_, x) / C).
- a blade profile according to the invention can also be characterized by the shape of its camber law 4, place of the points located at equal distances from lines 2 and 3.
- This line 4 has a maximum ordinate at a point 5.
- the position in abscissa, relative to the chord, of point 5 being called position of maximum camber ( Xc max ) / C and the value of the ordinate of point 5, relative to chord, being called value of maximum camber.
- the ratio of the thickness at 20% of the cord to the maximum thickness decreases linearly when the relative thickness increases for profiles of the invention marked by squares whereas, for families of previous profiles marked by triangles or diamonds, this ratio is constant or increases due to the process used to generate these families.
- a value of this ratio between 0.957 and 0.966 will be chosen for a profile of 7% relative thickness and, for a profile of 15% relative thickness, a value between 0.938 and 0.947.
- the law of evolution of this relationship can be represented advantageously by the formula:
- the position of the maximum camber evolves linearly with the relative thickness whereas this same position is constant for the families of the prior art noted by triangles or diamonds due to the process used to generate these families.
- a value of the position of the maximum camber between 14% and 16% of the chord will be chosen for a profile of relative thickness equal to 7% and, for a profile of 15% of relative thickness, a position between 27% and 29% of the rope.
- the value of the ratio of the maximum camber to the maximum thickness ( c / c ) ma ⁇ / ( e / C) changes linearly with l 'relative thickness (e / C') ma._x while it is constant for the families of profiles of the prior art.
- a value of this ratio of between 0.13 and 0.19 will be chosen for a profile of 7% of the family according to the invention and, for a profile of 15% of relative thickness, a value comprised between 0.18 and 0.24.
- the law of evolution of the ratio of the value of the maximum camber to the maximum thickness as a function of the relative thickness can be advantageously represented by the formula:
- camber and of its position as a function of the relative thickness make it possible, for all the profiles of the family according to the invention, to have performance in maximum lift well suited to their position on the blade.
- the camber are moderate and the position of the maximum camber is advanced, which makes it possible to limit the overspeeds of leading edge at high Cz and to delay the appearance detachments while avoiding, for operation at low lift, the appearance of high overspeeds on the lower surface in the vicinity of the leading edge and therefore shock waves.
- the profile of the family according to the invention in solid lines, makes it possible to obtain good performance both in advancing blade and in reversing blade.
- the profile according to the invention has a level of overspeed comparable to a low Mach number and a strong Cz and will therefore have a neighboring Cz maximum because the laws of recompression after overspeed are nearby, but it will have a lower drag level and a higher Mach divergence number than the profiles mentioned above because the level of overspeed is lower than that of the other profiles on the lower surface with a high Mach number and weak Cz.
- FIG. 10 clearly shows that the profile of the family according to the invention, in solid lines, has a much lower overspeed level than the other profiles, in dotted lines, and therefore will have the highest maximum lift level allowing so the blade to operate correctly for a larger flight envelope.
- These excellent performances at low speeds are obtained in conjunction with high performances in advancing blade as shown in FIG. 11, because the profile of the family according to the invention, in solid lines, has intrados overspeed levels at low Cz and number of High mach of the same order of magnitude, or even lower than those of the other profiles, in dotted lines.
- FIG. 13 is a figure showing performance gains obtained with the family according to the invention compared to the family described in French patents 2,463,054 and 2,485,470.
- the profiles according to the invention stars
- the previous profiles squares
- These measured performances are therefore entirely comparable.
- the particular characteristics of the family according to the invention allow significant gains compared to the previous family.
- the use of this family of profiles therefore makes it possible to increase the performance of the blades of the rotor and consequently those of the device.
- the family of blade profiles of the invention therefore makes it possible, compared with known profiles, to define blades allowing operation at higher flight speeds with reduced powers without risking stalling in a receding blade.
- This new family also allows operation with lower rotation speeds to reduce noise because the maximum lift levels of all the profiles are increased.
- the object of the present invention thus relates to a family of profiles of maximum relative thickness varying from 7 to 15% of the chord, the different particular characteristics of said family of profiles conferring on all the profiles high performance both at low lift levels and high Mach numbers' and low Mach numbers and high lift.
- These different particular characteristics of the family of profiles according to the invention make it possible to define blades having high performance for very wide operating conditions while maintaining very low levels of pitch moment in advancing blade thus reducing the blade twist and the forces on the pitch control rods.
- These very low levels of pitch moment are obtained without resorting to devices, such as deflection of trailing edge flaps or particular shapes of the profile at this location, which increase the drag and reduce the maximum lift.
- Table 1 gives these ratings for a profile of the family according to the invention having a relative thickness of 15%.
- Table 2 gives the ratings of a profile of the family according to the invention having a relative thickness of 13%.
- Table 3 gives the ratings of a profile of the family according to the invention having a relative thickness of 12%.
- Tables 4 and 5 give the ratings of two profiles of the family according to the invention having a relative thickness of 9%.
- the first profile has a slightly higher maximum camber than the second profile, which gives it a slightly higher maximum lift and can therefore be used for more internal positions on the blade.
- Table 6 gives the ratings of a profile of the family according to the invention having a relative thickness of 7%.
- Obtaining profiles of the family according to the invention for other relative thicknesses is advantageously obtained by interpolation from the dimensions of the profiles given in the preceding tables.
- table 7 gives the dimensions of a profile of 11% relative thickness having a coefficient of pitching pitch pitch of +0.05.
- the particular characteristics of the family of profiles according to the invention give this profile good performance with a low Mach number and high Cz despite the pitching moment coefficient. It is advantageously possible to generate other profiles of relative thicknesses between 9% and 13% and having neighboring pitch moment coefficients by applying a coefficient of proportionality to the ordinates of the dimensions of table 7.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Aviation & Aerospace Engineering (AREA)
- Structures Of Non-Positive Displacement Pumps (AREA)
- Turbine Rotor Nozzle Sealing (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR9707915A FR2765187B1 (fr) | 1997-06-25 | 1997-06-25 | Profil de pale pour voilure tournante d'aeronef et pale pour voilure tournante presentant un tel profil |
FR9707915 | 1997-06-25 | ||
PCT/FR1998/001147 WO1999000298A1 (fr) | 1997-06-25 | 1998-06-05 | Profil de pale pour voilure tournante d'aeronef et pale pour voilure tournante presentant un tel profil |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0991569A1 true EP0991569A1 (fr) | 2000-04-12 |
EP0991569B1 EP0991569B1 (fr) | 2002-08-21 |
Family
ID=9508394
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP98929498A Expired - Lifetime EP0991569B1 (fr) | 1997-06-25 | 1998-06-05 | Profil de pale pour voilure tournante d'aeronef et pale pour voilure tournante presentant un tel profil |
Country Status (9)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6361279B1 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP0991569B1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP3998103B2 (fr) |
CN (1) | CN1084696C (fr) |
DE (1) | DE69807333T2 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2765187B1 (fr) |
RU (1) | RU2191717C2 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO1999000298A1 (fr) |
ZA (1) | ZA985281B (fr) |
Families Citing this family (28)
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US20050008488A1 (en) * | 2002-01-18 | 2005-01-13 | Brueckner Manfred Karl | Sky turbine that may be mounted on top of a city |
US7131812B2 (en) * | 2002-01-18 | 2006-11-07 | Manfred Karl Brueckner | Sky turbine that is mounted on a city |
JP4318940B2 (ja) * | 2002-10-08 | 2009-08-26 | 本田技研工業株式会社 | 圧縮機翼型 |
US7854593B2 (en) * | 2006-02-16 | 2010-12-21 | Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation | Airfoil for a helicopter rotor blade |
US8016566B2 (en) * | 2006-08-03 | 2011-09-13 | Bell Helicopter Textron Inc. | High performance low noise rotorcraft blade aerodynamic design |
GB2467945B (en) * | 2009-02-20 | 2014-03-05 | Westland Helicopters | Device which is subject to fluid flow |
JP4402160B1 (ja) * | 2009-03-02 | 2010-01-20 | 山田 正明 | 模型回転翼航空機の回転翼、及びその回転翼の製造方法 |
US9284050B2 (en) | 2011-12-09 | 2016-03-15 | Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation | Airfoil for rotor blade with reduced pitching moment |
CN102963522B (zh) * | 2012-10-31 | 2015-04-22 | 中国航天空气动力技术研究院 | 临近空间螺旋桨 |
GB2524828A (en) | 2014-04-04 | 2015-10-07 | Airbus Operations Ltd | An aircraft comprising a foldable aerodynamic structure and a method of manufacturing a foldable aerodynamic structure for an aircraft |
CN104176234B (zh) * | 2014-08-19 | 2016-03-02 | 西北工业大学 | 一种具有高升阻比滑翔特性的仿翼龙翼型 |
WO2016174617A1 (fr) * | 2015-04-29 | 2016-11-03 | Universiti Brunei Darussalam | Surface portante à faible nombre de reynolds pour une pale d'éolienne et procédé associé |
EP3112258B1 (fr) | 2015-07-03 | 2017-09-13 | AIRBUS HELICOPTERS DEUTSCHLAND GmbH | Profils aérodynamiques pour pales de rotors pour des aéronefs à voilure tournante |
US9868525B2 (en) * | 2015-09-25 | 2018-01-16 | The Boeing Company | Low speed airfoil design for aerodynamic improved performance of UAVs |
CN105584625B (zh) * | 2016-03-02 | 2018-08-07 | 深圳市道通智能航空技术有限公司 | 一种螺旋桨及飞行器 |
CN106043688A (zh) * | 2016-06-08 | 2016-10-26 | 南京航空航天大学 | 一种直升机旋翼翼型 |
US10710705B2 (en) * | 2017-06-28 | 2020-07-14 | General Electric Company | Open rotor and airfoil therefor |
GB2568738A (en) * | 2017-11-27 | 2019-05-29 | Airbus Operations Ltd | An improved interface between an outer end of a wing and a moveable wing tip device |
FR3075757B1 (fr) | 2017-12-22 | 2019-11-15 | Airbus Helicopters | Enveloppes aerodynamiques epaisses pour cols de pales et carenages de manchons de pales d'un rotor d'un aeronef |
FR3077802B1 (fr) | 2018-02-15 | 2020-09-11 | Airbus Helicopters | Methode de determination d'un cercle initial de bord d'attaque des profils aerodynamiques d'une pale et d'amelioration de la pale afin d'augmenter son incidence negative de decrochage |
FR3077803B1 (fr) | 2018-02-15 | 2020-07-31 | Airbus Helicopters | Methode d'amelioration d'une pale afin d'augmenter son incidence negative de decrochage |
GB2572150A (en) * | 2018-03-19 | 2019-09-25 | Airbus Operations Ltd | A moveable wing tip device an outer end of a wing, and interface therebetween |
GB2574391A (en) * | 2018-05-31 | 2019-12-11 | Airbus Operations Ltd | An aircraft wing and wing tip device |
WO2021109479A1 (fr) * | 2019-12-06 | 2021-06-10 | 北京二郎神科技有限公司 | Pale et rotor pour giravion, et giravion |
FR3110893B1 (fr) | 2020-05-29 | 2022-07-01 | Airbus Helicopters | Méthode de construction d’une pale de rotor destinée à un giravion, pales et giravion |
FR3115012B1 (fr) | 2020-10-13 | 2022-08-26 | Airbus Helicopters | Méthode d’amélioration du comportement aérodynamique de pales d’un giravion en vol stationnaire par un déplacement du bord d’attaque des profils aérodynamiques de ces pales |
RU2752502C1 (ru) * | 2020-12-18 | 2021-07-28 | Акционерное общество "Национальный центр вертолетостроения им. М.Л. Миля и Н.И. Камова" (АО "НЦВ Миль и Камов") | Аэродинамический профиль несущего элемента летательного аппарата |
RU2769545C1 (ru) * | 2021-05-14 | 2022-04-04 | Акционерное общество "Национальный центр вертолетостроения им. М.Л. Миля и Н.И. Камова" (АО "НЦВ Миль и Камов") | Аэродинамический профиль несущего элемента летательного аппарата |
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US3728045A (en) | 1971-09-22 | 1973-04-17 | United Aircraft Corp | Helicopter blade |
US4142837A (en) | 1977-11-11 | 1979-03-06 | United Technologies Corporation | Helicopter blade |
US4459083A (en) * | 1979-03-06 | 1984-07-10 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration | Shapes for rotating airfoils |
FR2463054A1 (fr) | 1979-08-10 | 1981-02-20 | Aerospatiale | Profil de pale pour voilure tournante d'aeronef |
FR2485470A2 (fr) | 1980-06-30 | 1981-12-31 | Aerospatiale | Profil de pale pour voilure tournante d'aeronef |
US4314795A (en) | 1979-09-28 | 1982-02-09 | The Boeing Company | Advanced airfoils for helicopter rotor application |
FR2479132A1 (fr) * | 1980-03-25 | 1981-10-02 | Aerospatiale | Pale a hautes performances pour rotor d'helicoptere |
FR2490586A1 (fr) * | 1980-09-24 | 1982-03-26 | Aerospatiale | Profil de pale pour voilure tournante d'aeronef |
US4412664A (en) * | 1982-06-25 | 1983-11-01 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration | Family of airfoil shapes for rotating blades |
US4569633A (en) | 1983-04-18 | 1986-02-11 | United Technologies Corporation | Airfoil section for a rotor blade of a rotorcraft |
US4744728A (en) | 1986-09-03 | 1988-05-17 | United Technologies Corporation | Helicopter blade airfoil |
FR2626841B1 (fr) * | 1988-02-05 | 1995-07-28 | Onera (Off Nat Aerospatiale) | Profils pour pale d'helice aerienne carenee |
US4830574A (en) * | 1988-02-29 | 1989-05-16 | United Technologies Corporation | Airfoiled blade |
JP2633413B2 (ja) * | 1991-06-03 | 1997-07-23 | 富士重工業株式会社 | 回転翼航空機の回転翼羽根 |
US5909543A (en) | 1994-11-30 | 1999-06-01 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Communication conference system and communication conference apparatus |
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1997
- 1997-06-25 FR FR9707915A patent/FR2765187B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1998
- 1998-06-05 WO PCT/FR1998/001147 patent/WO1999000298A1/fr active IP Right Grant
- 1998-06-05 EP EP98929498A patent/EP0991569B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-06-05 DE DE69807333T patent/DE69807333T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-06-05 JP JP50531099A patent/JP3998103B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-06-05 RU RU2000101837/28A patent/RU2191717C2/ru active
- 1998-06-05 CN CN98804516A patent/CN1084696C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-06-05 US US09/355,353 patent/US6361279B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-06-18 ZA ZA985281A patent/ZA985281B/xx unknown
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See references of WO9900298A1 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
FR2765187B1 (fr) | 1999-08-27 |
RU2191717C2 (ru) | 2002-10-27 |
EP0991569B1 (fr) | 2002-08-21 |
DE69807333D1 (de) | 2002-09-26 |
JP3998103B2 (ja) | 2007-10-24 |
ZA985281B (en) | 1999-01-11 |
JP2002511040A (ja) | 2002-04-09 |
CN1253532A (zh) | 2000-05-17 |
DE69807333T2 (de) | 2003-05-15 |
FR2765187A1 (fr) | 1998-12-31 |
WO1999000298A1 (fr) | 1999-01-07 |
US6361279B1 (en) | 2002-03-26 |
CN1084696C (zh) | 2002-05-15 |
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