EP0983391A1 - Procede de diagnostic de la maladie d'alzheimer - Google Patents
Procede de diagnostic de la maladie d'alzheimerInfo
- Publication number
- EP0983391A1 EP0983391A1 EP98933758A EP98933758A EP0983391A1 EP 0983391 A1 EP0983391 A1 EP 0983391A1 EP 98933758 A EP98933758 A EP 98933758A EP 98933758 A EP98933758 A EP 98933758A EP 0983391 A1 EP0983391 A1 EP 0983391A1
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- Prior art keywords
- allele
- gene
- disease
- expression
- apoe
- Prior art date
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
- C12Q1/6876—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes
- C12Q1/6883—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes for diseases caused by alterations of genetic material
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q2600/00—Oligonucleotides characterized by their use
- C12Q2600/156—Polymorphic or mutational markers
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q2600/00—Oligonucleotides characterized by their use
- C12Q2600/158—Expression markers
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q2600/00—Oligonucleotides characterized by their use
- C12Q2600/172—Haplotypes
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for diagnosing Alzheimer's disease Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative dementia characterized by a loss of cortical neurons associated with ⁇ -amyioid plaques, tangles of neurofib ⁇ lles and, in most cases, amyloid angiopathy There are strong presumptions for a genetic influence in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease (WO 94/01772)
- chromosomal regions Four chromosomal locations have been described as being involved three on chromosomes 1, 14 and 21 in familial forms with early onset (age of onset less than 60 years), and one on chromosome 19 in familial and sporadic forms with late onset Two linkage studies have suggested that the 19q13 2 chromosomal region is associated with late-onset familial forms of Alzheimer's disease (Pencak-Vance et al, Am J Hum Genêt (1991), 48, 1034-1050) Within this chromosomal region, the group of apolipoproteins (APO) genes E-CI-CI'-CII is a candidate area Among the products of these genes, rapolipoprotein E (APOE) is particularly involved in the nervous system APOE is present in senile plaques and has a binding affinity with the A ⁇ peptide APOE is characterized by three major alleles ⁇ 2, ⁇ 3, ⁇ 4 St ⁇ ttmatter et al (Proc Nat
- FR-2 716 894 describes a process making it possible to predict for a given patient the risks of developing Alzheimer's disease compared to the general population This process is based on the demonstration of the ⁇ 4 alleles of the APOE gene, short alleles of the marker D19S178 and long alleles of the APO Cil gene all located on chromosome 19
- the inventors' studies show differences in significant expression levels in sick subjects compared to healthy controls, which indicates that one or more mutations in the regulatory regions of the APOE gene are involved in the onset of Alzheimer's disease In addition, relative differences in expression are found in the controls
- the inventors have more particularly demonstrated a new polymorphism in the region of the promoter of the gene coding for the protein apo poproteme E found in a potential binding site of the Th1 / E47cs transcription factors.
- Th1 / E47cs for Th1 / E47cs consensus, insofar as it is in a consensus sequence of binding of the transcription factor Th1 / E47cs
- the mutation revealed is characterized by the substitution of a Thymine for Guanine (G ⁇ T) in the sequence GGGTGTCTGT (or G) ATTACTGGG, G being the most frequent allele in the normal population.
- the alleles corresponding to this polymorphism are hereinafter called T (when the base is Thymine) or G (when the base is Guanine)
- T when the base is Thymine
- G when the base is Guanine
- the determination of the allele can be carried out after PCR amplification of the DNA region comprising this polymorphism
- the inventors studied the influence of the Th1 / E47cs polymorphism on the expression of alleles of the APOE gene and highlighted an increased risk of developing Alzheimer's disease associated with the T allele of Th1 / E47cs, specific to this allele and not due to the ⁇ 4 allele
- the Th1 / E47cs polymorphism modulates the risk associated with the ⁇ 4 allele in individuals with the ⁇ 3 / ⁇ 4 genotype, GT genotype individuals with an increased risk of developing Alzheimer's disease compared to individuals homozygous for the Th1 / polymorphism.
- the subject of the invention is therefore a method for diagnosing Alzheimer's disease, comprising the demonstration of one or more mutations in the genomic DNA region regulating the expression of the rapolipoprotein E gene, inducing a modification of the expression of rapolipoprotein E gene compared to a control population or a change in the relative expression of alleles of the apolipoprotein E gene
- diagnostic within the meaning of the present invention, is meant the confirmation of a mutation in the regulatory region of the APOE gene in a patient whose clinical picture indicates symptoms which can be attributed to Alzheimer's disease, or still an increased probability in subjects of developing Alzheimer's disease compared to the whole population, the increase in the probability being statistically significant
- the chromosomal DNA region regulating the APOE gene is broadly defined as being the chromosomal region 19q13 2 other than the region coding for rapolipoprotein E (Human Molecular Genetics, 1994, vol 3, no 4, 569-574) , the region of chromosomal DNA in which one or more mutations is highlighted is located between the marker D19S178 and the APOCII gene, and more particularly comprises the introns and the flanking regions of the APOE gene, extending over a distance of 5 kb upstream and downstream of the APOE gene
- the subject of the invention is more particularly a method for diagnosing Alzheimer's disease comprising the detection of at least one mutation in the promoter of the APOE gene, located at 186 bases of the TATA box of this gene, the mutation consisting more particularly in replacing T ⁇ G in the sequence defined above More particularly, the method consists in searching for one or more s mutations in the promoter region of the gene coding for apolipoprotein E, in particular located in
- a subject of the invention is also a method for diagnosing Alzheimer's disease comprising determining the genotype of apol i poprotein E and searching for a mutation of the type described above in the regulatory region of the APOE gene.
- the presence of at least one ⁇ 4 allele of rapolipoprotein E together with the existence of a mutation in the regulatory region of the APOE gene, in particular the mutation defined above inducing a modification of the expression of the APOE gene or a difference in relative expression of the apolipoprotein E alleles if appropriate will lead to the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease in patients whose clinical picture presents symptoms which can be attributed to a disease of Alzheimer or will classify his subjects in good health in a category at increased risk of developing Alzheimer's disease
- relative difference of expression of the alleles is meant a difference of expression of one allele compared to the other, independently of the absolute level of expression of the gene.
- the search for the ⁇ 4 allele is made by any suitable method based on the presence of an ARG residue in position 1 12 of apolipoprotein E for the ⁇ 4 allele, of a CYS residue in position 158 for the ⁇ 2 allele, by compared to CYS and ARG residues in these positions for the ⁇ 3 isoform, the most widespread
- the demonstration of an additional mutation in the regulatory regions of the APOE gene as defined above is carried out by any suitable method, in particular a method for diagnosing Alzheimer's disease comprising the detection of at least a mutation in the promoter of the gene encoding APOE, located 186 bases from the TATA box of this gene
- a method for diagnosing Alzheimer's disease comprising the detection of at least a mutation in the promoter of the gene encoding APOE, located 186 bases from the TATA box of this gene
- the presence of at least one ⁇ 4 allele of the APOE gene, at least one short allele of the marker D19S178 and at least one long allele of the APO C1 gene as described in FR-2 716 894 and the existence of at least one mutation in the regulatory region of the APOE gene will greatly contribute to orienting the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease in symptomatic subjects or will constitute an important risk factor in asymptomatic subjects Since the mutation (s) involved in Alzheimer's disease are responsible for a variation in the relative expression of all
- the diagnostic method based on the determination of the level of expression of apolipoprotein E is particularly interesting in heterozygous subjects, in particular carriers of the ⁇ 4 allele.
- the diagnostic method within the meaning of the invention advantageously comprises the determination of the level of expression of the ⁇ 4 allele relative to the ⁇ 2 or ⁇ 3 allele.
- the method of diagnosis in individuals genotypes ⁇ 2 / ⁇ 3 advantageously comprises the determination of the level of expression of the ⁇ 2 allele relative to the ⁇ 3 allele.
- a significant increase or decrease, respectively, in the expression / transcription rate of the ⁇ 4 allele in a heterozygous ⁇ 4 ⁇ 2 or ⁇ 4 ⁇ 3 subject and of the ⁇ 2 allele in a heterozygous subject ⁇ 2 ⁇ 3, will guide the diagnosis towards Alzheimer's type dementia , if, moreover, the subject presents a clinical picture evoking the symptomatology of Alzheimer's disease.
- the increase or decrease in expression of the ⁇ 4 and ⁇ 2 alleles, respectively will be an indication of an increased probability in this subject of developing Alzheimer's disease later.
- the determination of the level of expression of the APOE gene and more particularly of the ⁇ 4 and ⁇ 2 alleles of the APOE gene is advantageously carried out by measuring the relative level of the mRNAs of the APOE gene either by establishing the transcription ratio of the ⁇ 4 allele part relation to the ⁇ 2 or ⁇ 3 allele in the case of individuals genotypes ⁇ 4 ⁇ 2 and ⁇ 4 ⁇ 3, either in establishing the transcription ratio of the ⁇ 2 allele relative to the ⁇ 3 allele in the case of individuals with the ⁇ 2 ⁇ 3 genotypes
- the measurement of the transcription rate is carried out following the extraction of mRNA from biopsy tissues or cells in cultures and amplification by RT-PCR (polymerase chain reaction by reverse transcription), using specific suitable primers. of the allele whose expression level we are trying to measure
- the tissue used is for example from a biopsy of brain tissue, in particular of the frontal lobes, thus allowing the measurement of the level of expression of the APOE alleles in the brain. It is also possible to determine the transcription rate of the mRNAs. of APOE in lymphocytes or fibroblasts placed in cell culture In general, it will be possible to determine the rate of transcription of the APOE alleles in any tissue capable of exhibiting a variation in the percentage of expression of one allele compared to another between patients and patients Similarly, this method can also be applied for the development and use of cellular or animal models using APOE alleles
- the ratio of expression of the alleles of the APOE gene is determined as follows a) the cDNA is subjected to a PCR amplification in the presence of primers allowing the specific amplification of at least one polymorphic sequence of the alleles, b ) the amplified DNA is subjected to the action of at least one restriction enzyme, allowing the differentiation of the alleles, c) the DNA fragments are separated, d) the quantity of fragments obtained is evaluated by means of a marker emitting a detectable signal, e) the initial ratio is determined in the various alleles, by the following formula No. allele 1 A ⁇ 'allele 1
- N 0 is the initial number of DNA molecules
- A is the proportionality coefficient making it possible to correct the difference in size between the different restriction fragments and is equal to the ratio of the lengths of restriction fragments characteristic of each allele , and ⁇ 'is determined
- V is the volume of the sample obtained by PCR 25 subjected to step c) and DO is the optical density measured
- DO a DO in which DO is the optical density measured, V is the volume of the sample obtained by PCR subjected to step c) and DO max is the maximum optical density which can be measured, the amplification coefficient Ei of the DNA containing allele 1 being identical to the amplification coefficient E 2 of the DNA containing allele 2, for the various alleles of APOE.
- the DNA amplified in step a) is according to the invention a cDNA comprising the allelic sequences of interest, obtained from mRNA by the usual RT-PCR technique
- the alleles are differentiated according to steps b) and c ) described above, which highlight the restriction polymorphisms (RFLP)
- the separation of the DNA fragments according to step c) can be carried out in particular by gel electrophoresis, preferably by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- the alleles ⁇ 3, ⁇ 2 and ⁇ 4 can be characterized by restriction fragments of 91 bp, 83 bp and 72 bp respectively
- ADO a ⁇ è ⁇ e ⁇ + DO a ⁇ i è i e 2 DO 91 bp
- This method is also particularly simple. It suffices, in fact either to transfer the value of the optical density (OD) as a function of the volume V of the sample, the curve representative of the function f such that
- DO f (V) can be plotted using the least squares method, and to determine DO max and K 'from this curve, that is to report the value 1 / Do as a function of the inverse of the sample volume, namely 1 / V,
- the subject of the invention is also a method for diagnosing Alzheimer's disease comprising the determinations of the phase of the various polymorphisms ⁇ , etTh1 / E47cs and possibly of -491 AT and 1 E1 likely to entail an increased risk of developing the Alzheimer's disease.
- the risk associated with the GT genotype is greater than that associated with the GG genotype.
- This observation could be explained by taking into account the phase of the Th1 / E47cs and ⁇ 2, ⁇ or ⁇ 4 polymorphisms of APOE.
- the risk of developing the disease depends on the association of the G allele and the ⁇ 4 allele on the same chromosome, thus determining the phase of the ⁇ and Th1 / E47cs polymorphisms of APOE. According to this phase, two possibilities exist: (i) a higher level of expression of ⁇ 4, (ii) a higher level of expression of the ⁇ 3 allele.
- the first possibility would lead to a physiological response in favor of the properties of the isomorph APO ⁇ 4 and would explain a more marked effect in individuals carrying the ⁇ 3 ⁇ 4 and GT genotypes. This difference in the rate of expression linked to the phase will be true for all heterozygous genotypes. However, the risk associated with the G allele is probably attenuated due to the different possible combinations between the ⁇ and Th1 / E47cs polymorphisms of APOE.
- phase of the polymorphisms of APOE and of Th1 / E47cs is studied as follows:
- a fragment of 4600 bp containing the ⁇ polymorphisms of APOE and Th1 / E47cs is amplified by PCR. This amplification is carried out using the extend long template PCR System kit (Boehnnger) with for meaning o gonucleotide
- the amplification product is then digested with the restriction enzyme Afl III, the only cleavage site of which on the amplified fragment makes it possible to differentiate the allele ⁇ 4 from the allele ⁇ 3
- the DNA is transferred onto a nitrocellulose membrane and fixed under UV
- the discrimination between the T allele and the G allele is carried out by a protocol similar to that used for genotyping by ASO of this polymorphism
- subjects suffering from Alzheimer's disease have a predisposition to respond to certain therapies, in particular to cholinomimetic type therapies depending on the type and number of copies of the alleles of the APOE gene.
- a method of identifying subjects suffering from Alzheimer's disease capable of responding to a given therapy for example of the choii ⁇ omimetic type comprising a) determining the genotype of rapolipoprotein E, b) determining the genotype of the Th1 polymorphism / E47cs, and c) optionally, the determination of the phase of the apolipoprotein E and Th1 / E47cs polymorphisms
- the different polymorphisms of APOE and Th1 / E47cs can be used to create animal or cellular models expressing APOE better or worse, used alone or in combination with genetic factors capable of influencing the development of pathology such as APP, PS1, PS2, etc. or other markers of Alzheimer's disease such as abnormal phosphorylation of the Tau protein
- the invention therefore also relates to a vector for transfection of eukaryotic cells comprising at least one allele of the APOE gene and an allele of the Th1 / E47cs polymorphism and possibly one or more other alleles of other genes or markers close to this gene, capable of modifying the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease compared to a normal population
- vectors can be used for the production of transfected eukaryotic cells or transgenic animals
- Another object of the invention therefore consists of eukaryotic cells transfected using a vector as defined above or transgenic animals produced using such a vector
- the PCR reaction volume of 25 ⁇ l contained the primer F6 (5'-TAA GCT TGC CAC GGC TGT CCA AGG A-3 ') at 50 pmolar, the dNTPs at 0.5 mM, MgCI 2 at 0.1 mM, 0.1% triton X-100, 15% glycerol and 0.05-unit Taq-Polymerase (Eurogentec)
- the method for calculating the differential expression of mRNAs is that described above.
- the OD was estimated by the software ⁇ Imagemaster (Pharmacia)
- the length of the restriction fragments was determined to be 91 bp for the ⁇ 3 allele, 83 bp for the ⁇ 2 allele and 72 bp for the ⁇ 4 allele
- FIG. 1 showing the amplification products by RT-PCR after staining
- FIG. 2 representing the expression of the mRNAs of heterozygous individuals ⁇ 2 ⁇ 3, ⁇ 3 ⁇ 4 and ⁇ 2 ⁇ 4 suffering from Alzheimer's disease and of controls.
- the black lines represent the means.
- the arrows represent the expected values of the expression rate of the ⁇ 4 allele in individuals genotypes ⁇ 2 / ⁇ 4. These values were estimated from the percentages observed for the ⁇ 2 and ⁇ 4 alleles in individuals with the ⁇ 2 / ⁇ 4 and ⁇ 3 / ⁇ 4 genotypes, respectively.
- FIG. 3 shows the measurement of the expression rate of the ⁇ 4 allele in healthy young subjects with no cognitive impairment at the time of sampling and in demented subjects with a probable diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease.
- FIG. 4 shows the percentage of expression of the ⁇ 4 allele in patients and controls according to the Th1 / E47cs and -491 AT genotypes. Control individuals are represented by circles and patients by triangles. The black patterns correspond to individuals heterozygous genotypes for the -491 AT polymorphism. Expression means are represented by black bars.
- the number of subjects was 49 for patients with Alzheimer's disease and 45 for controls.
- the results show that the expression of the mRNA of the ⁇ 3 allele was in all cases greater than that of the mRNA of the ⁇ 4 allele, this in all cases. This result is consistent with known measurements of the levels of APOE proteins found in the brains of individuals whose genotype has been determined. In this study, it was shown that the level of APOE in ⁇ 3 homozygotes was higher than that of ⁇ 3 ⁇ 4 heterozygotes, which itself was higher than that of ⁇ 4 homozygotes.
- lymphocytes In order to find out whether the difference in expression of the APOE alleles is specific to the brain or perhaps found in other tissues that are easier to obtain during the patient's lifetime (lymphocytes, fibroblasts), the authors studied the differential expression of APOE alleles in lymphocytes. The results of this study are given below.
- a blood sample is taken from individuals with probable Alzheimer's disease and from young individuals with no cognitive impairment at the time of the study. All these individuals have the distinction of being genotype ⁇ 3 ⁇ 4.
- the separation of the lymphocytes is carried out on a Leucosep tube containing a Ficoll gradient (). After several washes of the lymphocytes with RPMI, these are resuspended in a culture medium composed of RPMI, 10% FCS, 2 mM of glutamate, 100 ⁇ M of streptopenicillin and 1% of phytohemagagutinin (Gibco / Brl) . The cell concentration is then 1 million cells per ml. The cells in suspension are cultured for 48 hours for example.
- lymphocytes patients express the ⁇ 4 allele at a level close to that observed in the brains of patients ⁇ 3 ⁇ 4 genotypes.
- a fragment of 375 base pairs was amplified by PCR with the primers for the sense strand 5'TAC ll IC ll I CTGGGATCCAGG 3 'and for the antisense strand 5'ACTCAAGGATCCCAGACTTG 3'.
- the amplification is carried out over 35 cycles (ohgonucleotide hybridization temperature 53 ° C) in a buffer containing 1 mM of final MgCl 2
- the fragment obtained was sequenced according to the conditions described in the pretreatment kits (US 70993-Amersham ) and sequencing (USB-Amersham-T7 PCR product sequencing kit)
- the amplification of a fragment of 228 base pairs containing the poly LBP1 polymorphism is carried out during 40 cycles in the presence of
- the temperature of hybridization of the ohgonucleotides is 53 ° C.
- the antisense o gonucleotide is identical to that used for sequencing The sense ohgonucleotide is as follows
- 5'AGAATGGAGGAGGGTGCCTG 3 'In bold represents the modified nucleotide allowing the creation of a cleavage site with the allele
- LBP1 is based on the protocol described by Tiret et al, (1994, Lancet, vol 344, 910-913)
- the specific modifications to the detection of poly LBP1 polymorphism concerning the ohgonucleotides and the washing temperatures are as follows: the allele G specific oligonucleotide has the sequence 5'GCCCAGTAATCCAGACACCC 3 'with a washing temperature of 61 ° C, the T allele specific oligonucleotide for sequence 5 'GCCCAGTAATACAGACACCC 3' with for washing temperature 62 ° C
- Three polymorphisms of the APOE locus were tested on the Th1 / E47cs polymorphism using the methods described previously, the 1 E1 polymorphism according to the technique used by Mui et al.
- CI represents the 95% confidence interval
- the level of expression of the APOE alleles is increased by the existence of cis mutations in the promoter region of the APOE gene, three implications must be verified (1) the mutation located in the promoter must modulate the expression of the APOE alleles, thus highlighting the deleterious effect of the ⁇ 4 allele or accentuating the protective effect of the ⁇ 2 allele, (2) since what determines the risk would be the relative level expression of the two APOE alleles in heterozygous individuals, this mutation must not have the same impact in the population of heterozygous genotype for APOE compared to the population of homozygous genotype (3) the effect of a cis mutation in heterozygous individuals must depend on the phase of this polymorphism with APOE alleles (ie the haplotype) In individuals carrying a copy of the heterozygous ⁇ 4 allele for the Th1 / E47cs genotype , the ⁇ 4 allele can be associated either with the T allele or with the G allele of Th1 /
- the results of the authors show that the promoter region of the APOE gene have mutations capable of promoting the development of Alzheimer's disease, in particular the Th1 / E47cs polymorphism, independently to the ⁇ polymorphisms of the APOE gene
- This polymorphism modifies the impact of the ⁇ 4 allele in the population studied, defining within the population ⁇ 3 / ⁇ 4, subpopulations presenting different risks, the individuals being heterozygous for the polymorphism
- Th1 / E47cs presenting the greatest risk
- the estimation of the phase allows a better understanding of the sub-population most at risk, that is to say that presenting the association of the ⁇ 4 allele and the T allele same chromosome
- Th1 / E47cs polymorphism is localized in a consensus site for binding of the transcription factor Th1 / E47 and more particularly in the site for binding of the helix-loop-héhce transcription factor E47
- This factor belongs to the proteins of class A, which are ubiquitously expressed and form multiple combinations with class B proteins to control tissue-specific expression of genes (Murre et al., Cell, Vol 15, 451-459)
- E47 is expressed in the brain, associated with multiple class B proteins and involved in the development and maintenance of the mammalian nervous system.
- NS.longeddrwdu is a genotype ⁇ 2 / ⁇ 2 in the population t e moin Table 2. Linkage imbalance in the chromosomal region 19q 13.2. region.
- the APOE polymorphism was analyzed as a biallelic marker (allele 4 versus allele 2 or 3) Above the diagonal of the table is represented the coefficient of standardized linkage disequilibrium Below this diagonal is represented the percentage of maximum link imbalance for the given allelic frequencies.
- Chromosome number 522 506 b Population of genotype ⁇ 3 / ⁇ 3 Haplotype Polvmorphisms Estimated frequencies of haplotypes number D19S178 Thl / E47cs 1E1 control cases Witnesses expected
- Haplotype Polymo ⁇ hismes Estimated frequencies of haplotypes
- Chromosome Number 204 78 Table 4 OR estimated by multiple logistic regression
- the genotypic distributions are in Hardy-Wcinbcrg equilibrium in the control populations.
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Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR9708284 | 1997-07-01 | ||
| FR9708284A FR2765591B1 (fr) | 1997-07-01 | 1997-07-01 | Procede de diagnostic de la maladie d'alzheimer |
| PCT/FR1998/001394 WO1999001574A1 (fr) | 1997-07-01 | 1998-06-30 | Procede de diagnostic de la maladie d'alzheimer |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0983391A1 true EP0983391A1 (fr) | 2000-03-08 |
| EP0983391B1 EP0983391B1 (fr) | 2004-08-25 |
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Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP98933758A Expired - Lifetime EP0983391B1 (fr) | 1997-07-01 | 1998-06-30 | Procede de diagnostic de la maladie d'alzheimer |
Country Status (8)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US6391553B1 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP0983391B1 (fr) |
| JP (1) | JP4358311B2 (fr) |
| AU (1) | AU8346498A (fr) |
| CA (1) | CA2295865C (fr) |
| DE (1) | DE69825888T2 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR2765591B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO1999001574A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (12)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AU695641B2 (en) * | 1993-09-20 | 1998-08-20 | Novartis Ag | Human metabotropic glutamate receptor subtypes (HMR4, HMR6, HMR7) and related DNA compounds |
| EP1113081A1 (fr) * | 1999-12-28 | 2001-07-04 | Institut Pasteur De Lille | Implication du gene connu cp2/lsf/lbp-1 dans la maladie d' alzheimer |
| JP2005534710A (ja) * | 2002-08-07 | 2005-11-17 | ノバルティス アクチエンゲゼルシャフト | Apoe遺伝子型を基準とした痴呆を処置するための方法 |
| JP5241994B2 (ja) | 2004-11-05 | 2013-07-17 | 戸田工業株式会社 | 酸化チタン粒子粉末及び光触媒 |
| WO2006083854A2 (fr) * | 2005-01-31 | 2006-08-10 | Perlegen Sciences, Inc. | Base genetique de la maladie d'alzheimer et son diagnostic et son traitement |
| WO2006138696A2 (fr) * | 2005-06-17 | 2006-12-28 | Genizon Biosciences, Inc. | Carte genique genemap des genes humains associes a la longevite |
| CN102471800A (zh) * | 2009-07-03 | 2012-05-23 | 加的夫大学学院咨询有限公司 | 阿尔茨海默病的诊断和治疗 |
| WO2011024035A1 (fr) * | 2009-08-27 | 2011-03-03 | Institut Pasteur De Lille | Procédé pour la détermination du risque de survenue de la maladie d'alzheimer |
| WO2013130654A1 (fr) | 2012-02-29 | 2013-09-06 | Coyote Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Gga et dérivés de gga, compositions de ceux-ci et procédés pour le traitement de maladies neurodégénératives, comprenant une paralysie, les comprenant |
| US9119808B1 (en) | 2012-10-08 | 2015-09-01 | Coyote Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Treating neurodegenerative diseases with GGA or a derivative thereof |
| US20140178877A1 (en) * | 2012-12-20 | 2014-06-26 | Roche Molecular Systems, Inc. | Labeled Oligonucleotide Probes Used for Nucleic Acid Sequence Analysis |
| JP2018514187A (ja) * | 2015-03-04 | 2018-06-07 | ベラサイト インコーポレイテッド | 発現レベルおよび配列変種情報を用いて疾患の発症または再発のリスクを評価するための方法 |
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP3265577B2 (ja) * | 1992-10-13 | 2002-03-11 | デューク・ユニバーシティ | アポリポ蛋白eの4型イソ型の測定法 |
| CA2111503A1 (fr) * | 1993-12-15 | 1995-06-16 | Mcgill University | Polymorphisme de l'apolipoproteine e et maladie d'alzheimer |
| FR2716894B1 (fr) * | 1994-03-07 | 1996-05-24 | Pasteur Institut | Marqueurs génétiques utilisés conjointement pour le diagnostic de la maladie d'Alzheimer, méthode et kit de diagnostic. |
| GB9408465D0 (en) * | 1994-04-27 | 1994-06-22 | Univ Mcgill | Apolipoprotein e polymorphism & treatment of alzheimer's disease |
-
1997
- 1997-07-01 FR FR9708284A patent/FR2765591B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1998
- 1998-06-30 US US09/446,893 patent/US6391553B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-06-30 CA CA2295865A patent/CA2295865C/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-06-30 DE DE69825888T patent/DE69825888T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-06-30 AU AU83464/98A patent/AU8346498A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1998-06-30 WO PCT/FR1998/001394 patent/WO1999001574A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 1998-06-30 EP EP98933758A patent/EP0983391B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-06-30 JP JP50652799A patent/JP4358311B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| See references of WO9901574A1 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP2002510975A (ja) | 2002-04-09 |
| EP0983391B1 (fr) | 2004-08-25 |
| DE69825888T2 (de) | 2005-11-17 |
| JP4358311B2 (ja) | 2009-11-04 |
| FR2765591A1 (fr) | 1999-01-08 |
| CA2295865A1 (fr) | 1999-01-14 |
| US6391553B1 (en) | 2002-05-21 |
| DE69825888D1 (de) | 2004-09-30 |
| FR2765591B1 (fr) | 2002-08-09 |
| AU8346498A (en) | 1999-01-25 |
| CA2295865C (fr) | 2012-09-04 |
| WO1999001574A1 (fr) | 1999-01-14 |
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