EP0980713B1 - Process and apparatus for the electrostatic separation of a fractionated product - Google Patents

Process and apparatus for the electrostatic separation of a fractionated product Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0980713B1
EP0980713B1 EP98121511A EP98121511A EP0980713B1 EP 0980713 B1 EP0980713 B1 EP 0980713B1 EP 98121511 A EP98121511 A EP 98121511A EP 98121511 A EP98121511 A EP 98121511A EP 0980713 B1 EP0980713 B1 EP 0980713B1
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EP
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Prior art keywords
electrodes
broken
particles
broken good
shells
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EP98121511A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0980713A1 (en
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Joachim Dipl.-Ing. Essig (Fh)
Olaf Dipl.-Ing. Oehmichen (Fh)
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F B Lehmann Maschinenfabrik GmbH
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F B Lehmann Maschinenfabrik GmbH
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C7/00—Separating solids from solids by electrostatic effect
    • B03C7/02—Separators
    • B03C7/12—Separators with material falling free

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method and an apparatus for electrostatic separation of a broken product consisting of cocoa nibs and cocoa bean shells, according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • cocoa beans are made from a roasting, Sterilization or pre-drying systems are usually combined in one Reflection breaker broken.
  • the resulting fractions at cocoa kernel, the So-called nibs and the shells must then be used for further processing Nibs are separated.
  • the separation accuracy must be as large as possible because of the quality of the finished cocoa mass is decisively influenced. Maximum are after The current regulations allow 2% shells in the nibs. Furthermore, through the lowest possible proportion of shells in the nibs the service life of the downstream Grinding plants significantly improved.
  • the nibs have been separated from the shells by sieving into different ones Fractions and subsequent air separation of the individual fractions.
  • the applicant automatically attaches the cocoa beans upstream Machines placed on a large pre-screen and then for crushing and Classification station promoted.
  • the cocoa beans broken in the rotary double-throw crusher are separated into six fractions on a classifier.
  • the one in a throwing parabola mixture of shells and nibs emerging from the side of the sieve box Fractions separated, in a separate riser.
  • a directional air flow, which on the grain size of each franking is matched, achieved according to the principle of countercurrent sifting a good separation of the specifically heavier nibs from the specifically light ones Peel.
  • the classifying device has five cascades arranged one behind the other Sieves which divide the cocoa fraction from rough to fine into six fractions.
  • the the sieve principle used from coarse to fine results in short paths of the main quantity short contact times and offers microbiological and hygienic advantages.
  • Sighting the individual fractions are carried out in six side-by-side risers. Due to the fine stage Splitting the sighting into six fractions will result in a higher separation effect and a more accurate one Sorting achieved with high throughput.
  • the air speed each The riser is adjustable for optimal separation.
  • the six shell fractions will be then aspirated upwards, separated from the air in six bowl separators and via one shared cup lock discharged. The nibs fall down on one Vibrating discharge chute.
  • the above system leads to very good separation results however, it is relatively complex in terms of design and operation.
  • DE 19 07 880 A discloses a method and a separator for sorting fine-grained materials Batch known by corona field and electrostatic field, which gives the clue deliver that the separation of a broken material of the type mentioned electrostatically in fractionated form in a charging zone between two differently charged Electrodes is to be carried out, the broken material then falling in free fall in one homogeneous electric field is discharged and the individual fractions at least partially separated by differently strong distractions and then carried away.
  • the object of the invention is now the known separation process and the to develop the associated device so that it is for the separation of Cocoa kernel, i.e. nibs, from the cocoa bean shells is suitable and essential for one lower equipment expenditure leads to comparable good separation results and is therefore cheaper.
  • the device according to the invention for carrying out the method which is generally a Charging zone for the electrical charging of the broken material to be separated and an attached to it subsequent deflection zone for the electrical discharge of the charged broken material outdoors Case and an adjoining separation zone for separating the at least partially has discharged fragments, characterized in that the charging zone at least one feed hopper for the broken material to be separated and at least one itself adjoining vibrating trough connected to the hopper has that with differently charged, generating a homogeneous electric field Electrodes are provided, between which the broken material to be separated is conveyed to be charged electrically, the deflection zone is at least two has further electrodes that limit the free fall distance and that the separation zone has at least one adjustable mechanical separator to which a Conveyor system for the separate product flows, consisting of cocoa kernel (nibs) or heavier broken particles and cocoa bean shells or lighter broken core particles, followed.
  • a Conveyor system for the separate product flows consisting of cocoa kernel (nibs) or heavier broken particles and
  • the one of the two electrodes delimiting the deflection zone is expediently one grounded cathode and for diverting deflected cocoa bean husks with several equipped with flaps through openings, behind which there is a shaft is located with the transport system for the removal of the cocoa bean husks, i.e. the lighter broken particles, communicates.
  • This Electrodes that are assigned to the vibration channel, which can be made of plastic and is lined with metal, are advantageously embedded in the channel so that the one electrode in the channel bottom and the other at a distance above the bottom located so that the broken material to be loaded between the electrodes can be conveyed through.
  • the anode of these electrodes lies on a positive one or negative DC voltage.
  • vibration channel with an adjustable vibrato drive has proven itself to provide and also to make the feed hopper adjustable in height, whereby the Delivery capacity is largely variable.
  • the inner wall of the Vibration trough to provide contours that the mixing of the over it run away particles of the material to be broken, such contours in particular can be hump-like structures.
  • an embodiment of the device is particularly advantageous in which the two Electrodes that limit the free fall distance of the discharge zone, capacitor plates form and are coated with an electrically insulating material layer to To prevent recharging processes when the electrodes come into contact with the debris.
  • the device can also be provided with a debris moistening device to set the desired moisture levels in the broken material, since the efficiency of the charge transfer depends, among other things, on the moisture content.
  • the device with a housing enclose, then in such a housing also multi-stage separation devices can be arranged in series.
  • FIG. 1 shows the schematic structure of an embodiment of the separation device.
  • the broken material 5 is raw or dried in fractional form dried and steamed or roasted or roasted and steamed in one Input hopper 4 entered, the output end in a vibrating or vibrating trough 6th which flows with differently charged, a homogeneous electric field generating electrodes 7, 8 is provided, between which the broken material to be separated is conveyed through in order to be electrostatically charged. Feed hopper 4 and vibrating channel 6 together with the electrodes 7, 8 form the charging zone of the Separator.
  • the vibration channel 6 is equipped with a vibration drive, not shown, which can be set so that a desired breakage conveyor speed is reached, with the fact that the hopper 4 is adjustable in height, the flow rate the vibratory trough can also be influenced.
  • the vibrating channel is on the outside fully electrically insulated. Your wall is made of plastic material, in which the Electrodes 7, 8 are embedded and is lined with metal.
  • the inner wall of the Vibration trough is also provided with contours in the form of hump-like structures. which serve to mix the fragments 5 passing over them and the Optimization of the electrical to be transferred to the particles using the electrodes Charge. To optimize this transfer, the formation of a single grain layer aimed at on the vibrating channel floor.
  • the bottom-side electrode 7 lies on one DC voltage (U +) of about 20 - 40 kV and represents the anode, while the direct the second metal electrode 8 located above is the grounded cathode and the Charge transfer to the fragments 5 supported.
  • the Debris particles namely the nibs and shells
  • the Charge sits essentially on the surface of these particles, the transferred one
  • the amount of charge is therefore proportional to the size of the particle surface.
  • the rate at which charging occurs depends on the electrical conductivity of the Material.
  • the charging zone 1 corresponds to the size of the particles to transfer charge because of the size of the electrical charge of the particles for the subsequent separation in the one following the charging zone 1
  • Deflection zone 2 is crucial.
  • the deflection zone 2 has a free-fall path 11, which is separated from the two electrodes 9, 10 is limited and into which the fragments 5 to be separated from the vibrating trough 6 be dropped.
  • One electrode 9 is at the same DC voltage (U +) as that Anode 7 of the vibrating trough, while the cathode 10, which is opposite at a distance is grounded.
  • U + DC voltage
  • the cathode 10 which is opposite at a distance is grounded.
  • There is a homogeneous electric field between the two electrodes 9, 10 E in which the deflection of the charged fragments 5 by those acting in the field Forces F is proportional to their specific charge, i.e. to the ratio of Amount of charge to mass.
  • nibs and shells, in the different field forces F acting free fall are these particles that Because of their different electrical conductivity, they also have different sizes Carrying amounts of charge, to different degrees, towards the cathode 10 distracted.
  • this is provided with several flaps 17 Through openings 18 equipped, behind which there is a shaft 19 with a slide 14 is located, which with a transport system 13 for removing the shells 16 in Connection is established.
  • the nibs 15 from the Shells 16 separated and get in the lower region of the free fall section 11 in the Separation zone 3, in which an adjustable, mechanical separator 12 is arranged which the conveyor system 13 for the separate product streams 15, 16, consisting of Cocoa nibs or heavier fragments 15 and cocoa bean shells or lighter fragments 16.
  • the separator 12 shown in the Embodiment has the shape of a flow separating wedge, can be between the Slide electrodes 9, 10 back and forth to ensure the cleanest possible separation of the nibs from to reach the shells. This adjustment process of the separator can be done here Automate facilities not shown.
  • the two electrodes 7 and 8 of the deflection zone 2 have an insulating layer coated, otherwise the charged fragments come into contact with the electrodes Charging takes place and the particles back and forth between the electrodes would jump out.
  • mechanical ricocheting of the shells as already mentioned above, on the surface of the Cathode 10 avoided in that it with the flap-like openings 18th through which the shells are pulled and thus no longer bounce back can.
  • the inventive method shows that the separation of nibs and shells with the help an electrostatic separation device is possible, the forces occurring in electric field of sufficient size and the differences of nibs and shells are sufficient to separate these two fragments.
  • the necessary voltages are in the range of 40 kV to 50 kV.

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  • Electrostatic Separation (AREA)
  • Mechanical Treatment Of Semiconductor (AREA)

Abstract

The mixture of beans and broken shells (5) is moistened and fed into a hopper (4) and the a vibrating conveyor (6) having positively charged and earthed electrodes (7,8) before falling through an electric field between further electrodes (9,10). The moisture absorbent shell particles (16) are not electrically charged and fall freely into a one part of a receptacle (13), whilst the charged beans (15) are deflected into another part of the receptacle, separated by a wall (12).

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft einVerfahren sowie eine Vorrichtung zur elektrostatischen Trennung eines Bruchgutes, bestehend aus Kakaokembruch (Nibs) und Kakaobohnenschalen, gemäß dem Oberbegriff des Anspruchs 1.The invention relates to a method and an apparatus for electrostatic separation of a broken product consisting of cocoa nibs and cocoa bean shells, according to the preamble of claim 1.

Kakaobohnen, die in Abhängigkeit von der Art der Vorbehandlung aus einer Röst-, Sterilisations- oder Vortrocknungsanlage kommen, werden üblicherweise in einem Reflexionsbrecher gebrochen. Die dabei entstehenden Fraktionen an Kakaokernbruch, die sogenannten Nibs, sowie die Schalen müssen anschließend für die weitere Verarbeitung der Nibs voneinander getrennt werden. Die Trenngenauigkeit muß möglichst groß sein, da von ihr die Qualität der fertigen Kakaomasse entscheidend beeinflusst wird. Maximal sind nach den geltenden Bestimmungen 2 % Schalen in den Nibs zulässig. Desweiteren wird durch einen möglichst geringen Schalenanteil in den Nibs die Standzeit der nachgeschalteten Mahlanlagen erheblich verbessert.Depending on the type of pretreatment, cocoa beans are made from a roasting, Sterilization or pre-drying systems are usually combined in one Reflection breaker broken. The resulting fractions at cocoa kernel, the So-called nibs and the shells must then be used for further processing Nibs are separated. The separation accuracy must be as large as possible because of the quality of the finished cocoa mass is decisively influenced. Maximum are after The current regulations allow 2% shells in the nibs. Furthermore, through the lowest possible proportion of shells in the nibs the service life of the downstream Grinding plants significantly improved.

Bisher erfolgte die Trennung der Nibs von den Schalen durch Sieben in verschiedene Fraktionen und anschließende Windsichtung der einzelnen Fraktionen. In einer speziellen Anlage der Anmelderin werden hierzu die Kakaobohnen automatisch von vorgeschalteten Maschinen auf ein großes Vorsieb aufgegeben und anschließend zur Brech- und Klassierstation gefördert. Die im Rotations-Doppelwurfbrecher gebrochenen Kakaobohnen werden auf einer Klassiereinrichtung in sechs Fraktionen getrennt. Die in einer Wurfparabel seitlich aus dem Siebkasten austretende Mischung aus Schalen und Nibs gelangt, in Fraktionen getrennt, in einen separaten Steigsichter. Eine gerichtete Luftströmung, welche auf die Korngröße jeder Franktion abgestimmt ist, erzielt nach dem Prinzip der Gegenstrom-Sichtung eine gute Trennung der spezifisch schwereren Nibs von den spezifisch leichten Schalen. Die Klassiereinrichtung besitzt fünf kaskadenförmig hintereinander angeordnete Siebe, welche den Kakaobruch von grob nach fein in sechs Fraktionen aufteilen. Das verwendete Siebprinzip von grob nach fein ergibt durch kurze Wege der Hauptmenge auch kurze Kontaktzeiten und bietet mikrobiologische und hygienische Vorteile. Die Sichtung der einzelnen Fraktionen erfolgt in sechs seitlich angeordneten Steigsichtern. Durch die feinstufige Aufteilung der Sichtung in sechs Fraktionen wird ein höherer Trenneffekt und eine genauere Sortierung bei hoher Durchsatzleistung erreicht. Die Luftgeschwindigkeit jedes Steigschachtes ist auf optimale Trennwirkung einstellbar. Die sechs Schalenfraktionen werden dann nach oben abgesaugt, in sechs Schalenabscheidern von der Luft getrennt und über eine gemeinsame Schalenschleuse ausgetragen. Die Nibs fallen nach unten auf eine Vibrationsaustragsrinne. Die obige Anlage führt zwar zu sehr guten Trennergebnissen, ist jedoch in konstruktiver und betriebstechnischer Hinsicht relativ aufwendig.So far, the nibs have been separated from the shells by sieving into different ones Fractions and subsequent air separation of the individual fractions. In a special For this purpose, the applicant automatically attaches the cocoa beans upstream Machines placed on a large pre-screen and then for crushing and Classification station promoted. The cocoa beans broken in the rotary double-throw crusher are separated into six fractions on a classifier. The one in a throwing parabola mixture of shells and nibs emerging from the side of the sieve box Fractions separated, in a separate riser. A directional air flow, which on the grain size of each franking is matched, achieved according to the principle of countercurrent sifting a good separation of the specifically heavier nibs from the specifically light ones Peel. The classifying device has five cascades arranged one behind the other Sieves which divide the cocoa fraction from rough to fine into six fractions. The the sieve principle used from coarse to fine results in short paths of the main quantity short contact times and offers microbiological and hygienic advantages. Sighting the individual fractions are carried out in six side-by-side risers. Due to the fine stage Splitting the sighting into six fractions will result in a higher separation effect and a more accurate one Sorting achieved with high throughput. The air speed each The riser is adjustable for optimal separation. The six shell fractions will be then aspirated upwards, separated from the air in six bowl separators and via one shared cup lock discharged. The nibs fall down on one Vibrating discharge chute. The above system leads to very good separation results however, it is relatively complex in terms of design and operation.

Aus der DE 19 07 880 A sind ein Verfahren sowie ein Scheider zum Sortieren feinkörniger Gemenge durch Koronafeld und elektrostatisches Feld bekannt, die den Hinweis darauf liefern, dass die Trennung eines Bruchgutes der genannten Art auf elektrostatischem Wege in fraktionierter Form in einer Aufladungszone zwischen zwei unterschiedlich geladenen Elektroden durchzuführen ist, wobei das Bruchgut anschließend im freien Fall in einem homogenen elektrischen Feld entladen wird und die einzelnen Fraktionen wenigstens teilweise durch unteschiedlich starke Ablenkung getrennt und danach weggefördert werden.DE 19 07 880 A discloses a method and a separator for sorting fine-grained materials Batch known by corona field and electrostatic field, which gives the clue deliver that the separation of a broken material of the type mentioned electrostatically in fractionated form in a charging zone between two differently charged Electrodes is to be carried out, the broken material then falling in free fall in one homogeneous electric field is discharged and the individual fractions at least partially separated by differently strong distractions and then carried away.

Die Aufgabe der Erfindung besteht nun darin, das bekannte Trennverfahren sowie die zugehörige Vorrichtung so weiterzuentwickeln, dass es sich zur Trennung von Kakaokernbruch, also Nibs, von den Kakaobohnenschalen eignet und bei einem wesentlich geringeren apparatetechnischen Aufwand zu vergleichbar guten Trennergebnissen führt und daher kostengünstiger ist.The object of the invention is now the known separation process and the to develop the associated device so that it is for the separation of Cocoa kernel, i.e. nibs, from the cocoa bean shells is suitable and essential for one lower equipment expenditure leads to comparable good separation results and is therefore cheaper.

Diese Aufgabe wird gemäß dem Kennzeichen des Hauptanspruchs gelöst, wobei im Anschluss an den Grundgedanken der Trennung auf elektrostatischem Wege in einer oder mehreren Stufen die Verbesserung des Ladungsüberganges von den geladenen Elektroden in der Aufladungszone auf das Bruchgut erreicht wird.This object is achieved in accordance with the characterizing part of the main claim Connection to the basic idea of electrostatic separation in one or several steps to improve the charge transfer from the charged electrodes is reached in the loading zone on the broken material.

Diese Aufladungsverbesserung und damit Optimierung der angestrebten Trennung des Bruchgutes in schwere und leichtere Bestandteile in der Aufladungszone wird vor allem dadurch erreicht, dass durch die Vibrationsbewegung, der der Bruchgutstrom unterworfen wird, die einzelnen Bruchgutteilchen zu einer Einkornschicht ausgebreitet werden, so dass ein Übereinanderliegen der Bruchgutteilchen vermieden wird, was die Aufladung behindern kann, weil dann kein direkter Kontakt zwischen den obenliegenden Teilchen und der Metallfläche der Vibrationsrinne besteht. This improvement in charging and thus optimization of the desired separation of the Above all, broken goods into heavy and lighter components in the charging zone achieved by the vibration movement to which the broken material flow is subjected the individual fragments are broken down into a single-grain layer so that overlapping of the fragments is avoided, which hinders charging can, because then there is no direct contact between the particles above and the Metal surface of the vibrating trough exists.

Weitere vorteilhafte Ausgestaltungen des Verfahrens sind in den Unteransprüchen angegeben.Further advantageous embodiments of the method are in the subclaims specified.

Die erfindungsgemäße Vorrichtung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens, die ganz allgemein eine Aufladungszone zur elektrischen Aufladung des zu trennenden Bruchgutes und eine sich daran anschließende Ablenkzone zur elektrischen Entladung des aufgeladenen Bruchgutes im freien Fall sowie eine sich daran anschließende Separationszone zur Trennung der wenigstens teilweise entladenen Bruchgutteilchen aufweist, kennzeichnet sich dadurch, dass die Aufladungszone wenigstens einen Aufgabetrichter für das zu trennende Bruchgut und wenigstens eine sich daran anschließende und mit dem Trichter in Förderverbindung stehende Vibrationsrinne aufweist, die mit unterschiedlich geladenen, ein homogenes elektrisches Feld erzeugenden Elektroden versehen ist, zwischen denen das zu trennende Bruchgut hindurchgefördert wird, um dabei elektrisch aufgeladen zu werden, dass die Ablenkzone wenigstens zwei weitere Elektroden aufweist, die die Freifallstrecke begrenzen und dass die Separationszone wenigstens einen einstellbaren mechanischen Separator aufweist, an den sich ein Fördersystem für die getrennten Produktströme, bestehend aus Kakaokernbruch (Nibs) oder schwereren Bruchgutteilchen und Kakaobohnenschalen oder leichteren Kernbruchteilchen, anschließt.The device according to the invention for carrying out the method, which is generally a Charging zone for the electrical charging of the broken material to be separated and an attached to it subsequent deflection zone for the electrical discharge of the charged broken material outdoors Case and an adjoining separation zone for separating the at least partially has discharged fragments, characterized in that the charging zone at least one feed hopper for the broken material to be separated and at least one itself adjoining vibrating trough connected to the hopper has that with differently charged, generating a homogeneous electric field Electrodes are provided, between which the broken material to be separated is conveyed to be charged electrically, the deflection zone is at least two has further electrodes that limit the free fall distance and that the separation zone has at least one adjustable mechanical separator to which a Conveyor system for the separate product flows, consisting of cocoa kernel (nibs) or heavier broken particles and cocoa bean shells or lighter broken core particles, followed.

Vorteilhafte Ausgestaltungen dieser Vorrichtung sind Gegenstand der Unteransprüche.Advantageous embodiments of this device are the subject of the dependent claims.

Die eine der beiden die Ablenkzone begrenzenden Elektroden ist zweckmäßigerweise eine geerdete Kathode und zur Ableitung von abgelenkten Kakaobohnenschalen mit mehreren mit Klappen ausgestatteten Durchgangsöffnungen versehen, hinter denen sich ein Schacht befindet, der mit dem Transportsystem zum Abtransport der Kakaobohnenschalen, also der leichteren Bruchgutteilchen, in Verbindung steht.The one of the two electrodes delimiting the deflection zone is expediently one grounded cathode and for diverting deflected cocoa bean husks with several equipped with flaps through openings, behind which there is a shaft is located with the transport system for the removal of the cocoa bean husks, i.e. the lighter broken particles, communicates.

Darüber hinaus ist zweckmäßigerweise eine der beiden Elektroden, mit denen die Vibrationsrinne versehen ist, als geerdete Kathode ausgebildet, die den Ladungsübergang auf die Bruchgutteilchen unterstützt, und die Vibrationsrinne ist nach außen vollständig elektrisch isoliert und liegt mit einer der Elektroden an der gleichen Spannung. Diese Elektroden, die der Vibrationsrinne zugeordnet sind, welche aus Kunststoff bestehen kann und mit Metall ausgekleidet ist, sind vorteilhafterweise in die Rinne so eingebettet, daß die eine Elektrode sich im Rinnenboden und die andere mit Abstand oberhalb des Bodens befindet, so daß das zu beladende Bruchgutmaterial zwischen den Elektroden hindurchgefördert werden kann. Die Anode dieser Elektroden liegt dabei an einer positiven oder negativen Gleichspannung. In addition, one of the two electrodes with which the Vibration trough is provided as a grounded cathode, which is the charge transfer supported on the debris, and the vibrating trough is complete to the outside electrically isolated and is at the same voltage with one of the electrodes. This Electrodes that are assigned to the vibration channel, which can be made of plastic and is lined with metal, are advantageously embedded in the channel so that the one electrode in the channel bottom and the other at a distance above the bottom located so that the broken material to be loaded between the electrodes can be conveyed through. The anode of these electrodes lies on a positive one or negative DC voltage.

Desweiteren hat sich bewährt, die Vibrationsrinne mit einem verstellbaren Vibratonsantrieb zu versehen und auch den Aufgabetrichter höhenverstellbar zu machen, wodurch die Förderleistung weitgehend variabel ist.Furthermore, the vibration channel with an adjustable vibrato drive has proven itself to provide and also to make the feed hopper adjustable in height, whereby the Delivery capacity is largely variable.

Darüber hinaus hat sich als besonders vorteilhaft herausgestellt, die Innenwandung der Vibrationsrinne mit Konturen zu versehen, die der Durchmischung der über sie hinweglaufenden Teilchen des Bruchgutes dienen, wobei solche Konturen insbesondere höckerartige Gebilde sein können.In addition, the inner wall of the Vibration trough to provide contours that the mixing of the over it run away particles of the material to be broken, such contours in particular can be hump-like structures.

Desweiteren ist eine Ausbildung der Vorrichtung besonders vorteilhaft, bei der die beiden Elektroden, die die Freifallstrecke der Entladungszone begrenzen, Kondensatorplatten bilden und mit einer elektrisch isolierenden Materialschicht überzogen sind, um Umladungsvorgänge beim Kontakt der Elektroden mit den Bruchgutteilchen zu verhindern.Furthermore, an embodiment of the device is particularly advantageous in which the two Electrodes that limit the free fall distance of the discharge zone, capacitor plates form and are coated with an electrically insulating material layer to To prevent recharging processes when the electrodes come into contact with the debris.

Nach einer weiteren vorteilhaften Ausgestaltung der Erfindung kann die Vorrichtung auch mit einer Bruchgutbefeuchtungseinrichtung versehen
sein, um gewünschte Feuchtigkeitsgrade im Bruchgut einzustellen, da der Wirkungsgrad der Ladungsübertragung u.a. von dem Feuchtigkeitsgehalt abhängt.According to a further advantageous embodiment of the invention, the device can also be provided with a debris moistening device
to set the desired moisture levels in the broken material, since the efficiency of the charge transfer depends, among other things, on the moisture content.

Schließlich hat es sich insbesondere dann bewährt, wenn die gesamte Vorrichtung unter besonderen klimatischen Bedingungen arbeiten soll, die Vorrichtung mit einem Gehäuse zu umschließen, wobei dann in einem solchen Gehäuse auch mehrstufige Trenneinrichtungen hintereinandergeschaltet angeordnet sein können.Finally, it has proven particularly useful when the entire device is under special climatic conditions should work, the device with a housing enclose, then in such a housing also multi-stage separation devices can be arranged in series.

Die Erfindung wird nachfolgend anhand des in der Zeichnung dargestellten Ausführungsbeispiels näher erläutert. In der Zeichnung zeigt die einzige Figur Fig. 1 den schematischen Aufbau einer Ausführungsform der Trennvorrichtung.The invention is described below with reference to the drawing Embodiment explained in more detail. In the drawing, the only FIG. 1 shows the schematic structure of an embodiment of the separation device.

Zur Durchführung des Verfahrens zur Trennung eines Bruchgutes, bestehend aus in einem Brecher gebrochenen Körnern oder Nüssen oder Mandeln oder Bohnen und ihren Schalen, insbesondere aber zur Trennung von Kakaokernbruch, den sogenannten Nibs, von den Kakaobohnenschalen, wird das Bruchgut 5 in fraktionierter Form roh oder getrocknet oder getrocknet und dampfbehandelt oder geröstet oder geröstet und dampfbehandelt in einen Aufgabetrichter 4 eingegeben, dessen Ausgangsende in eine Vibrations- oder Rüttelrinne 6 mündet, welche mit unterschiedlich geladenen, ein homogenes elektrisches Feld erzeugenden Elektroden 7, 8 versehen ist, zwischen denen das zu trennende Bruchgut hindurchgefördert wird, um dabei elektrostatisch aufgeladen zu werden. Aufgabetrichter 4 und Vibrationsrinne 6 bilden zusammen mit den Elektroden 7, 8 die Aufladungszone der Trennvorrichtung.To carry out the process for separating a broken material, consisting of in one Crusher broken grains or nuts or almonds or beans and their shells, but especially for the separation of cocoa nibs from the Cocoa bean husks, the broken material 5 is raw or dried in fractional form dried and steamed or roasted or roasted and steamed in one Input hopper 4 entered, the output end in a vibrating or vibrating trough 6th which flows with differently charged, a homogeneous electric field generating electrodes 7, 8 is provided, between which the broken material to be separated is conveyed through in order to be electrostatically charged. Feed hopper 4 and vibrating channel 6 together with the electrodes 7, 8 form the charging zone of the Separator.

Die Vibrationsrinne 6 ist mit einem nicht dargestellten Vibrationsantrieb ausgestattet, der so eingestellt werden kann, daß eine gewünschte Bruchgutfördergeschwindigkeit erreicht wird, wobei durch die Tatsache, daß der Aufgabetrichter 4 höhenverstellbar ist, die Fördermenge der Vibrationsrinne zusätzlich beeinflusst werden kann. Die Vibrationsrinne ist nach außen vollständig elektrisch isoliert. Ihre Wandung besteht aus Kunststoffmaterial, in das die Elektroden 7, 8 eingebettet sind und ist mit Metall ausgekleidet. Die Innenwandung der Vibrationsrinne ist außerdem mit Konturen in Form von höckerartigen Gebilden versehen. die der Durchmischung der über sie hinweglaufenden Bruchgutteilchen 5 dienen sowie der Optimierung der auf die Teilchen mit Hilfe der Elektroden zu übertragenden elektrischen Ladung. Um diese Übertragung zu optimieren, wird die Ausbildung einer Einkornschicht auf dem Vibrationsrinnenboden angestrebt. Die bodenseitige Elektrode 7 liegt an einer Gleichspannung (U+) von etwa 20 - 40 kV und stellt die Anode dar, während die direkt darüber befindliche zweite Metallelektrode 8 die geerdete Kathode ist und den Ladungsübergang auf die Bruchgutteilchen 5 unterstützt.The vibration channel 6 is equipped with a vibration drive, not shown, which can be set so that a desired breakage conveyor speed is reached, with the fact that the hopper 4 is adjustable in height, the flow rate the vibratory trough can also be influenced. The vibrating channel is on the outside fully electrically insulated. Your wall is made of plastic material, in which the Electrodes 7, 8 are embedded and is lined with metal. The inner wall of the Vibration trough is also provided with contours in the form of hump-like structures. which serve to mix the fragments 5 passing over them and the Optimization of the electrical to be transferred to the particles using the electrodes Charge. To optimize this transfer, the formation of a single grain layer aimed at on the vibrating channel floor. The bottom-side electrode 7 lies on one DC voltage (U +) of about 20 - 40 kV and represents the anode, while the direct the second metal electrode 8 located above is the grounded cathode and the Charge transfer to the fragments 5 supported.

Bei ihrer Bewegung zwischen den Elektroden 7 und 8 hindurch werden die Bruchgutteilchen, nämlich die Nibs und Schalen, unterschiedlich stark aufgeladen. Die Ladung sitzt im wesentlichen auf der Oberfläche dieser Teilchen, die übertragene Ladungsmenge ist somit proportional zur Größe der Teilchenoberfläche. Die Geschwindigkeit, mit der die Aufladung erfolgt, hängt von der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit des Materials ab.When moving between the electrodes 7 and 8, the Debris particles, namely the nibs and shells, are charged to different extents. The Charge sits essentially on the surface of these particles, the transferred one The amount of charge is therefore proportional to the size of the particle surface. The The rate at which charging occurs depends on the electrical conductivity of the Material.

Somit ist die Aufladungszone 1 entsprechend der Größe der auf die Teilchen zu übertragenden Ladung auszulegen, da die Größe der elektrischen Aufladung der Teilchen für die nachfolgende Trennung in der sich an die Aufladungszone 1 anschließenden Ablenkzone 2 entscheidend ist.Thus, the charging zone 1 corresponds to the size of the particles to transfer charge because of the size of the electrical charge of the particles for the subsequent separation in the one following the charging zone 1 Deflection zone 2 is crucial.

Die Ablenkzone 2 weist eine Freifallstrecke 11 auf, die von den beiden Elektroden 9, 10 begrenzt wird und in die die zu trennenden Bruchgutteilchen 5 von der Vibrationsrinne 6 abgeworfen werden. Die eine Elektrode 9 liegt an derselben Gleichspannung (U+) wie die Anode 7 der Vibrationsrinne, während die mit Abstand gegenüberliegende Kathode 10 geerdet ist. Zwischen den beiden Elektroden 9, 10 besteht ein homogenes elektrisches Feld E, in dem die Ablenkung der aufgeladenen Bruchgutteilchen 5 durch die im Feld wirkenden Kräfte F proportional zu ihrer spezifischen Ladung ist, also zu dem Verhältnis von Ladungsmenge zu Masse. Durch die auf die Bruchgutteilchen, also Nibs und Schalen, im freien Fall einwirkenden unterschiedlichen Feldkräfte F werden diese Teilchen, die auf Grund ihrer unterschiedlichen elektrischen Leitfähigkeit auch unterschiedlich große Ladungsmengen tragen, in unterschiedlichem Maße in Richtung auf die Kathode 10 abgelenkt. Um zu verhindern, daß die Schalen als leichtere Teilchen dabei auf die Oberfläche der Kathode auftreffen, ist diese mit mehreren mit Klappen 17 versehenen Durchgangsöffnungen 18 ausgestattet, hinter denen sich ein Schacht 19 mit einer Rutsche 14 befindet, der mit einem Transportsystem 13 zum Abtransport der Schalen 16 in Verbindung steht.The deflection zone 2 has a free-fall path 11, which is separated from the two electrodes 9, 10 is limited and into which the fragments 5 to be separated from the vibrating trough 6 be dropped. One electrode 9 is at the same DC voltage (U +) as that Anode 7 of the vibrating trough, while the cathode 10, which is opposite at a distance is grounded. There is a homogeneous electric field between the two electrodes 9, 10 E, in which the deflection of the charged fragments 5 by those acting in the field Forces F is proportional to their specific charge, i.e. to the ratio of Amount of charge to mass. By the on the fragments, i.e. nibs and shells, in the different field forces F acting free fall are these particles that Because of their different electrical conductivity, they also have different sizes Carrying amounts of charge, to different degrees, towards the cathode 10 distracted. To prevent the shells from coming onto the surface as lighter particles meet the cathode, this is provided with several flaps 17 Through openings 18 equipped, behind which there is a shaft 19 with a slide 14 is located, which with a transport system 13 for removing the shells 16 in Connection is established.

Durch die unterschiedliche Ablenkung in der Ablenkzone 2 werden die Nibs 15 von den Schalen 16 getrennt und gelangen im unteren Bereich der Freifallstrecke 11 in die Separationszone 3, in der ein einstellbarer, mechanischer Separator 12 angeordnet ist, an den sich das Fördersystem 13 für die getrennten Produktströme 15, 16, bestehend aus Kakaokembruch (Nibs) bzw. schwereren Bruchgutteilchen 15 und Kakaobohnenschalen bzw. leichteren Bruchgutteilchen 16, anschließt. Der Separator 12, der bei der dargestellten Ausführungsform die Gestalt eines Strömungstrennkeils aufweist, läßt sich zwischen den Elektroden 9, 10 hin- und herschieben, um eine möglichst saubere Trennung der Nibs von den Schalen zu erreichen. Dieser Einstellvorgang des Separators läßt sich mit Hilfe hier nicht dargestellter Einrichtungen automatisieren.Due to the different deflection in the deflection zone 2, the nibs 15 from the Shells 16 separated and get in the lower region of the free fall section 11 in the Separation zone 3, in which an adjustable, mechanical separator 12 is arranged which the conveyor system 13 for the separate product streams 15, 16, consisting of Cocoa nibs or heavier fragments 15 and cocoa bean shells or lighter fragments 16. The separator 12 shown in the Embodiment has the shape of a flow separating wedge, can be between the Slide electrodes 9, 10 back and forth to ensure the cleanest possible separation of the nibs from to reach the shells. This adjustment process of the separator can be done here Automate facilities not shown.

Die beiden Elektroden 7 und 8 der Ablenkzone 2 sind mit einer isolierenden Schicht überzogen, da anderenfalls bei Kontakt der geladenen Bruchgutteilchen mit den Elektroden Umladungsvorgänge stattfinden und die Teilchen zwischen den Elektroden hin- und herspringen würden. Abgesehen von den zu vermeidenden Umladungsvorgängen wird das mechanische Abprallen der Schalen, wie oben bereits erwähnt, an der Oberfläche der Kathode 10 dadurch vermieden, daß diese mit den klappenartigen Öffnungen 18 ausgestattet ist, durch die die Schalen gezogen werden und somit nicht mehr zurückprallen können.The two electrodes 7 and 8 of the deflection zone 2 have an insulating layer coated, otherwise the charged fragments come into contact with the electrodes Charging takes place and the particles back and forth between the electrodes would jump out. Apart from the transhipment operations to be avoided mechanical ricocheting of the shells, as already mentioned above, on the surface of the Cathode 10 avoided in that it with the flap-like openings 18th through which the shells are pulled and thus no longer bounce back can.

Für den Aufladungs- und Entladungsvorgang der Bruchgutteilchen und damit den Trennvorgang ist auch die Feuchtigkeit des Bruchgutes eine wesentliche Einflußgröße, da sich die Leitfähigkeit des Materials mit dem Feuchtigkeitsgehalt stark ändert. Es können daher hier nicht dargestellte Einrichtungen zur Bruchgutbefeuchtung vorgesehen werden sowie zur Klimatisierung der gesamten Anlage, die zu diesem Zweck von einem ebenfalls nicht dargestellten Gehäuse umschlossen werden kann.For the loading and unloading process of the fragments and thus the Separation process is also the moisture of the broken material an important influencing variable, because the conductivity of the material changes significantly with the moisture content. It can therefore, devices for moistening the fragments not shown here are provided as well as for the air conditioning of the entire system, which for this purpose also by one housing, not shown, can be enclosed.

Darüber hinaus ist eine mehrstufige Ausführung der dargestellten Trennvorrichtung möglich, falls dies der gewünschte Wirkungsgrad der Anlage erfordern sollte.In addition, a multi-stage version of the separation device shown possible if this is required by the desired system efficiency.

Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren zeigt, daß die Trennung von Nibs und Schalen mit Hilfe einer elektrostatischen Trennvorrichtung möglich ist, wobei die auftretenden Kräfte im elektrischen Feld von ausreichender Größe und die Unterschiede von Nibs und Schalen ausreichend sind, um diese beiden Bruchgutbestandteile voneinander zu trennen. Die notwendigen Spannungen liegen im Bereich von 40 kV bis 50 kV. Durch geeignete Fraktionierung des in den Aufgabetrichter 4 gelangenden Bruchgutes 5 können besonders große Teilchen vorher abgetrennt werden, wenn die Vorrichtung für sie keine optimale Trennleistung bietet. Im übrigen lassen sich die Trennergebnisse durch eine Variation des Elektrodenabstandes, der angelegten Spannung, der Polarität der Spannung sowie der Fördermenge und des Feuchtigkeitsgrades der Nibs und Schalen optimieren.The inventive method shows that the separation of nibs and shells with the help an electrostatic separation device is possible, the forces occurring in electric field of sufficient size and the differences of nibs and shells are sufficient to separate these two fragments. The necessary voltages are in the range of 40 kV to 50 kV. By suitable Fractionation of the broken material 5 entering the feed hopper 4 can be special large particles are separated beforehand if the device is not optimal for them Separation performance offers. Otherwise, the separation results can be achieved by varying the Electrode distance, the applied voltage, the polarity of the voltage and the Optimize the delivery rate and the moisture level of the nibs and shells.

Claims (17)

  1. Process for electrostatically separating a broken good, consisting of cacao beans (nibs) and cacao bean shells, comprising electrically charging the broken good in fractionated configuration within a charging area between two differently charged electrodes and thereafter discharging it during downfall within a homogeneous electrical field, wherein the nibs are at least partly separated from the shells by different strong deflection and thereafter removing the nibs, characterized in that the transfer of charge from the charged electrodes within the charging area to the broken good is assisted by the fact that the stream of broken good during the feeding to the downfall is subjected to a vibratory movement, the force of which will be adjusted in order to control the stay of the broken good within the charging area and thus the charging time.
  2. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the more light-weight particles of the nibs are so extremely deflected within the downfall section, that they pass through apertures provided in the cathode and are thereafter fed behind these apertures through a channel to the product stream of the shells.
  3. Process according to claim 2, characterized in that the broken good is spread within the charging area in the range of the electrodes by means of a vibratory or agitating equipment to reach an optimum electrical charge of the single particles of the brocken good, wherein by spreading the broken good a one layered layer of particles is gained.
  4. Process according to one of the claims 1 through 3, characterized in that the results of separation will be optimized by changing the distance of the electrodes.
  5. Process according to one of the claims 1 through 4, characterized in that the results of separation will be optimized by changing the voltage connected to the electrodes.
  6. Device for accomplishing the process according to one of the claims 1 through 5, comprising a charging area (1) for electrically charging the broken good to be spearated, a following deflection area (2) for the electrically discharging of the charged broken good during its free downfall and a separating area (3) following thereto for separation of the at least partly discharged heavier particles from the more light-weight particles of the broken good as well as for the removal of the separated broken good, characterized in that the charging area (1) is provided with at least one feeding hopper (4) for the broken good (5) to be separated and with at least one vibratory chute (6) joining the hopper and connecting it for feeding purposes and being provided with an adjustable vibratory drive which chute is provided with differently charged electrodes (7, 8) generating a homogeneous electrical field, within which the broken good which is to be separated is fed through in order to become electrically charged, wherein the deflection area (2) is provided with at least two further electrodes (9, 10) defining the downfall section (11) and wherein moreover the separating area (3) is provided with at least one chargable mechanical separator (12) connected to a feeding system (13) of the separated product streams (15, 16), consisting of broken cacao beans (nibs) or heavier particles of the broken good (15) and shells of cacao beans or more light-weight particles (16) of the broken good.
  7. Device according to claim 6, characterized in that one of the two electrodes (9, 10) defining the deflection area (2) is a cathode connected to earth and is provided with several passage apertures (18) having flaps (17) for the removal of the deflected shells (16) of the cacao beans behind which passage apertures a channel (19) is provided connected to the feeding system (13) for the removal of the shells (16) of the cacao beans.
  8. Device according to claim 6 or 7, characterized in that one of the two electrodes (7, 8) the vibratory chute (6) is provided with is a cathode connected to earth assisting the transfer of charge to the particles of the broken good.
  9. Device according to one of the claims 6 through 8, characterized in that the feeding hopper (4) is adjustable with respect to its level.
  10. Device according to one of the claims 6 through 9, characterized in that the vibratory chute (6) is completely electrically insulated from the outside and is connected to the same voltage as one of the electrodes (7, 8).
  11. Device according to one of the claims 6 through 10, characterized in that the electrodes (7, 8) related to the vibratory chute (6) are embedded into the chute consisting of plastic material and covered by metal.
  12. Device according to one of the claims 6 through 11, characterized in that the vibratory chute (6) has an inside wall provided with contures for mixing the particles (5) of the broken goods passing thereover.
  13. Device according to claim 12, characterized in that the contures are protuberance-like figured.
  14. Device according to one of the claims 6 through 13, characterized in that the two electrodes (9, 10) defining the downfall section of the deflection area (2) are capacitor-plates, covered by an electrically insulating layer in order to avoid the transfer of electrical charges to particles of the broken good coming into contact therewith.
  15. Device according to one of the claims 6 through 14, characterized by the provision with means for dampening the broken good.
  16. Device according to one of the claims 6 through 15, characterized by an enclosure.
  17. Device according to one of the claims 6 through 16, characterized in that several of such devices are providing a sequence of devices to form a multi-stage separating means with multiple parallel function for the separation of different fractions of particles.
EP98121511A 1998-08-19 1998-11-13 Process and apparatus for the electrostatic separation of a fractionated product Expired - Lifetime EP0980713B1 (en)

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DE19837635 1998-08-19
DE19837635 1998-08-19

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DE29905061U1 (en) * 1999-03-19 1999-06-02 F.B. Lehmann Maschinenfabrik GmbH, 73431 Aalen Device for separating broken goods
DE10154462A1 (en) 2001-11-08 2003-05-22 Buehler Ag Process for isolating aleuron particles
JP2010119911A (en) * 2008-11-17 2010-06-03 Mitsubishi Electric Corp Electrostatic sorting method and electrostatic sorting apparatus
FR2943561B1 (en) * 2009-03-27 2011-05-20 Apr2 METHOD FOR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF A MIXTURE OF PELLETS OF DIFFERENT MATERIALS AND DEVICE FOR IMPLEMENTING THE SAME
CN105028200A (en) * 2015-07-09 2015-11-11 武汉轻工大学 Plant artificial seed production device and method
CA3073947A1 (en) 2017-08-28 2019-03-07 Separation Technologies Llc Process for separation of dry food and feed materials using a tribo-electrostatic separator device
CN112718521A (en) * 2020-11-24 2021-04-30 国家粮食和物资储备局科学研究院 Material separation system and method

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US2135716A (en) * 1937-02-27 1938-11-08 Ritter Products Corp Method and apparatus for separating foodstuff of the nature of cocoa beans
US2803344A (en) * 1954-11-18 1957-08-20 Creighton H Morrison Middlings separator
DE1907880C3 (en) * 1968-11-11 1974-05-09 Akademie Der Wissenschaften Der Ddr, X 1199 Berlin Process and separator for sorting fine-grained mixtures by means of a corona field and an electrostatic field

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EP0980713A1 (en) 2000-02-23

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