EP0979517B1 - Cable electrique ayant une faible distorsion de l'effet de memoire - Google Patents
Cable electrique ayant une faible distorsion de l'effet de memoire Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0979517B1 EP0979517B1 EP98922900A EP98922900A EP0979517B1 EP 0979517 B1 EP0979517 B1 EP 0979517B1 EP 98922900 A EP98922900 A EP 98922900A EP 98922900 A EP98922900 A EP 98922900A EP 0979517 B1 EP0979517 B1 EP 0979517B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- cable
- conductors
- absorbent tube
- tube
- shielding
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B11/00—Communication cables or conductors
- H01B11/02—Cables with twisted pairs or quads
- H01B11/12—Arrangements for exhibiting specific transmission characteristics
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B7/00—Insulated conductors or cables characterised by their form
- H01B7/17—Protection against damage caused by external factors, e.g. sheaths or armouring
- H01B7/28—Protection against damage caused by moisture, corrosion, chemical attack or weather
- H01B7/2806—Protection against damage caused by corrosion
Definitions
- the present invention applies in the field of electro-acoustics. It concerns the cables used for the transmission of audio signals between circuits electronic devices processing or amplifying them in electroacoustic equipment, between these equipments themselves and between these circuits or equipment and electroacoustic transducers (microphones or speakers).
- the cables for transmitting audio signals from electric nature ensure the electrical connection between the electronic circuits processing these signals or amplifying them, as well as between the sources of these signals (microphones, radio receiver, or recorded signal readers, for example) and these electronic circuits, as well as between these circuits and the use of these signals (usually a speaker). It is customary to consider on the one hand so-called modulation cables that do not transmit a weak current and therefore very little of energy, and on the other hand the power cables responsible for transmitting the electrical power that will be transformed into another type of energy by a transducer (usually in sound energy in a loud speaker). The present invention also applies to modulation cables than to power cables.
- the basic idea of the invention is the identification physical phenomena disrupting the transmission of electrical signal. These phenomena correspond to storage and return of electrical charges which distort the signal. These phenomena intervene, on the surface of the drivers and, on the other hand, in the materials used as insulation. They are linked to polarization phenomena occurring with dielectric and induce memory phenomena in cables. These physical phenomena are not taken in account by the usual theoretical models of cables and escape traditional measures.
- the present invention thus relates to a cable low-distortion electric memory effect for the transmission of audio signals, including one or more conductor (s) protected from the adsorption of molecules present in the air, characterized in that conductors are arranged in a tube made in a material having absorption properties, said material having an intermediate resistivity between that of drivers and that of insulators.
- Drivers can be protected from adsorption either by surface treatment or by being each surrounded by an insulator. They can also be made with intrinsically little material adsorbent.
- these insulators are preferably chosen among insulators with characteristics of low memory and substantially linear.
- the conductor (s) are realized with one or more enamelled copper wires.
- the tube absorbent is made with a filled plastic of conductive particles.
- the absorbent tube can be worn to a first predetermined potential.
- the absorber tube is isolated externally by an insulating coating.
- This insulation is itself surrounded by a shield of polarization which is preferably brought to a second predetermined potential.
- the latter comprises inside a same tube absorbing several connected conductors parallel which are preferably twisted together.
- a method for making a modulation cable according to the invention characterized in that an absorbent plastic tube loaded with conductive particles at least two conductive wires previously covered each with a layer of enamel deposited hot.
- a shielding is arranged around the absorbent tube in braided wire.
- This shield can be isolated from absorbent tube either by a layer of insulation or by the use of insulated wires individually.
- These conductive wires are preferably previously arranged in so-called son of Litz.
- this cable power For an armored version of this cable power, one disposes around the absorbent tube a shield made of braided wire. This shielding can also be isolated from the absorbent tube either by insulation layer, either by the use of insulated wires individually.
- Theoretical analysis of homogeneous crystal lattices with periodic structure allows to define the distribution speeds (ie energy levels) of electrons. These correspond to grouped levels in "bands". The position of these bands with respect to Fermi level helps to classify materials corresponding in conductors, semiconductors and insulating.
- FIG. 2 shows the typical constitution of a single cable.
- the cable consists of a conductor 21 surrounded by an insulator 22 which electrically isolates the conductor and may have a mechanical holding role.
- the conductor 21 is generally made of metal (usually copper) and often has several strands to be flexible.
- the insulator 22 is made of flexible plastic whose thickness is a function of the voltages present on the conductor.
- the main electrical quality sought for the driver 21 is its low resistance; this leads to the choice of copper which, in addition to its interesting mechanical characteristics, has a resistivity among the lowest (about 21 10 -6 ⁇ cm). It should be noted that the use of Litz wire corresponds to improving the conduction at certain frequencies.
- the high value of the resistivity of the current plastics (of the order of 10 14 , 10 16 ⁇ cm), makes this parameter not critical.
- the driver 31 is at the inside of an insulating tube 32.
- This insulator 32 is usually not in close contact with the driver 31.
- Figure 4 gives the equivalent diagram of a portion of cable. Between its two ends 41 and 42 we find a resistor 43 which is that of the driver 31. In parallel there is parasitic capacitance 47 and between two ends 41 and 42 and the electrical environment 45 (usually the mass), there are two parasitic capacitances 44 and 46. The phenomena of memory intervene in capacities 47, 44 and 46.
- Figure 5 shows how are constituted the capacitors 44 and 46: the electrode 51 corresponds to the end of the cable, she is in close contact with a dielectric layer 53 corresponding to the molecules conductors present in the layer 34, on the surface 31. Then we have a layer of air 54 which corresponds to 33 in Figure 3 and another dielectric 55 corresponding to the insulator 32 and then a air layer 56 and the electrode 52 corresponds to the electrical environment. We can analyze similar parasitic capacity 47.
- a driver or lay on the surface of the conductor a conductive material that is prone to adsorption.
- a polarization driver which amounts to managing the potential of point 45 in Figure 4.
- This driver may have two negative effects: on the one hand it will increase the parasitic capacitance values 44 and 46 and will increase the field in dielectrics, which will increase the memory effects.
- a surface equipotential close to the driver it will do disappear from the continuous fields that polarized the dielectrics.
- This driver polarization it must be linked to a potential that is different from the mean value of the average potential of the 31. This potential is preferably chosen a value greater than ten to a hundred volt at the maximum value of the maximum potential of the conductor 31 or at a value of less than ten to a hundred volts at the maximum value of the potential driver minimum 31.
- resistors 66 and 65 in the diagram of Figure 4 and obtain Figure 6.
- an absorbent medium around the This can be obtained by means of a tube disposed around the insulator, this tube being made of a material of resistivity intermediate between that of the conductors and that of the insulators (of the order of 10 -1 , 10 +1 ⁇ cm).
- Such a material can be advantageously obtained with a conventional insulator loaded with conductive powder (carbon for example).
- Audio links usually include two conductors either to provide the reference mass of the signal either to ensure the return of the supplied current.
- the modulation cable we will have advantageously the two conductors of the connection in the same absorbent tube; indeed the contacts between absorbent tubes of each conductor would perform a closed circuit that would inductively charge the circuit of the high frequency link.
- the effects of a contact between the absorbent tubes of the two conductors are less critical because the signal source is low impedance.
- Figure 7 shows how we will achieve advantageous a modulation cable 7 according to the invention with two copper wires 71 and 74 each covered with a layer of enamel 72 and 73 deposited hot, arranged in a absorbent tube 75 of plastic material loaded with carbon particles.
- This absorbent tube can be advantageously brought to a higher potential of a ten to a hundred volts at the maximum value of maximum potential of the conductors 71 and 74 or at a lower potential of ten to a hundred volts at the maximum value of the minimum potential of the drivers 71 and 74.
- the wires 71 and 74 can have a diameter of 0.5 mm and the tube absorbing an outer diameter of 7 mm and a thickness of 1 mm.
- Figure 8 shows how we will achieve advantageous a shielded modulation cable 8 according to the invention with two copper wires 71 and 74 covered each of a layer of enamel 72 and 73 deposited hot, arranged in an absorbent tube 75 of plastics material loaded with carbon particles, isolated himself externally by an insulator 76 and surrounded by an armor 77.
- Absorbent tube 75 and polarization shielding 77 are separated by an insulator 76 and can be worn at different potentials so as to polarize the insulators 72, 73 and 76 of at least ten to one hundred of volts.
- the son 71 and 74 may have a diameter of 0.5 mm, the Absorbent tube with an outer diameter of 7 mm and a thickness of 1 mm, the insulation 76 a thickness of 0.5 mm and the shield 77 may be made of bare copper wire diameter 0.3 mm braided. It should be noted that one can also provide that the polarization shield 77 is isolated from the absorbent tube 75 by the use of wires isolated individually.
- Figure 9 shows how we will achieve advantageous a power cable 9 according to the invention, in connecting in parallel several copper wires 91-98 each covered with 101-108 enamel hot deposited, arranged in an insulating tube 75 of plastics material charged with carbon particles.
- the threads can be arranged in so-called "Litz wire” configuration so as to reduce the skin effect.
- the threads can be 10 in number and can have a diameter of 0.5 mm, the tube absorbing a diameter outside of 7 mm and a thickness of 1 mm.
- This cable is shielded power 10 may have an internal structure equivalent to that just described for reference in Figure 8, and be further provided with a shielding of polarization 77 separated from the absorber tube 75 by a insulation layer 76 or by use of insulated wires individually.
Description
- l'utilisation de fil de cuivre ayant de longs cristaux,
- l'utilisation de conducteur de cuivre désoxygéné ou de très haute pureté chimique,
- l'utilisation d'autres métaux que le cuivre (en particulier l'argent),
- l'utilisation de conducteurs obtenus en tressant ensemble des brins faits de métaux différents (par exemple cuivre, étain, aluminium),
- l'utilisation de conducteur de carbone,
- l'utilisation de fil de Litz (fil constitué de nombreux brins très fins isolés et torsadés ensemble, permettant de réduire l'effet de peau et d'améliorer la conductivité aux fréquences allant de quelques dizaines à quelques centaines de kilo hertz - typiquement de 50 kHz à 500 kHz),
- l'utilisation de différents types d'isolant,
- la polarisation de l'isolant par un conducteur supplémentaire porté à un potentiel continu.
- la figure 1 illustre le schéma traditionnel d'un condensateur présentant de l'absorption diélectrique;
- la figure 2 illustre la constitution d'un câble habituel;
- la figure 3 illustre la structure d'un câble habituel;
- la figure 4 illustre le schéma équivalent d'un câble habituel;
- la figure 5 illustre l'analyse des diélectriques intervenant dans la capacité parasite d'un câble;
- la figure 6 illustre le schéma équivalent d'un câble selon l'invention;
- la figure 7 illustre une première réalisation d'un câble de modulation selon l'invention;
- la figure 8 illustre une autre réalisation d'un câble de modulation selon l'invention;
- la figure 9 illustre une première réalisation d'un câble de puissance selon l'invention; et
- la figure 10 illustre une autre réalisation d'un câble de puissance selon l'invention.
- celles faites par Jacques Curie, il y a une centaine d'années avant l'invention de la majorité des matériaux utilisés aujourd'hui dans les câbles,
- les études de l'absorption diélectrique dans les condensateurs pour laquelle on a proposé le modèle théorique de la figure 1,
- les études des phénomènes ferroélectriques dans les cristaux comme le titanate de baryum qui ont permis la réalisation des condensateurs céramique ayant une grand efficacité volumique,
- la tenue des isolants aux champs électriques élevés: certains isolants polarisables ayant une rigidité diélectrique qui se réduit sous l'action d'un champ électrique permanent qui modifie significativement l'orientation des molécules.
- un premier courant correspond à la charge du condensateur théorique dont l'isolant serait le diélectrique. Il correspond à une charge électrique stockée et immédiatement disponible. L'énergie correspondante est principalement stockée et immédiatement récupérable;
- un second courant correspond à l'absorption diélectrique de l'isolant. Il correspond à une charge électrique stockée qui ne peut être récupérée qu'après un temps important pouvant aller jusqu'à plusieurs heures. L'énergie correspondante est principalement stockée;
- un troisième courant correspond au courant de fuite. Il n'y a pas de charge électrique stockée et l'énergie correspondante est dissipée;
- enfin un quatrième courant correspond au claquage du matériaux au-delà d'une valeur du champ électrique fonction du temps.
- il faut d'abord maítriser les diélectriques qui constituent les capacités parasites vues par le câble,
- il faut ensuite minimiser les effets nocifs de mémoire en agissant sur l'environnement électrique du câble.
Claims (25)
- Câble électrique à faible distorsion de l'effet de mémoire 7, 8, 9, 10) pour la transmission de signaux audio, comprenant un ou plusieurs conducteur(s) (71, 74; 91-98) protégés de l'adsorption de molécules présentes dans l'air, caractérisé en ce que ces conducteurs sont disposés dans un tube (75) réalisé dans un matériau présentant des propriétés d'absorption, ledit matériau présentant une résistivité intermédiaire entre celle des conducteurs et celle des isolants.
- Câble selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que la résistivité est comprise entre 10-1 et 10+1 Ωcm.
- Câble selon la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisé en ce que les conducteurs sont protégés de l'adsorption par un traitement de surface.
- Câble selon la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisé en ce que les conducteurs sont réalisés avec un matériau intrinsèquement peu adsorbant.
- Câble (7, 8, 9, 10) selon la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisé en ce que les conducteurs (71, 74; 91-98) sont entourés chacun d'un isolant (72, 73; 101-108) les protégeant de l'adsorption.
- Câble (7, 8, 9, 10) selon la revendication 5, caractérisé en ce que les isolants (72, 73; 101-108) entourant les conducteurs (71, 74; 91-98) présentent des caractéristiques de mémoire faible et sensiblement linéaires.
- Câble (7, 8, 9, 10) selon l'une des revendications 5 ou 6, caractérisé en ce que le ou les conducteur(s) (71, 74; 91-98) sont réalisés avec un ou plusieurs fils de cuivre émaillé.
- Câble (7, 8, 9, 10) selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que le tube absorbant (75) est réalisé avec une matière plastique chargée de particules conductrices.
- Câble (7, 8, 9, 10) selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que le tube absorbant est porté à un premier potentiel prédéterminé.
- Câble (8, 10) selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que le tube absorbant (75) est isolé extérieurement par un revêtement isolant (76).
- Câble selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 9, caractérisé en ce que le tube absorbant est isolé extérieurement par utilisation de fils isolés individuellement.
- Câble (8, 10) selon l'une des revendications 10 ou 11, caractérisé en ce que le tube absorbant ainsi isolé est lui-même entouré d'un blindage de polarisation (77).
- Câble (8) selon la revendication 12, caractérisé en ce que ce blindage (77) est porté à un second potentiel prédéterminé.
- Câble de modulation (7, 8) selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce qu'il comporte deux conducteurs (71, 74) à l'intérieur du même tube absorbant (75).
- Câble de puissance (9, 10) selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 13, caractérisé en ce qu'il comporte à l'intérieur d'un même tube absorbant (75) plusieurs conducteurs (91-98) branchés en parallèle.
- Câble de puissance (9, 10) selon la revendication 15, caractérisé en ce que les conducteurs branchés en parallèle (91-98) sont torsadés ensemble.
- Procédé pour réaliser un câble de modulation (7, 8) selon la revendication 14, caractérisé en ce qu'on dispose dans un tube absorbant (75) en matière plastique chargé de particules conductrices au moins deux fils conducteurs (71, 74) préalablement recouverts chacun d'une couche d'émail (72, 73) déposé à chaud.
- Procédé selon la revendication 17, pour réaliser un câble de modulation blindé (8), caractérisé en ce qu'on dispose autour du tube absorbant (75) un blindage (77) réalisé en fil conducteur tressé.
- Procédé selon la revendication 18, caractérisé en ce qu'on recouvre préalablement le tube absorbant (75) d'une couche d'isolant.
- Procédé selon la revendication 18, caractérisé en ce qu'on utilise des fils isolés individuellement pour isoler le blindage du tube absorbant.
- Procédé pour réaliser un câble de puissance (9, 10) selon l'une quelconque des revendications 15 ou 16, caractérisé en ce qu'on dispose dans un tube absorbant (75) en matière plastique chargé de particules conductrices plusieurs fils conducteurs (91-98) préalablement recouverts chacun d'une couche d'émail (101-108) déposée à chaud et branchés en parallèle.
- Procédé selon la revendication 21, caractérisé en ce que les fils conducteurs (91-98) sont préalablement arrangés en configuration dite de fils de Litz.
- Procédé selon l'une des revendications 21 ou 22, pour réaliser un câble de puissance blindé (10), caractérisé en ce qu'on dispose autour du tube absorbant (75) un blindage (77) réalisé en fil conducteur tressé.
- Procédé selon la revendication 23, caractérisé en ce que le tube absorbant est préalablement recouvert d'une couche d'isolant pour isoler le blindage par rapport audit tube absorbant.
- Procédé selon la revendication 23, caractérisé par l'utilisation de fils isolés individuellement pour isoler le blindage par rapport audit tube isolant.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR9705472A FR2762921B1 (fr) | 1997-05-02 | 1997-05-02 | Cable electrique ayant une faible memoire |
FR9705472 | 1997-05-02 | ||
PCT/FR1998/000867 WO1998050925A1 (fr) | 1997-05-02 | 1998-04-29 | Cable electrique ayant une faible memoire |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0979517A1 EP0979517A1 (fr) | 2000-02-16 |
EP0979517B1 true EP0979517B1 (fr) | 2005-09-07 |
Family
ID=9506557
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP98922900A Expired - Lifetime EP0979517B1 (fr) | 1997-05-02 | 1998-04-29 | Cable electrique ayant une faible distorsion de l'effet de memoire |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0979517B1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP2001523382A (fr) |
DE (1) | DE69831488T2 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2762921B1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO1998050925A1 (fr) |
Family Cites Families (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4767890A (en) * | 1986-11-17 | 1988-08-30 | Magnan David L | High fidelity audio cable |
US4814548A (en) * | 1988-03-21 | 1989-03-21 | Traversino Michael A | Audio cable |
-
1997
- 1997-05-02 FR FR9705472A patent/FR2762921B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1998
- 1998-04-29 EP EP98922900A patent/EP0979517B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-04-29 WO PCT/FR1998/000867 patent/WO1998050925A1/fr active IP Right Grant
- 1998-04-29 JP JP54777298A patent/JP2001523382A/ja active Pending
- 1998-04-29 DE DE69831488T patent/DE69831488T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP2001523382A (ja) | 2001-11-20 |
FR2762921A1 (fr) | 1998-11-06 |
FR2762921B1 (fr) | 1999-08-13 |
DE69831488D1 (de) | 2005-10-13 |
WO1998050925A1 (fr) | 1998-11-12 |
DE69831488T2 (de) | 2006-07-13 |
EP0979517A1 (fr) | 2000-02-16 |
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