EP0975920B1 - Moteur thermique - Google Patents

Moteur thermique Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0975920B1
EP0975920B1 EP98925473A EP98925473A EP0975920B1 EP 0975920 B1 EP0975920 B1 EP 0975920B1 EP 98925473 A EP98925473 A EP 98925473A EP 98925473 A EP98925473 A EP 98925473A EP 0975920 B1 EP0975920 B1 EP 0975920B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
heat
wall
heat transfer
source
selective layer
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
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EP98925473A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP0975920A1 (fr
Inventor
Andreas P. Rossteuscher
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Individual
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Individual
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Priority claimed from DE19715918A external-priority patent/DE19715918A1/de
Priority claimed from DE19729607A external-priority patent/DE19729607A1/de
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Publication of EP0975920A1 publication Critical patent/EP0975920A1/fr
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F13/00—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing
    • F28F13/18—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing by applying coatings, e.g. radiation-absorbing, radiation-reflecting; by surface treatment, e.g. polishing
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H9/00—Details
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
    • F24D18/00—Small-scale combined heat and power [CHP] generation systems specially adapted for domestic heating, space heating or domestic hot-water supply
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
    • F24D2101/00—Electric generators of small-scale CHP systems
    • F24D2101/30—Fuel cells
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H2240/00—Fluid heaters having electrical generators
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F2245/00—Coatings; Surface treatments
    • F28F2245/06—Coatings; Surface treatments having particular radiating, reflecting or absorbing features, e.g. for improving heat transfer by radiation

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a device for heating a heat transfer medium with a firing means designed to generate a heat source, a heat transfer area and one between the heat source and the wall of the heat transfer medium, in particular a boiler or pipe wall.
  • a known device of the type mentioned is, for example, by a flame tube / flue tube boiler in 3-pass design, which contains a burner as a means of combustion, in which during operation combustion takes place in the boiler.
  • This combustion creates a flame in a flame tube as well as exhaust gas, which is the boiler leaves through the smoke pipes arranged below.
  • the flame and the exhaust gas serve as a heat source: over the walls of the Flame pipe or the flue pipes give off heat in a heat transfer area, which flows through water used as a heat transfer medium becomes. The heat absorbed by the water thus serves its heating.
  • the walls of the flame tube or the smoke tubes are in the known devices with certain properties provided: For example, they have the constructive structure of the Boiler adapted thermal expansion coefficient and elasticity as well sufficient chemical resistance.
  • the known devices have the disadvantage that they are only insufficient Part of those produced by the combustion agent and by the Heat source emitted heat absorbed by the heat transfer medium becomes.
  • the exhaust gas leaving the device still contains too much Share of heat generated, in particular it has in comparison a high temperature to the heated heat transfer medium.
  • the heat transfer from the heat source to the heat transfer medium is therefore not optimal.
  • a catalytic combustion device is from EP 0 807 786 A1 (republished) cited in accordance with Article 54 (3) EPC known for increasing radiation absorption a heat radiation receiving plate, the formation of fine Wells and protrusions are proposed.
  • An object of the invention is in devices of the beginning mentioned type the transfer of heat from the heat source over the wall to a heat transfer medium located in the heat transfer area to improve and increase the efficiency of the device.
  • This object is achieved by a at least one side of the wall, the absorption of the heat source in the wall favoring the heat source and / or the emission of those coming from the wall Selective heat output in the direction of the heat source Layer.
  • the emission of temperature radiation does not only depend on the Inherent temperature of the wall, but also, for example, of its Surface quality.
  • the selective layer on the wall can be such that they emit temperature radiation from the wall in directions other than that of the heat transfer area inhibits.
  • a fall burner according to the invention therefore has a comparative one high efficiency.
  • the flame tube can be made of stainless steel.
  • Stainless steel is special insensitive to lower when achieved according to the invention Exhaust gas end temperature resulting exhaust gas condensate.
  • Another advantageous property of the device according to the invention is a reduced temperature of that emitted by the device Exhaust gas. This can cause the dew point of components of the exhaust gas fall below; due to the heat of condensation released the efficiency of the device can thus be further increased increase.
  • the selective layer is only on one side of the Wall, especially on the side facing the heat source.
  • the selectivity of the selective layer in one or more wavelength ranges from that of the heat source emitted thermal radiation has a maximum; in particular these wavelength ranges can match those wavelength ranges correspond to which an intensity maximum of that from the heat source emitted thermal radiation is present.
  • the spectrum of This is because heat radiation emitted by the heat source is not essential continuous type; within the scope of the invention it was recognized that this spectrum also has one or more intensity maxima can.
  • intensity maxima can be characteristic of the burned fuel or the composition of the Combustion of the resulting exhaust gas.
  • the spectrum shows a soot-free, when burning low-carbon fuels resulting flame such intensity maxima in the ⁇ m range (Infrared radiation).
  • the selective layer can be treated be made of a surface of the wall.
  • This treatment can, for example, by sputtering, Electroplating, notching, brushing, polishing, grinding, application with laser radiation or other methods known to the person skilled in the art surface treatment.
  • the manufacture of the However, selective layer can also be applied by applying an additional Layer on the wall, especially by galvanic Coating, sintering, vapor deposition, application of foils, Application of filters, in particular interference and semiconductor filters, or a combination of these.
  • the selectivity of the selective layer can be increased, for example using interference effects, absorption by lattice vibrations or ionic absorption of thermal radiation become.
  • the wall of the device is one Absorbance of approximately 95% over a spectral range or the entire spectrum of heat radiation from the heat source has and an emissivity of heat radiation in the direction of Has a heat source of approximately 5%. Even with poorer values of absorption and emissivity, however, the invention is still in can be used advantageously.
  • the selective layer is preferably temperature-resistant; in particular it is resistant to the operating temperature of the device.
  • a preferred embodiment of the device is also available if the flame or the fumes of the heat source from combustion of hydrogen-containing and / or carbon-containing fuel, in particular Natural gas, hydrogen, heating oil or coal can be generated.
  • the Flame or the exhaust gases can be burned equally of other inorganic or organic fuels or of Waste fuel, in particular domestic and industrial waste, sewage sludge, Screenings, filter material, fermentation gas or vegetable waste, can be generated his.
  • the wall can be covered by at least part of a flame tube, a smoke pipe, an exhaust pipe, a flame and / or Smoke tube boiler with one or more trains, a radiation boiler, a waste heat boiler, a radiant heating surface, a furnace or a heat exchanger surface.
  • the heat transfer area is preferably for receiving liquid, gaseous and / or solid, in particular flowing Designed for heat transfer media.
  • the invention also includes heat engines such as e.g. Internal combustion engines, Turbines, Stirling engines, fuel cells and the like, where the inside of the combustion chambers, possibly existing Heat exchanger surfaces and / or moving parts, e.g. Piston or Turbine guide vanes at least partially with a selective layer are provided as above in their various embodiments has been described.
  • heat engines such as e.g. Internal combustion engines, Turbines, Stirling engines, fuel cells and the like, where the inside of the combustion chambers, possibly existing Heat exchanger surfaces and / or moving parts, e.g. Piston or Turbine guide vanes at least partially with a selective layer are provided as above in their various embodiments has been described.
  • the selective layer used can, for example the following two different goals are pursued:
  • a suitable selective layer can increase the absorption and / or a reduction in the emission or reflection rate achieve, thereby lowering the combustion temperature is achieved. This advantageously brings about a reduction thermal nitrogen oxide formation.
  • the selective layer generally, i.e. both for devices for heating a heat transfer medium as well as for heat engines Catalytic materials are used, for example here Palladium, iridium, platinum, aluminum oxide or similar materials can be used.
  • Fig. 1a shows a schematic longitudinal sectional view of a flame tube / smoke tube boiler in 3-train construction. Inside a cylindrical Flame tube 1, a flame 2 is shown, which results from a combustion process results in an outside of the flame tube 1 located burner 3 takes place.
  • each smoke pipe 5 From the end of the flame tube 1 opposite the burner 3 branch several smoke pipes 5 of smaller diameter than that of the flame tube 1 in such a way that it is laterally adjacent to the flame tube 1 are arranged and their longitudinal axes parallel and in one each have the same first distance from the longitudinal axis of the flame tube 1.
  • each smoke pipe 5 At the level of the end of the flame tube facing the burner 3 1, each smoke pipe 5 has a 180 ° curvature such that it continues parallel and in the same way in the further course second distance to the longitudinal axis of the flame tube 1, wherein this second distance is greater than the first distance.
  • Each of the flame tubes 5 then opens into an area which is accordingly on the Burner 3 is located on the opposite side of the boiler and in turn opens into a single exhaust gas discharge 6.
  • the flame tube 1 In the sectional view 1a show the flame tube 1, which is in the first distance from the flame tube 1 part of one of the smoke tubes 5 and in the second distance from the flame tube 1 part of the same Flue pipe 5 thus an S-shaped characteristic of
  • Fig.1a In the flame tube 1, the smoke tubes 5 and in the exhaust gas discharge 6 opening area are exhaust gases 4, which from the in Burner 3 resulting combustion processes result in Fig.1a are indicated by dashed arrows.
  • a heat transfer region 7 On the outside of the flame tube 1 and the flue tubes 5 is a heat transfer region 7 formed, which is therefore essentially through the walls of the Flame tube 1, the smoke tubes 5 and the boiler is limited and only with a return 8 and a flow 9 openings to the outside of the boiler has.
  • the heat transfer area 7 is provided with a heat transfer, such as water.
  • Fig. 1a is the heat transfer area 7 or the water is marked by hatching.
  • a selective layer 10 is attached on those parts of the walls of the flame tube 1 and Smoke pipes 5, the inside of the pipes from the heat transfer area 7th separate.
  • This layer is in Fig. 1a clarified as a bold line.
  • the flame 2 When burning a fuel, such as oil, gas or Hydrogen, in the burner 3, the flame 2 is generated, which in particular Form of radiation gives off heat to the flame tube 1.
  • the from the Exhaust gases 4 resulting from combustion processes flow from the flame tube 1 along the direction of the arrow through the flue pipes 5. Enter they also heat in the form of radiation to the walls of the Flame tube 1 or the smoke tubes 5 from.
  • the exhaust gases escape finally the boiler via the exhaust gas discharge 6.
  • the water as a heat transfer medium can return 8 into the heat transfer medium area 7 are introduced, flow through the heat transfer area 7 and by contact with the walls of the flame tube 1 or the smoke pipes 5 are heated. This can be done in advance 9 such heated water can be removed from the boiler again, so that in stationary operation of the boiler, the heat transfer area 7 continuously is flowed through.
  • FIG. 1b shows a schematic longitudinal sectional illustration of a flame tube boiler with a cylindrical flame tube 1 without subsequent arranged smoke pipes (construction as a fall burner).
  • This structure represents a significant constructive simplification compared to the 3-train flame tube / smoke tube boiler according to FIG. 1a.
  • the wall of the flame tube 1 is corrugated in this embodiment.
  • the Flame tube 1 of the fall burner according to the invention is on its side inner wall with a selective in bold in Fig. 1b Provide layer 10.
  • burner 3 Outside the flame tube 1, in the extension of its longitudinal axis, there is a burner 3.
  • the combustion processes taking place in burner 3 generate a flame 2 that extends over a large Area of the interior of the flame tube 1, and exhaust gas 4, which is also located inside the flame tube 1 and in Fig. 1b is indicated by dashed arrows.
  • exhaust gas 4 On the one facing away from the burner 3
  • the flame tube 1 ends in an exhaust gas discharge 6, and it also has a drain 11 there.
  • Flame tube 1 On the outer side of the wall facing away from the flame 2 Flame tube 1 is shown hatched, one with the flame tube in provided substantially concentric heat transfer area 7, the through the wall of the flame tube 1 and the walls of the boiler is completed. To the outside, the heat transfer area 7 is only opened by three returns 8, located on a side wall of the boiler and are located near the end facing away from the burner 3, and through a flow 9, which is opposite to the returns 8 Side wall of the boiler and close to the burner 3 facing In the end.
  • the selective layer 10 of the wall of the flame tube 1 enables also in this embodiment an improved transition of Heat the flame 2 and the exhaust gas 4 via the flame tube 1 in the Heat transfer area 7.
  • the improved efficiency of the device allows this compared to the 3-pass flame tube / smoke tube boiler 1a designed with less heat transfer surface, however structurally simpler construction.
  • a further improvement in the heat transfer from the flame 2 and the exhaust gas 4 in the heat transfer area 7 is in this embodiment by the corrugated design of the wall of the Flame tube 1 reached.
  • the thus enlarged surface of this wall improves in particular the heat transfer from the wall on the heat transfer medium.
  • Such a corrugated design of the Flame tube 1 is, however, not necessary to use the selective Layer 10 on the wall an improved heat transfer according to the invention to reach.
  • Fig. 2 is a schematic representation of an incinerator from a combustion chamber 12 and a 3-pass radiation boiler 13 consists.
  • the combustion chamber 12 has a fuel supply on one side 14 and on the opposite side one below the Fuel feed 14 located waste material removal 15. Between the fuel feed 14 and the residue removal 15 are there is a grate 16 inclined in the direction of the residue removal 15 and a burner arranged below this grate 16 Rust 16 are flames 2 and indicated by dashed arrows Exhaust gas 4 shown.
  • the combustion chamber 12 has part of it Wall of an upwardly inclined radiant heating surface 17. Above the combustion chamber 12 tapers towards the radiant heating surface 17 an opening to which the 3-pass radiation boiler 13 connects.
  • the 3-train radiation boiler 13 contains an exhaust pipe 5, which in one meandering design three successively arranged in parallel Sections includes. One end of the exhaust pipe 5 is at the mouth of the combustion chamber 12 connected, the other end opens into an exhaust gas discharge 6. The exhaust gas 4 is also in the Exhaust pipe 5.
  • the side of the radiant heating surface facing away from the combustion chamber 12 17 and the outside of the exhaust pipe 5 are hatched as one in FIG. 2 drawn heat transfer area 7 designed.
  • the heat transfer area 7 contains a heat transfer medium such as water or Steam.
  • the radiant heating surface 17 is on the combustion chamber 12 facing side with a selective layer 10.
  • the combustion chamber 12 receives fuel, for example in the form of domestic or industrial waste, biomass, Sewage sludge or coal.
  • This fuel is in operation of the incinerator on the grate that acts as a firing medium 16 burned.
  • Non-combustible components of this fuel discharged to the combustion chamber 12 via the residue removal 15.
  • additional firing agent that supports the grate firing can the burner 3 are used for this purpose in a manner not shown another fuel would have to be supplied.
  • FIG. 3 shows the typical intensity curve of the thermal radiation emitted by the flame in the case of soot-free combustion of hydrogen and hydrocarbons, plotted against their wavelength.
  • the continuous distribution typical of temperature radiation is overlaid by several pronounced intensity maxima, which are denoted by ⁇ 1 , ⁇ 2 , ⁇ 3 and ⁇ 4 and are in the ⁇ m range.
  • the selectivity of the selective layer can be designed so that it Maxima has in wavelength ranges that shown in Fig. 3 Maxima correspond to the heat radiation emission of the heat source.
  • 4a shows the schematic sectional illustration of a flat needle structure, 4b that of a flat pyramid structure.
  • the two surface structures shown represent possible embodiments of a selective layer.
  • the periodicity interval of these structures each denoted by ⁇ i , can correspond to at least one of the intensity maxima shown in FIG. 3 of the heat radiation from the heat source, so that the selective layer to at least one of the intensity maxima has its highest selectivity.
  • the invention relates to a device for heating a heat transfer medium with a firing means designed to generate a heat source, a heat transfer area and one between the heat source and the wall of the heat transfer medium, in particular a boiler or pipe wall.
  • a known device of the type mentioned is, for example, by a flame tube / flue tube boiler in 3-pass design, which contains a burner as a means of combustion, in which during operation combustion takes place in the boiler.
  • This combustion creates a flame in a flame tube as well as exhaust gas, which is the boiler leaves through the smoke pipes arranged below.
  • the flame and the exhaust gas serve as a heat source: over the walls of the Flame pipe or the flue pipes give off heat in a heat transfer area, which flows through water used as a heat transfer medium becomes. The heat absorbed by the water thus serves its heating.
  • the walls of the flame tube or the smoke tubes are in the known devices with certain properties provided: For example, they have the constructive structure of the Boiler adapted thermal expansion coefficient and elasticity as well sufficient chemical resistance.
  • the known devices have the disadvantage that they are only insufficient Part of those produced by the combustion agent and by the Heat source emitted heat absorbed by the heat transfer medium becomes.
  • the exhaust gas leaving the device still contains too much Share of heat generated, in particular it has in comparison a high temperature to the heated heat transfer medium.
  • the heat transfer from the heat source to the heat transfer medium is therefore not optimal.
  • An object of the invention is in devices of the beginning mentioned type the transfer of heat from the heat source over the wall to a heat transfer medium located in the heat transfer area to improve and increase the efficiency of the device.
  • This object is achieved by a at least one side of the wall, the absorption of the heat source in the wall favoring the heat source and / or the emission of those coming from the wall Selective heat output in the direction of the heat source Layer.
  • the selective layer reduces the emission of thermal power from the wall back towards the heat source.
  • heat transfer takes place due to the temperature of the Wall: Heat in the form of thermal radiation is emitted by the Wall, among other things, also undesirably in the direction of Heat source emitted.
  • the emission of temperature radiation does not only depend on the Inherent temperature of the wall, but also, for example, of its Surface quality.
  • the selective layer on the wall can be such that they emit temperature radiation from the wall in directions other than that of the heat transfer area inhibits.
  • the ratio of absorption of heat output in layer can be the wall to increase emission towards the heat source.
  • This Ratio in terms of size of which the highest possible value is desirable is called selectivity.
  • the device according to the invention thus improves the net heat transfer from the heat source to the wall by increasing the selectivity of the wall.
  • a fall burner according to the invention therefore has a comparative one high efficiency.
  • the flame tube can be made of stainless steel.
  • Stainless steel is special insensitive to lower when achieved according to the invention Exhaust gas end temperature resulting exhaust gas condensate.
  • the invention also enables a lower flame temperature, whereby the emission of pollutants (eg NO x ) is reduced and a more complete combustion is achieved.
  • pollutants eg NO x
  • the selective layer can be designed so that an increased selectivity by using the different spectral distribution the heat radiation from the heat source and that of temperature radiation emanating from the wall is reached.
  • the degree of absorption and / or the degree of emissivity can be a Show wavelength dependency.
  • the selectivity of the selective layer in one or more wavelength ranges from that of the heat source emitted thermal radiation has a maximum; in particular these wavelength ranges can match those wavelength ranges correspond to which an intensity maximum of that from the heat source emitted thermal radiation is present.
  • the spectrum of This is because heat radiation emitted by the heat source is not essential continuous type; within the scope of the invention it was recognized that this spectrum also has one or more intensity maxima can.
  • intensity maxima can be characteristic of the burned fuel or the composition of the Combustion of the resulting exhaust gas.
  • the spectrum shows a soot-free, when burning low-carbon fuels resulting flame such intensity maxima in the ⁇ m range (Infrared radiation).
  • the selective layer can be formed by highlighting it and / or depressions, in particular a microstructure form.
  • a microstructure can, for example be designed as a flat needle, trapezoid or pyramid structure, which has a repeating pattern, the periodicity interval in particular in the order of magnitude of a maximum wavelength Intensity of the heat radiation emitted by the heat source can lie.
  • the microstructure can also be two-dimensional or comprise a three-dimensional crystal lattice structure.
  • the selective layer can be treated be made of a surface of the wall.
  • This treatment can, for example, by sputtering, Electroplating, notching, brushing, polishing, grinding, application with laser radiation or other methods known to the person skilled in the art surface treatment.
  • the manufacture of the However, selective layer can also be applied by applying an additional Layer on the wall, especially by galvanic Coating, sintering, vapor deposition, application of foils, Application of filters, in particular interference and semiconductor filters, or a combination of these.
  • the wall of the device is one Absorbance of approximately 95% over a spectral range or the entire spectrum of heat radiation from the heat source has and an emissivity of heat radiation in the direction of Has a heat source of approximately 5%. Even with poorer values of absorption and emissivity, however, the invention is still in can be used advantageously.
  • the wall can be covered by at least part of a flame tube, a smoke pipe, an exhaust pipe, a flame and / or Smoke tube boiler with one or more trains, a radiation boiler, a waste heat boiler, a radiant heating surface, a furnace or a heat exchanger surface.
  • the heat transfer area is preferably for receiving liquid, gaseous and / or solid, in particular flowing Designed for heat transfer media.
  • the invention also includes heat engines such as e.g. Internal combustion engines, Turbines, Stirling engines, fuel cells and the like, where the inside of the combustion chambers, possibly existing Heat exchanger surfaces and / or moving parts, e.g. Piston or Turbine guide vanes at least partially with a selective layer are provided as above in their various embodiments has been described.
  • heat engines such as e.g. Internal combustion engines, Turbines, Stirling engines, fuel cells and the like, where the inside of the combustion chambers, possibly existing Heat exchanger surfaces and / or moving parts, e.g. Piston or Turbine guide vanes at least partially with a selective layer are provided as above in their various embodiments has been described.
  • the selective layer used can, for example the following two different goals are pursued:
  • the selective layer generally, i.e. both for devices for heating a heat transfer medium as well as for heat engines Catalytic materials are used, for example here Palladium, iridium, platinum, aluminum oxide or similar materials can be used.
  • Fig. 1a shows a schematic longitudinal sectional view of a flame tube / smoke tube boiler in 3-train construction. Inside a cylindrical Flame tube 1, a flame 2 is shown, which results from a combustion process results in an outside of the flame tube 1 located burner 3 takes place.
  • each smoke pipe 5 From the end of the flame tube 1 opposite the burner 3 branch several smoke pipes 5 of smaller diameter than that of the flame tube 1 in such a way that it is laterally adjacent to the flame tube 1 are arranged and their longitudinal axes parallel and in one each have the same first distance from the longitudinal axis of the flame tube 1.
  • each smoke pipe 5 At the level of the end of the flame tube facing the burner 3 1, each smoke pipe 5 has a 180 ° curvature such that it continues parallel and in the same way in the further course second distance to the longitudinal axis of the flame tube 1, wherein this second distance is greater than the first distance.
  • Each of the flame tubes 5 then opens into an area which is accordingly on the Burner 3 is located on the opposite side of the boiler and in turn opens into a single exhaust gas discharge 6.
  • the flame tube 1 In the sectional view 1a show the flame tube 1, which is in the first distance from the flame tube 1 part of one of the smoke tubes 5 and in the second distance from the flame tube 1 part of the same Flue pipe 5 thus an S-shaped characteristic of
  • Fig. 1a In the flame tube 1, the smoke tubes 5 and in the exhaust gas discharge 6 opening area are exhaust gases 4, which from the in Burner 3 resulting combustion processes result in Fig. 1a are indicated by dashed arrows.
  • a heat transfer region 7 On the outside of the flame tube 1 and the flue tubes 5 is a heat transfer region 7 formed, which is therefore essentially through the walls of the Flame tube 1, the smoke tubes 5 and the boiler is limited and only with a return 8 and a flow 9 openings to the outside of the boiler has.
  • the heat transfer area 7 is provided with a heat transfer, such as water.
  • Fig. 1a is the heat transfer area 7 or the water is marked by hatching.
  • a selective layer 10 is attached on those parts of the walls of the flame tube 1 and Smoke pipes 5, the inside of the pipes from the heat transfer area 7th separate.
  • This layer is in Fig. 1a clarified as a bold line.
  • the flame 2 When burning a fuel, such as oil, gas or Hydrogen, in the burner 3, the flame 2 is generated, which in particular Form of radiation gives off heat to the flame tube 1.
  • the from the Exhaust gases 4 resulting from combustion processes flow from the flame tube 1 along the direction of the arrow through the flue pipes 5. Enter they also heat in the form of radiation to the walls of the Flame tube 1 or the smoke tubes 5 from.
  • the exhaust gases escape finally the boiler via the exhaust gas discharge 6.
  • FIG. 1b shows a schematic longitudinal sectional illustration of a flame tube boiler with a cylindrical flame tube 1 without subsequent arranged smoke pipes (construction as a fall burner). This structure thus represents a significant constructive simplification compared to the 3-train flame tube / smoke tube boiler according to FIG. 1a.
  • the wall of the flame tube 1 is corrugated in this embodiment.
  • the Flame tube 1 of the fall burner according to the invention is on its side inner wall with a selective in bold in Fig. 1b Provide layer 10.
  • burner 3 Outside the flame tube 1, in the extension of its longitudinal axis, there is a burner 3.
  • the combustion processes taking place in burner 3 generate a flame 2 that extends over a large Area of the interior of the flame tube 1, and exhaust gas 4, which is also located inside the flame tube 1 and in Fig.1b is indicated by dashed arrows.
  • exhaust gas 4 On the one facing away from the burner 3
  • the flame tube 1 ends in an exhaust gas discharge 6, and it also has a drain 11 there.
  • Flame tube 1 On the outer side of the wall facing away from the flame 2 Flame tube 1 is shown hatched, one with the flame tube in provided substantially concentric heat transfer area 7, the through the wall of the flame tube 1 and the walls of the boiler is completed. To the outside, the heat transfer area 7 is only opened by three returns 8, located on a side wall of the boiler and are located near the end facing away from the burner 3, and through a flow 9, which is opposite to the returns 8 Side wall of the boiler and close to the burner 3 facing In the end.
  • a further improvement in the heat transfer from the flame 2 and the exhaust gas 4 in the heat transfer area 7 is in this embodiment by the corrugated design of the wall of the Flame tube 1 reached.
  • the thus enlarged surface of this wall improves in particular the heat transfer from the wall on the heat transfer medium.
  • Such a corrugated design of the Flame tube 1 is, however, not necessary to use the selective Layer 10 on the wall an improved heat transfer according to the invention to reach.
  • Fig. 2 is a schematic representation of an incinerator from a combustion chamber 12 and a 3-pass radiation boiler 13 consists.
  • the combustion chamber 12 has a fuel supply on one side 14 and on the opposite side one below the Fuel feed 14 located waste material removal 15. Between the fuel feed 14 and the residue removal 15 are there is a grate 16 inclined in the direction of the residue removal 15 and a burner arranged below this grate 16 Rust 16 are flames 2 and indicated by dashed arrows Exhaust gas 4 shown.
  • the combustion chamber 12 has part of it Wall of an upwardly inclined radiant heating surface 17. Above the combustion chamber 12 tapers towards the radiant heating surface 17 an opening to which the 3-pass radiation boiler 13 connects.
  • the 3-train radiation boiler 13 contains an exhaust pipe 5, which in one meandering design three successively arranged in parallel Sections includes. One end of the exhaust pipe 5 is at the mouth of the combustion chamber 12 connected, the other end opens into an exhaust gas discharge 6. The exhaust gas 4 is also in the Exhaust pipe 5.
  • the side of the radiant heating surface facing away from the combustion chamber 12 17 and the outside of the exhaust pipe 5 are hatched as one in FIG. 2 drawn heat transfer area 7 designed.
  • the heat transfer area 7 contains a heat transfer medium such as water or Steam.
  • the radiant heating surface 17 is on the combustion chamber 12 facing side with a selective layer 10.
  • the combustion chamber 12 receives fuel, for example in the form of domestic or industrial waste, biomass, Sewage sludge or coal.
  • This fuel is in operation of the incinerator on the grate that acts as a firing medium 16 burned.
  • Non-combustible components of this fuel discharged to the combustion chamber 12 via the residue removal 15.
  • additional firing agent that supports the grate firing can the burner 3 are used for this purpose in a manner not shown another fuel would have to be supplied.
  • the heat transfer area 7 is used to absorb and dissipate this heat continuously with water or water vapor as a heat carrier flows through.
  • a return and at the heat transfer area 7 a lead is provided, which are not shown in Fig. 2.
  • FIG. 3 shows the typical intensity curve of the thermal radiation emitted by the flame in the case of soot-free combustion of hydrogen and hydrocarbons, plotted against their wavelength.
  • the continuous distribution typical of temperature radiation is overlaid by several pronounced intensity maxima, which are denoted by ⁇ 1 , ⁇ 2 , ⁇ 3 and ⁇ 4 and are in the ⁇ m range.
  • 4a shows the schematic sectional illustration of a flat needle structure, 4b that of a flat pyramid structure.
  • the two surface structures shown represent possible embodiments of a selective layer.
  • the periodicity interval of these structures each denoted by ⁇ i , can correspond to at least one of the intensity maxima shown in FIG. 3 of the heat radiation from the heat source, so that the selective layer to at least one of the intensity maxima has its highest selectivity.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Thermotherapy And Cooling Therapy Devices (AREA)
  • Compression-Type Refrigeration Machines With Reversible Cycles (AREA)
  • Lubrication Of Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)
  • Cylinder Crankcases Of Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)
  • Combustion Of Fluid Fuel (AREA)

Claims (17)

  1. Dispositif pour le chauffage d'un agent caloporteur comportant un moyen de combustion (3, 16) réalisé pour produire une source de chaleur (2, 4), une zone de caloporteur (7) et une paroi située entre la source de chaleur (2, 4) et la zone de caloporteur (7), en particulier une paroi de chaudière ou une paroi de tube,
    caractérisé par
    une couche sélective (10) se trouvant sur au moins un côté de la paroi, favorisant dans la paroi l'absorption de la puissance calorifique provenant de la source de chaleur (2, 4) et/ou entravant en direction de la source de chaleur (2, 4) l'émission de la puissance calorifique provenant de la paroi, la sélectivité de la couche sélective (10) présentant un maximum dans une ou plusieurs plages de longueur d'ondes (λ1, λ2, λ3, λ4) du rayonnement calorifique émis par la source de chaleur (2, 4).
  2. Dispositif selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que les plages de longueur d'ondes (λ1, λ2, λ3, λ4) de sélectivité maximum correspondent à celles des plages de longueurs d'ondes au niveau desquelles il y a un maximum d'intensité du rayonnement calorifique émis par la source de chaleur (2, 4).
  3. Dispositif pour le chauffage d'un agent caloporteur comportant un moyen de combustion (3, 16) réalisé pour produire une source de chaleur (2, 4), une zone de caloporteur (7) et une paroi située entre la source de chaleur (2, 4) et la zone de caloporteur (7), en particulier une paroi de chaudière ou une paroi de tube,
    caractérisé par
    une couche sélective (10) se trouvant sur au moins un côté de la paroi, favorisant dans la paroi l'absorption de la puissance calorifique provenant de la source de chaleur (2, 4) et/ou empêchant en direction de la source de chaleur (2, 4) l'émission de la puissance calorifique provenant de la paroi, la couche sélective (10) présentant des reliefs et/ou des dépressions qui forment une microstructure.
  4. Dispositif pour le chauffage d'un agent caloporteur comportant un moyen de combustion (3, 16) réalisé pour produire une source de chaleur (2, 4), une zone de caloporteur (7) et une paroi située entre la source de chaleur (2, 4) et la zone de caloporteur (7), en particulier une paroi de chaudière ou de tube,
    caractérisé par
    une couche sélective (10) se trouvant sur au moins un côté de la paroi, favorisant dans la paroi l'absorption de la puissance calorifique provenant de la source de chaleur (2, 4) et/ou empêchant en direction de la source de chaleur (2, 4) l'émission de la puissance calorifique provenant de la paroi, la couche sélective (10) étant réalisée par pulvérisation cathodique (sputtering), galvanisation, entaillage, brossage, polissage, meulage, attaque par rayonnement laser ou par une combinaison des méthodes précitées.
  5. Dispositif selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que la couche sélective (10) se trouve sur le côté de la paroi orienté vers la source de chaleur (2, 4).
  6. Dispositif selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que la couche sélective (10) comprend une structure en aiguille, en trapèze, en pyramide ou en grille de cristaux ou en une combinaison de celles-ci.
  7. Dispositif selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que la couche sélective (10) est réalisée par traitement d'une surface de la paroi.
  8. Dispositif selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que la couche sélective (10) est réalisée par application d'une couche additionnelle sur la paroi.
  9. Dispositif selon la revendication 8, caractérisé en ce que la couche additionnelle est réalisée par revêtement galvanique, frittage, métallisation sous vide, application de feuilles, application de filtres, en particulier de filtres d'interférence et de filtres semi-conducteurs ou par une combinaison des méthodes précitées.
  10. Dispositif selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que des flammes et/ou des gaz d'échappement formés au cours d'un processus de combustion ayant lieu sur ou dans le moyen de combustion (3, 16) servent de sources de chaleur.
  11. Dispositif selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que la source de chaleur (2, 4) peut être produite par la combustion de combustible contenant de l'hydrogène et/ou du carbone.
  12. Dispositif selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 10, caractérisé en ce que la source de chaleur (2, 4) peut être produite par la combustion de gaz naturel, d'hydrogène, de mazout, de charbon ou autres combustibles inorganiques ou organiques.
  13. Dispositif selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 10, caractérisé en ce que la source de chaleur (2, 4) peut être produite par la combustion de déchets ménagers et industriels, de boues d'épuration, de particules retenues par des grilles, de tourteau de filtrage, de biogaz ou de déchets végétaux.
  14. Dispositif selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que la paroi est formée au moins par une région d'un tube à flammes (1), d'un tube de fumée, d'un tuyau d'échappement, d'une chaudière à tube à flammes et/ou à tube de fumée avec un ou plusieurs passes, d'une chaudière à rayonnement (13), d'une chaudière à récupération, d'une surface de chauffage par rayonnement (17), d'une chaufferie (12) ou d'une surface d'échangeur de chaleur.
  15. Dispositif selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que la zone de caloporteur (7) est conçue pour recevoir des agents caloporteurs liquides, gazeux et/ou solides.
  16. Moteur thermique, en particulier moteur à combustion, turbine, moteur Stirling ou cellule de combustible,
    caractérisé en ce que
    la face intérieure d'une chambre de combustion, une surface d'échangeur de chaleur du moteur et/ou une partie mobile du moteur, en particulier un piston ou une aube directrice de turbine est pourvue au moins par régions d'une couche sélective selon les caractéristiques de l'une ou de plusieurs des revendications 1 à 15.
  17. Dispositif selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 16, caractérisé en ce que la couche sélective est au moins en partie constituée par un matériau à effet catalytique.
EP98925473A 1997-04-16 1998-04-14 Moteur thermique Expired - Lifetime EP0975920B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19715918 1997-04-16
DE19715918A DE19715918A1 (de) 1997-04-16 1997-04-16 Vorrichtung zur Erhitzung eines Wärmeträgers
DE19729607A DE19729607A1 (de) 1997-07-10 1997-07-10 Wärmekraftmaschine
DE19729607 1997-07-10
PCT/EP1998/002161 WO1998046947A1 (fr) 1997-04-16 1998-04-14 Moteur thermique

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0975920A1 EP0975920A1 (fr) 2000-02-02
EP0975920B1 true EP0975920B1 (fr) 2002-06-19

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ID=26035828

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EP98925473A Expired - Lifetime EP0975920B1 (fr) 1997-04-16 1998-04-14 Moteur thermique

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EP (1) EP0975920B1 (fr)
AT (1) ATE219569T1 (fr)
AU (1) AU7758798A (fr)
DE (1) DE59804516D1 (fr)
WO (1) WO1998046947A1 (fr)

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN105444175B (zh) * 2015-12-25 2017-12-19 广东华凯科技股份有限公司 一种火焰导流系统及应用其的直燃式燃气烘缸

Family Cites Families (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0044273A1 (fr) * 1980-07-01 1982-01-20 Aroka Holding AG Couche absorbante
US5039561A (en) * 1986-08-25 1991-08-13 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Method for preparing an article having surface layer of uniformly oriented, crystalline, organic microstructures
JPH0375445A (ja) * 1989-08-17 1991-03-29 Nepon Kk 温風炉
US5216981A (en) * 1991-01-22 1993-06-08 Advanced Fuel Research, Inc. Coal-fired heating apparatus and method
ATE270720T1 (de) * 1995-04-07 2004-07-15 Inst Solartechnik Hochschule R Verfahren zur beschichtung von sonnenkollektoren
WO1997021957A1 (fr) * 1995-12-14 1997-06-19 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Dispositif de combustion catalytique
DE19604263A1 (de) * 1996-02-06 1997-08-14 Fraunhofer Ges Forschung Katalytischer Brenner

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
AU7758798A (en) 1998-11-11
ATE219569T1 (de) 2002-07-15
EP0975920A1 (fr) 2000-02-02
WO1998046947A1 (fr) 1998-10-22
DE59804516D1 (de) 2002-07-25

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