EP0975007A1 - Lighting system with a high pressure discharge lamp - Google Patents

Lighting system with a high pressure discharge lamp Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0975007A1
EP0975007A1 EP99111436A EP99111436A EP0975007A1 EP 0975007 A1 EP0975007 A1 EP 0975007A1 EP 99111436 A EP99111436 A EP 99111436A EP 99111436 A EP99111436 A EP 99111436A EP 0975007 A1 EP0975007 A1 EP 0975007A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
lighting system
pressure discharge
discharge lamp
voltage
base
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP99111436A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0975007B1 (en
Inventor
Günther Hirschmann
Bontcho Dr. Gotchev
Arnulf Rupp
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Osram GmbH
Original Assignee
Patent Treuhand Gesellschaft fuer Elektrische Gluehlampen mbH
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Publication of EP0975007A1 publication Critical patent/EP0975007A1/en
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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B41/00—Circuit arrangements or apparatus for igniting or operating discharge lamps
    • H05B41/02—Details
    • H05B41/04—Starting switches
    • H05B41/042—Starting switches using semiconductor devices
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21—LIGHTING
    • F21S—NON-PORTABLE LIGHTING DEVICES; SYSTEMS THEREOF; VEHICLE LIGHTING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR VEHICLE EXTERIORS
    • F21S41/00—Illuminating devices specially adapted for vehicle exteriors, e.g. headlamps
    • F21S41/10—Illuminating devices specially adapted for vehicle exteriors, e.g. headlamps characterised by the light source
    • F21S41/19—Attachment of light sources or lamp holders
    • F21S41/192—Details of lamp holders, terminals or connectors
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21—LIGHTING
    • F21S—NON-PORTABLE LIGHTING DEVICES; SYSTEMS THEREOF; VEHICLE LIGHTING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR VEHICLE EXTERIORS
    • F21S45/00—Arrangements within vehicle lighting devices specially adapted for vehicle exteriors, for purposes other than emission or distribution of light
    • F21S45/40—Cooling of lighting devices
    • F21S45/47—Passive cooling, e.g. using fins, thermal conductive elements or openings
    • F21S45/48—Passive cooling, e.g. using fins, thermal conductive elements or openings with means for conducting heat from the inside to the outside of the lighting devices, e.g. with fins on the outer surface of the lighting device
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J5/00—Details relating to vessels or to leading-in conductors common to two or more basic types of discharge tubes or lamps
    • H01J5/50—Means forming part of the tube or lamps for the purpose of providing electrical connection to it
    • H01J5/54—Means forming part of the tube or lamps for the purpose of providing electrical connection to it supported by a separate part, e.g. base
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J61/00—Gas-discharge or vapour-discharge lamps
    • H01J61/02—Details
    • H01J61/56—One or more circuit elements structurally associated with the lamp
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21—LIGHTING
    • F21S—NON-PORTABLE LIGHTING DEVICES; SYSTEMS THEREOF; VEHICLE LIGHTING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR VEHICLE EXTERIORS
    • F21S45/00—Arrangements within vehicle lighting devices specially adapted for vehicle exteriors, for purposes other than emission or distribution of light
    • F21S45/40—Cooling of lighting devices
    • F21S45/47—Passive cooling, e.g. using fins, thermal conductive elements or openings
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J61/00—Gas-discharge or vapour-discharge lamps
    • H01J61/02—Details
    • H01J61/54—Igniting arrangements, e.g. promoting ionisation for starting
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J61/00—Gas-discharge or vapour-discharge lamps
    • H01J61/82—Lamps with high-pressure unconstricted discharge having a cold pressure > 400 Torr

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a lighting system according to the preamble of Claim 1.
  • Such a lighting system is, for example, in the German published application DE 196 10 385 A1 discloses.
  • This document describes one High-pressure discharge lamp for motor vehicle headlights, which is a glass Lamp vessel, two electrodes and one with electrical connections provided lamp base.
  • the operating device usually has a significantly longer lifespan than the high-pressure discharge lamp on. Since the control gear is permanently integrated in the lamp base it can no longer be used if the lamp is defective must be replaced together with the defective lamp.
  • the lighting system according to the invention has a high-pressure discharge lamp and an operating device for the high-pressure discharge lamp, wherein the high-pressure discharge lamp at least one lamp vessel, electrodes and a lamp for generating a gas discharge and one with a socket provided with electrical connections.
  • the base points also fasteners for the at least one lamp vessel.
  • the control gear has an ignition device, which is housed in the base and has a high voltage part.
  • the base has at least two housing parts, which are connected by a detachable closure are connected, the first housing part, the fastening means for the has at least one lamp vessel and in the first housing part High voltage part are housed while the second housing part with the electrical connections of the high-pressure discharge lamp.
  • the aforementioned measures according to the invention make it possible in the event of a defect High pressure discharge lamp the second housing part with the inside arranged components continue to use by the closure between the first and the second housing part is solved.
  • the high voltage part of the ignition device is advantageous embedded in a sealing compound, its electrical insulation improved. It is also advantageous for the same purpose the high-voltage connection of the connected to a lamp electrode High voltage part embedded in the potting compound.
  • the further components of the ignition device are advantageously such as the ignition capacitor and the spark gap in the second housing part arranged. As a result, these components of the Ignition device not defective when defective high pressure discharge lamp become.
  • the other components of the ignition device are advantageous arranged on a support plate, which can be easily in can insert the second housing part.
  • the at least two housing parts are advantageously by a snap or screw or releasably connected to one another by a plug connection.
  • the first housing part advantageously first electrical contacts and the second housing part on second electrical contacts, between which at interconnected first and second housing parts an electrical conductive connection exists.
  • the first and second electrical contacts the housing parts advantageously form a connector that automatically manufactured during the assembly of the at least two housing parts of the base becomes. This ensures an easy-to-install lamp base.
  • At least one housing part of the base is advantageously provided with a cooling device equipped with the heat generated by the control gear dissipates.
  • the first and / or the second housing part have a Shielding against electromagnetic radiation that affects the electromagnetic Compatibility of the lighting system according to the invention improved.
  • the operating device of the lighting system according to the invention also has the ignition device has a voltage converter, which advantageously as an inverter, for example as a half or full bridge inverter or is designed as a push-pull inverter or as a single-ended converter.
  • This voltage converter is advantageously on the same carrier plate arranged as the other components of the ignition device mentioned above. This enables the complete control gear for the high-pressure discharge lamp be placed in the base of the lamp.
  • a special one compact and advantageous arrangement results if the aforementioned Voltage converter is designed as an integrated circuit.
  • the invention can be applied particularly advantageously to a lighting system with a single-sided high-pressure discharge lamp that is close to the base and has an electrode remote from the base.
  • a lighting system for example in a motor vehicle headlight used.
  • the at least one high-voltage connection of the high-voltage part the ignition device is advantageous with the near the base Electrode of the high pressure discharge lamp connected. This ensures that the high voltage parts are safe to touch in Interior of the first housing part or the lamp vessel are included. It also makes the electrical connections the base of the high pressure discharge lamp only with the comparative low vehicle electrical system voltage is applied.
  • the most distant Electrode of the high pressure discharge lamp and the connections of the primary winding the transformer of the ignition device are advantageous with the first electrical contacts of the first housing part electrically conductively connected.
  • the preferred embodiment of the invention is a lighting system consisting of a single-ended metal-halide high-pressure discharge lamp 1 and one in the base 10 of this Lamp 1 arranged control gear TR, C1, FS, W.
  • This lighting system is suitable, for example, for use in a motor vehicle headlight.
  • the lamp 1 has a discharge vessel enveloped by an outer bulb 12 11 made of quartz glass, in which a base near electrode 13 and a base remote Electrode 14 are arranged.
  • the two lamp vessels 11, 12 are in the Base 10 of the high-pressure discharge lamp 1 is anchored.
  • the base 10 has a first housing part 10a and a second housing part 10b, both of which Plastic.
  • the first housing part 10a forms the upper part of the base and the second housing part 10b forms the base part of the high-pressure discharge lamp 1.
  • Both housing parts 10a, 10b are detachable Snap lock 22 connected together.
  • the base upper part 10a has first electrical contacts 17, 19, when assembling the base 10, that is, when assembling of the two housing parts 10a, 10b, a plug connection and thus an electrical connection to those attached to the base part 10b second electrical contacts 16, 18 enter.
  • the operating device of the lighting system consists of an ignition device and a voltage converter, the the vehicle electrical system voltage in the for lamp operation converts required operating voltage.
  • the ignition device has one high-voltage part consisting of a toroidal transformer TR and a spark gap FS and an ignition capacitor C1.
  • the transformer TR has a primary winding N2 and a secondary winding N1.
  • the aforementioned components TR, FS, C1 are in a known manner to one Pulse ignitor, which is used to ignite a gas discharge in the High-pressure discharge lamp 1 generates the required ignition voltage.
  • the Transformer TR is in the interior of the first, which is designed as a base part Housing part 10a arranged and in an electrically insulating potting compound 23 embedded.
  • the other components of the ignition device that is, the spark gap FS and the ignition capacitor C1 are on one Carrier board 21 mounted, in the second housing part forming the lower base part 10b is arranged.
  • the Voltage converter W of the control gear installed on the same carrier board 21 .
  • the voltage converter W is an inverter W, preferably a full bridge inverter, the vehicle electrical system voltage converts into a square wave voltage at its voltage input j1, j2, whose amplitude takes values between approximately 0 V and -80 V.
  • Figure 2 shows a simplified, schematic circuit diagram of the operating device.
  • the lamp LP is connected to the bridge branch of the inverter W.
  • the electrode 13 close to the base of the high-pressure discharge lamp 1 is via the Power supply 15 with the secondary winding N1 of the transformer TR connected and is during the ignition process with high voltage pulses acted upon.
  • the inverter arranged on the carrier board 21 W is with the second electrical contacts 16, 18 of the base part 10b electrically connected.
  • the current feedback 16 of the high pressure discharge lamp 1 provides an electrical connection between the base Electrode 14 and the first electrical contact 19 of the base part 10a ago.
  • the lamp vessels 11, 12 are by means of the fastening device 24 fixed in a known manner on the upper base part 10a.
  • the fastening device 24 is for example in the German patent application DE 196 02 625.3.
  • the housing parts 10a, 10b instead of Plastic also consist of a metal or a metallized plastic, about the electromagnetic compatibility of the lighting system to improve.
  • the base 10 or one of the housing parts 10a, 10b or both housing parts with a cooling device, for example with Cooling fins for the control gear. It is still possible the base 10 or the housing parts 10a, 10b with a shield against electromagnetic radiation to equip the electromagnetic Improve tolerance.
  • a full bridge inverter can also be a half-bridge inverter or another voltage converter, for example, a single-ended converter can be used.
  • the complete ignition device TR, FS, C1 to accommodate in the first housing part 10a. In this In the case of defective lamp 1, the entire igniter would also have to be replaced become.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Non-Portable Lighting Devices Or Systems Thereof (AREA)
  • Lighting Device Outwards From Vehicle And Optical Signal (AREA)
  • Arrangement Of Elements, Cooling, Sealing, Or The Like Of Lighting Devices (AREA)
  • Discharge Lamps And Accessories Thereof (AREA)
  • Common Detailed Techniques For Electron Tubes Or Discharge Tubes (AREA)
  • Circuit Arrangements For Discharge Lamps (AREA)

Abstract

The lighting system has a lamp cap with two parts of a case (10a,10b) connected to each other by a detachable catch (22). The first part of the case (10a) has a fastener (24) for a lamp vessel (11) and a high-voltage component (TR) for an ignition device (TR,FS,C1). The second part of the case (10b) is fitted with high-pressure discharge lamp electrical contacts (20), also containing the remaining ignition components (FS,C1) and a voltage transformer (W).

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Beleuchtungssystem gemäß dem Oberbegriff des Patentanspruchs 1.The invention relates to a lighting system according to the preamble of Claim 1.

I. Stand der Technik I. State of the art

Ein derartiges Beleuchtungssystem ist beispielsweise in der deutschen Offenlegungsschrift DE 196 10 385 A1 offenbart. Diese Schrift beschreibt eine Hochdruckentladungslampe für Kraftfahrzeugscheinwerfer, die ein gläsernes Lampengefäß, zwei Elektroden und einen mit elektrischen Anschlüssen versehenen Lampensockel besitzt. In den Lampensockel ist ein Betriebsgerät für die Hochdruckentladungslampe integriert. Üblicherweise weist das Betriebsgerät eine erheblich längere Lebensdauer als die Hochdruckentladungslampe auf. Da das Betriebsgerät aber unlösbar im Lampensockel integriert ist, kann es bei defekter Lampe nicht weiter verwendet werden, sondern muß zusammen mit der defekten Lampe ausgetauscht werden.Such a lighting system is, for example, in the German published application DE 196 10 385 A1 discloses. This document describes one High-pressure discharge lamp for motor vehicle headlights, which is a glass Lamp vessel, two electrodes and one with electrical connections provided lamp base. There is an operating device in the lamp base integrated for the high pressure discharge lamp. The operating device usually has a significantly longer lifespan than the high-pressure discharge lamp on. Since the control gear is permanently integrated in the lamp base it can no longer be used if the lamp is defective must be replaced together with the defective lamp.

II. Darstellung der Erfindung II. Presentation of the invention

Es ist die Aufgabe der Erfindung, den Nachteil der Beleuchtungssystem gemäß des Standes der Technik zu vermeiden.It is the object of the invention to address the disadvantage of the lighting system to avoid the state of the art.

Diese Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß durch die kennzeichnenden Merkmale des Patentanspruchs 1 gelöst. Besonders vorteilhafte Ausführungen der Erfindung sind in den Unteransprüchen beschrieben.This object is achieved by the characterizing features of claim 1 solved. Particularly advantageous versions of the Invention are described in the subclaims.

Das erfindungsgemäße Beleuchtungssystem weist eine Hochdruckentladungslampe und ein Betriebsgerät für die Hochdruckentladungslampe auf, wobei die Hochdruckentladungslampe mindestens ein Lampengefäß, Elektroden und ein Leuchtmittel zur Erzeugung einer Gasentladung sowie einen mit elektrischen Anschlüssen versehenen Sockel besitzt. Der Sockel weist ferner Befestigungsmittel für das mindestens eine Lampengefäß auf. Das Betriebgerät besitzt eine Zündvorrichtung, die im Sockel untergebracht ist und ein Hochspannungsteil aufweist. Erfindungsgemäß besitzt der Sockel mindestens zwei Gehäuseteile, die durch einen lösbaren Verschluß miteinander verbunden sind, wobei das erste Gehäuseteil die Befestigungsmittel für das mindestens eine Lampengefäß aufweist und in dem ersten Gehäuseteil das Hochspannungsteil untergebracht sind, während das zweite Gehäuseteil mit den elektrischen Anschlüssen der Hochdruckentladungslampe versehen ist.The lighting system according to the invention has a high-pressure discharge lamp and an operating device for the high-pressure discharge lamp, wherein the high-pressure discharge lamp at least one lamp vessel, electrodes and a lamp for generating a gas discharge and one with a socket provided with electrical connections. The base points also fasteners for the at least one lamp vessel. The control gear has an ignition device, which is housed in the base and has a high voltage part. According to the invention, the base has at least two housing parts, which are connected by a detachable closure are connected, the first housing part, the fastening means for the has at least one lamp vessel and in the first housing part High voltage part are housed while the second housing part with the electrical connections of the high-pressure discharge lamp.

Die vorgenannten erfindungsgemäßen Maßnahmen ermöglichen es, bei defekter Hochdruckentladungslampe das zweite Gehäuseteil mit den darin angeordneten Komponenten weiter zu verwenden, indem der Verschluß zwischen dem ersten und dem zweiten Gehäuseteil gelöst wird. Das erste Gehäuseteil wird zusammen mit der daran befestigten defekten Hochdruckentladungslampe ausgewechselt. Im ersten Gehäuseteil ist erfindungsgemäß aus sicherheitstechnischen Gründen das vorteilhafterweise aus einem Transformator bestehende Hochspannungsteil der Zündvorrichtung untergebracht, das zusammen mit der defekten Hochdruckentladungslampe ausgetauscht werden muß. Das Hochspannungsteil der Zündvorrichtung ist vorteilhafterweise in einer Vergußmasse eingebettet, die dessen elektrische Isolierung verbessert. Ferner ist zu demselben Zweck vorteilhafterweise auch der mit einer Lampenelektrode verbundene Hochspannungsanschluß des Hochspannungsteils in der Vergußmasse eingebettet.The aforementioned measures according to the invention make it possible in the event of a defect High pressure discharge lamp the second housing part with the inside arranged components continue to use by the closure between the first and the second housing part is solved. The first Housing part together with the defective high-pressure discharge lamp attached to it replaced. In the first housing part is according to the invention for safety reasons, advantageously from a transformer existing high-voltage part of the ignition device, that replaced together with the defective high pressure discharge lamp must become. The high voltage part of the ignition device is advantageous embedded in a sealing compound, its electrical insulation improved. It is also advantageous for the same purpose the high-voltage connection of the connected to a lamp electrode High voltage part embedded in the potting compound.

Vorteilhafterweise sind die weiteren Komponenten der Zündvorrichtung, wie beispielsweise der Zündkondensator und die Funkenstrecke in dem zweiten Gehäuseteil angeordnet. Dadurch müssen diese Komponenten der Zündvorrichtung bei defekter Hochdruckentladungslampe nicht ausgewechselt werden. Die weiteren Komponenten der Zündvorrichtung sind vorteilhafterweise auf einer Trägerplatte angeordnet, die sich auf einfache Weise in das zweite Gehäuseteil einsetzen läßt. Die mindestens zwei Gehäuseteile sind vorteilhafterweise durch einen Schnapp- oder Schraubverschluß oder durch eine Steckverbindung lösbar miteinander verbunden. Außerdem weisen das erste Gehäuseteil vorteilhafterweise erste elektrische Kontakte und das zweite Gehäuseteil zweite elektrische Kontakte auf, zwischen denen bei miteinander verbundenen erstem und zweitem Gehäuseteil eine elektrisch leitende Verbindung besteht. Die ersten und zweiten elektrische Kontakte der Gehäuseteile bilden vorteilhafterweise eine Steckverbindung, die automatisch bei der Montage der mindestens zwei Gehäuseteile des Sockels hergestellt wird. Dadurch wird ein montagefreundlicher Lampensockel gewährleistet.The further components of the ignition device are advantageously such as the ignition capacitor and the spark gap in the second housing part arranged. As a result, these components of the Ignition device not defective when defective high pressure discharge lamp become. The other components of the ignition device are advantageous arranged on a support plate, which can be easily in can insert the second housing part. The at least two housing parts are advantageously by a snap or screw or releasably connected to one another by a plug connection. Also point the first housing part advantageously first electrical contacts and the second housing part on second electrical contacts, between which at interconnected first and second housing parts an electrical conductive connection exists. The first and second electrical contacts the housing parts advantageously form a connector that automatically manufactured during the assembly of the at least two housing parts of the base becomes. This ensures an easy-to-install lamp base.

Zumindest ein Gehäuseteil des Sockels ist vorteilhafterweise mit einer Kühlvorrichtung ausgestattet, die die von dem Betriebsgerät generierte Wärme abführt. Außerdem weisen das erste und/oder das zweite Gehäuseteil eine Abschirmung gegen elektromagnetische Strahlung auf, die die Elektromagnetische Verträglichkeit des erfindungsgemäßen Beleuchtungssystems verbessert.At least one housing part of the base is advantageously provided with a cooling device equipped with the heat generated by the control gear dissipates. In addition, the first and / or the second housing part have a Shielding against electromagnetic radiation that affects the electromagnetic Compatibility of the lighting system according to the invention improved.

Das Betriebsgerät des erfindungsgemäßen Beleuchtungssystem weist neben der Zündvorrichtung einen Spannungswandler auf, der vorteilhafterweise als Wechselrichter, beispielsweise als Halb- oder Vollbrückenwechselrichter oder als Push-Pull-Wechselrichter oder als Eintaktwandler ausgebildet ist. Dieser Spannungswandler ist vorteilhafterweise auf derselben Trägerplatte wie die obengenannten weiteren Komponenten der Zündvorrichtung angeordnet. Dadurch kann das komplette Betriebsgerät für die Hochdruckentladungslampe im Sockel der Lampe untergebracht werden. Eine besonders kompakte und vorteilhafte Anordnung ergibt sich, wenn der vorgenannte Spannungswandler als Integrierter Schaltkreis ausgeführt wird. The operating device of the lighting system according to the invention also has the ignition device has a voltage converter, which advantageously as an inverter, for example as a half or full bridge inverter or is designed as a push-pull inverter or as a single-ended converter. This voltage converter is advantageously on the same carrier plate arranged as the other components of the ignition device mentioned above. This enables the complete control gear for the high-pressure discharge lamp be placed in the base of the lamp. A special one compact and advantageous arrangement results if the aforementioned Voltage converter is designed as an integrated circuit.

Die Erfindung läßt sich besonders vorteilhaft auf ein Beleuchtungssystem mit einer einseitig gesockelte Hochdruckentladungslampe, die eine sockelnahe und eine sockelferne Elektrode aufweist, anwenden. Ein derartiges Beleuchtungssystem wird beispielsweise in einem Kraftfahrzeugscheinwerfer eingesetzt. Der mindestens eine Hochspannungsanschluß des Hochspannungsteils der Zündvorrichtung ist Her vorteilhafterweise mit der sockelnahen Elektrode der Hochdruckentladungslampe verbunden. Dadurch ist gewährleistet, daß die Hochspannung führenden Teile berührungssicher im Innenraum des ersten Gehäuseteils beziehungsweise des Lampengefäßes eingeschlossen sind. Außerdem werden dadurch die elektrischen Anschlüsse des Sockels der Hochdruckentladungslampe nur mit der vergleichsweise geringen Bordnetzspannung des Kraftfahrzeugs beaufschlagt. Die sockelferne Elektrode der Hochdruckentladungslampe und die Anschlüsse der Primärwicklung des Transformators der Zündvorrichtung sind vorteilhafterweise mit den ersten elektrischen Kontakten des ersten Gehäuseteils elektrisch leitend verbunden. Diese Maßnahmen gewährleisten, daß die Hochdruckentladungslampe und die Primärwicklung des Zündtransformators automatisch, während der Montage des Sockels, mit den im zweiten Gehäuseteil untergebrachten Betriebsgerätkomponenten elektrisch kontaktiert werden.The invention can be applied particularly advantageously to a lighting system with a single-sided high-pressure discharge lamp that is close to the base and has an electrode remote from the base. Such a lighting system for example in a motor vehicle headlight used. The at least one high-voltage connection of the high-voltage part the ignition device is advantageous with the near the base Electrode of the high pressure discharge lamp connected. This ensures that the high voltage parts are safe to touch in Interior of the first housing part or the lamp vessel are included. It also makes the electrical connections the base of the high pressure discharge lamp only with the comparative low vehicle electrical system voltage is applied. The most distant Electrode of the high pressure discharge lamp and the connections of the primary winding the transformer of the ignition device are advantageous with the first electrical contacts of the first housing part electrically conductively connected. These measures ensure that the high pressure discharge lamp and the primary winding of the ignition transformer automatically, during the assembly of the base, with those in the second housing part housed control gear components electrically contacted become.

III. Beschreibung des bevorzugten Ausführungsbeispiels III. Description of the preferred embodiment

Nachstehend wird die Erfindung anhand eines bevorzugten Ausführungsbeispiels näher erläutert. Es zeigen:

Figur 1
Einen Querschnitt durch das bevorzugte Ausführungsbeispiel des erfindungsgemäßen Beleuchtungssystems in schematischer Darstellung
Figur 2
Eine vereinfachte, schematisierte Schaltskizze des Betriebsgerätes des bevorzugten Ausführungsbeispiel des erfindungsgemäßen Beleuchtungssystems
The invention is explained in more detail below on the basis of a preferred exemplary embodiment. Show it:
Figure 1
A cross section through the preferred embodiment of the lighting system according to the invention in a schematic representation
Figure 2
A simplified, schematic circuit diagram of the operating device of the preferred exemplary embodiment of the lighting system according to the invention

Bei dem bevorzugten Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung handelt es sich um ein Beleuchtungssystem, das aus einer einseitig gesockelten Halogen-Metalldampf-Hochdruckentladungslampe 1 und einem in dem Sockel 10 dieser Lampe 1 angeordneten Betriebsgerät TR, C1, FS, W besteht. Dieses Beleuchtungssystem eignet sich beispielsweise zum Einsatz in einem Kraftfahrzeugscheinwerfer.The preferred embodiment of the invention is a lighting system consisting of a single-ended metal-halide high-pressure discharge lamp 1 and one in the base 10 of this Lamp 1 arranged control gear TR, C1, FS, W. This lighting system is suitable, for example, for use in a motor vehicle headlight.

Die Lampe 1 besitzt ein von einem Außenkolben 12 umhülltes Entladungsgefäß 11 aus Quarzglas, in dem eine sockelnahe Elektrode 13 und eine sockelferne Elektrode 14 angeordnet sind. Die beiden Lampengefäße 11, 12 sind im Sockel 10 der Hochdruckentladungslampe 1 verankert. Der Sockel 10 besitzt ein erstes Gehäuseteil 10a und ein zweites Gehäuseteil 10b, die beide aus Kunststoff bestehen. Das erste Gehäuseteil 10a bildet das Sockeloberteil und das zweite Gehäuseteil 10b bildet das Sockelunterteil der Hochdruckentladungslampe 1. Beide Gehäuseteile 10a, 10b sind durch einen lösbaren Schnappverschluß 22 miteinander verbunden. Das zweite Gehäuseteil 10b ist mit den als Stecker 20 ausgebildeten elektrische Anschlüssen 20 des Lampensockels 10 ausgestattet. Das Sockeloberteil 10a besitzt erste elektrische Kontakte 17, 19, die bei der Montage des Sockels 10, das heißt, beim Zusammenfügen der beiden Gehäuseteile 10a, 10b, eine Steckverbindung und damit eine elektrische Verbindung zu den am Sockelunterteil 10b angebrachten zweiten elektrischen Kontakten 16, 18 eingehen.The lamp 1 has a discharge vessel enveloped by an outer bulb 12 11 made of quartz glass, in which a base near electrode 13 and a base remote Electrode 14 are arranged. The two lamp vessels 11, 12 are in the Base 10 of the high-pressure discharge lamp 1 is anchored. The base 10 has a first housing part 10a and a second housing part 10b, both of which Plastic. The first housing part 10a forms the upper part of the base and the second housing part 10b forms the base part of the high-pressure discharge lamp 1. Both housing parts 10a, 10b are detachable Snap lock 22 connected together. The second housing part 10b with the electrical connections 20 of the lamp base designed as plugs 20 10 equipped. The base upper part 10a has first electrical contacts 17, 19, when assembling the base 10, that is, when assembling of the two housing parts 10a, 10b, a plug connection and thus an electrical connection to those attached to the base part 10b second electrical contacts 16, 18 enter.

Das Betriebsgerät des Beleuchtungssystems gemäß des bevorzugten Ausführungsbeispiels besteht aus einer Zündvorrichtung und einem Spannungswandler, der die Kraftfahrzeugbordnetzspannung in die zum Lampenbetrieb erforderliche Betriebsspannung umwandelt. Die Zündvorrichtung weist ein aus einem Ringkerntransformator TR bestehendes Hochspannungsteil und einer Funkenstrecke FS sowie aus einem Zündkondensator C1. Der Transformator TR besitzt eine Primärwicklung N2 und eine Sekundärwicklung N1. Die vorgenannten Bauteile TR, FS, C1 sind in bekannter Weise zu einem Impulszündgerät verschaltet, das die zum Zünden einer Gasentladung in der Hochdruckentladungslampe 1 erforderliche Zündspannung erzeugt. Der Transformator TR ist im Innenraum des als Sockeloberteil ausgebildeten ersten Gehäuseteil 10a angeordnet und in einer elektrisch isolierenden Vergußmasse 23 eingebettet. Die weiteren Komponenten der Zündvorrichtung, das heißt, die Funkenstrecke FS und der Zündkondensator C1 sind auf einer Trägerplatine 21 montiert, die im zweiten, das Sockelunterteil bildenden Gehäuseteil 10b angeordnet ist. Auf dieselbe Trägerplatine 21 ist auch der Spannungswandler W des Betriebgerätes montiert. Bei dem Spannungswandler W handelt es sich um einen Wechselrichter W, vorzugsweise um einen Vollbrückenwechselrichter, der die Bordnetzspannung des Kraftfahrzeuges an seinem Spannungseingang j1, j2 in eine Rechteckspannung umwandelt, deren Amplitude Werte zwischen ungefähr 0 V und -80 V annimmt. Figur 2 zeigt eine vereinfachte, schematisierte Schaltskizze des Betriebsgerätes. Die Lampe LP ist in den Brückenzweig des Wechselrichters W geschaltet. Die sockelnahe Elektrode 13 der Hochdruckentladungslampe 1 ist über die Stromzuführung 15 mit der Sekundärwicklung N1 des Transformators TR verbunden und wird während des Zündvorganges mit Hochspannungsimpulsen beaufschlagt. Der auf der Trägerplatine 21 angeordnete Wechselrichter W ist mit den zweiten elektrischen Kontakten 16, 18 des Sockelunterteils 10b elektrisch leitend verbunden. Die Stromrückführung 16 der Hochdruckentladungslampe 1 stellt eine elektrische Verbindung zwischen der sockelfernen Elektrode 14 und dem ersten elektrischen Kontakt 19 des Sockeloberteils 10a her. Die Lampengefäße 11, 12 sind mittels der Befestigungsvorrichtung 24 in bekannter Weise an dem Sockeloberteil 10a fixiert. Die Befestigungsvorrichtung 24 ist beispielsweise in der deutschen Offenlegungsschrift DE 196 02 625.3 beschrieben.The operating device of the lighting system according to the preferred embodiment consists of an ignition device and a voltage converter, the the vehicle electrical system voltage in the for lamp operation converts required operating voltage. The ignition device has one high-voltage part consisting of a toroidal transformer TR and a spark gap FS and an ignition capacitor C1. The transformer TR has a primary winding N2 and a secondary winding N1. The aforementioned components TR, FS, C1 are in a known manner to one Pulse ignitor, which is used to ignite a gas discharge in the High-pressure discharge lamp 1 generates the required ignition voltage. The Transformer TR is in the interior of the first, which is designed as a base part Housing part 10a arranged and in an electrically insulating potting compound 23 embedded. The other components of the ignition device, that is, the spark gap FS and the ignition capacitor C1 are on one Carrier board 21 mounted, in the second housing part forming the lower base part 10b is arranged. On the same carrier board 21 is the Voltage converter W of the control gear installed. With the voltage converter W is an inverter W, preferably a full bridge inverter, the vehicle electrical system voltage converts into a square wave voltage at its voltage input j1, j2, whose amplitude takes values between approximately 0 V and -80 V. Figure 2 shows a simplified, schematic circuit diagram of the operating device. The lamp LP is connected to the bridge branch of the inverter W. The electrode 13 close to the base of the high-pressure discharge lamp 1 is via the Power supply 15 with the secondary winding N1 of the transformer TR connected and is during the ignition process with high voltage pulses acted upon. The inverter arranged on the carrier board 21 W is with the second electrical contacts 16, 18 of the base part 10b electrically connected. The current feedback 16 of the high pressure discharge lamp 1 provides an electrical connection between the base Electrode 14 and the first electrical contact 19 of the base part 10a ago. The lamp vessels 11, 12 are by means of the fastening device 24 fixed in a known manner on the upper base part 10a. The fastening device 24 is for example in the German patent application DE 196 02 625.3.

Die Erfindung beschränkt sich nicht auf das oben näher erläuterte Ausführungsbeispiel. Beispielsweise können die Gehäuseteile 10a, 10b statt aus Kunststoff auch aus einem Metall oder einem metallisierten Kunststoff bestehen, um die elektromagnetische Verträglichkeit des Beleuchtungssystems zu verbessern. Ferner kann der Sockel 10 bzw. eines der Gehäuseteile 10a, 10b oder beide Gehäuseteile mit einer Kühlvorrichtung, beispielsweise mit Kühlrippen, für das Betriebsgerät versehen sein. Es ist weiterhin auch möglich, den Sockel 10 bzw. die Gehäuseteile 10a, 10b mit einer Abschirmung gegen elektromagnetische Strahlung auszustatten, um die elektromagnetische Verträglichkeit zu verbessern. Anstelle eines Vollbrückenwechselrichters kann auch ein Halbbrückenwechselrichter oder ein anderer Spannungswandler, beispielsweise ein Eintaktwandler verwendet werden. Außerdem ist es möglich, neben dem Hochspannungsteil TR auch die komplette Zündvorrichtung TR, FS, C1 in dem ersten Gehäuseteil 10a unterzubringen. In diesem Fall müßte bei defekter Lampe 1 auch das komplette Zündgerät ausgewechselt werden.The invention is not limited to the exemplary embodiment explained in more detail above. For example, the housing parts 10a, 10b instead of Plastic also consist of a metal or a metallized plastic, about the electromagnetic compatibility of the lighting system to improve. Furthermore, the base 10 or one of the housing parts 10a, 10b or both housing parts with a cooling device, for example with Cooling fins for the control gear. It is still possible the base 10 or the housing parts 10a, 10b with a shield against electromagnetic radiation to equip the electromagnetic Improve tolerance. Instead of a full bridge inverter can also be a half-bridge inverter or another voltage converter, for example, a single-ended converter can be used. Moreover it is possible, in addition to the high-voltage part TR, also the complete ignition device TR, FS, C1 to accommodate in the first housing part 10a. In this In the case of defective lamp 1, the entire igniter would also have to be replaced become.

Claims (19)

Beleuchtungssystem mit einer Hochdruckentladungslampe und einem Betriebsgerät (W, FS, C1, W) für die Hochdruckentladungslampe (1), wobei die Hochdruckentladungslampe (1) mindestens ein Lampengefäß (11) und Elektroden (13,14) sowie ein Leuchtmittel zur Erzeugung einer Gasentladung besitzt, die Hochdruckentladungslampe (1) einen Sockel (10) aufweist der mit elektrischen Anschlüssen (20) für die Hochdruckentladungslampe (1) versehen ist und der Befestigungsmittel (24) für das mindestens eine Lampengefäß (11) besitzt das Betriebsgerät (W, FS, TR, C1) eine Zündvorrichtung (TR, FS, C1) zur Zündung der Gasentladung in der Hochdruckentladungslampe (1) aufweist die Zündvorrichtung (TR, FS, C1) im Sockel (10) untergebracht ist und ein Hochspannungsteil (TR) zur Erzeugung einer Hochspannung besitzt,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Sockel (10) mindestens zwei Gehäuseteile (10a, 10b) besitzt, die durch einen lösbaren Verschluß (22) miteinander verbunden sind, das erste Gehäuseteil (10a) die Befestigungsmittel (24) für das mindestens eine Lampengefäß (11) aufweist, das Hochspannungsteil (TR) in dem ersten Gehäuseteil (10a) untergebracht ist, das zweite Gehäuseteil (10b) mit den elektrischen Anschlüssen (20) der Hochdruckentladungslampe (1) versehen ist. Lighting system with a high-pressure discharge lamp and an operating device (W, FS, C1, W) for the high-pressure discharge lamp (1), wherein the high-pressure discharge lamp (1) has at least one lamp vessel (11) and electrodes (13, 14) and an illuminant for generating a gas discharge, the high pressure discharge lamp (1) has a base (10) which is provided with electrical connections (20) for the high pressure discharge lamp (1) and which has fastening means (24) for the at least one lamp vessel (11) the operating device (W, FS, TR, C1) has an ignition device (TR, FS, C1) for igniting the gas discharge in the high-pressure discharge lamp (1) the ignition device (TR, FS, C1) is accommodated in the base (10) and has a high-voltage part (TR) for generating a high voltage,
characterized in that the base (10) has at least two housing parts (10a, 10b) which are connected to one another by a releasable closure (22) the first housing part (10a) has the fastening means (24) for the at least one lamp vessel (11), the high-voltage part (TR) is accommodated in the first housing part (10a), the second housing part (10b) is provided with the electrical connections (20) of the high-pressure discharge lamp (1). Beleuchtungssystem nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Hochspannungsteil (TR) als Transformator ausgebildet ist. Lighting system according to claim 1, characterized in that the high voltage part (TR) is designed as a transformer. Beleuchtungssystem nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Zündvorrichtung weitere Komponenten (FS, C1) aufweist, die in dem zweiten Gehäuseteil (10b) angeordnet sind.Lighting system according to claim 1, characterized in that the ignition device has further components (FS, C1), which in the second housing part (10b) are arranged. Beleuchtungssystem nach Anspruch 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die weiteren Komponenten eine Funkenstrecke (FS) und einen Zündkondensator (C1) umfassen.Lighting system according to claim 3, characterized in that the other components a spark gap (FS) and an ignition capacitor (C1). Beleuchtungssystem nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Betriebsgerät einen Spannungswandler (W) aufweist, der in dem zweiten Gehäuseteil (10b) untergebracht ist.Lighting system according to claim 1, characterized in that the operating device has a voltage converter (W), which in the second housing part (10b) is housed. Beleuchtungssystem nach Anspruch 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Spannungswandler (W) als Integrierter Schaltkreis ausgebildet ist.Lighting system according to claim 5, characterized in that the voltage converter (W) is designed as an integrated circuit. Beleuchtungssystem nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der lösbare Verschluß (22) ein Verschluß aus der Gruppe Schnappverschluß, Schraubverschluß oder Steckverbindung ist.Lighting system according to claim 1, characterized in that the releasable closure (22) is a closure from the group snap closure, Screw lock or plug connection is. Beleuchtungssystem nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Hochspannungsteil (TR) in einer Vergußmasse (23) eingebettet ist.Lighting system according to claim 1, characterized in that the high-voltage part (TR) is embedded in a casting compound (23). Beleuchtungssystem nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das erste Gehäuseteil (10a) erste elektrische Kontakte (17, 19) und das zweite Gehäuseteil (10b) zweite elektrische Kontakte (16, 18) besitzt, wobei bei geschlossenem lösbaren Verschluß (22) eine elektisch leitende Verbindung zwischen den ersten (17, 19) und zweiten Kontakten (16, 18) besteht.Lighting system according to claim 1, characterized in that the first housing part (10a) first electrical contacts (17, 19) and that second housing part (10b) has second electrical contacts (16, 18), an electrically conductive one when the releasable closure (22) is closed Connection between the first (17, 19) and second contacts (16, 18). Beleuchtungssystem nach Anspruch 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die ersten (17, 19) und zweiten elektrischen Kontakte (16, 18) eine Steckverbindung bilden. Lighting system according to claim 9, characterized in that the first (17, 19) and second electrical contacts (16, 18) one Form plug connection. Beleuchtungssystem nach Anspruch 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die weiteren Komponenten (FS, C1) der Zündvorrichtungen auf einer Trägerplatine (21) angeordnet sind.Lighting system according to claim 3, characterized in that the other components (FS, C1) of the ignition devices on one Carrier board (21) are arranged. Beleuchtungssystem nach den Ansprüchen 5 und 11, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Spannungswandler (W) auf der Trägerplatine (21) angeordnet ist.Lighting system according to claims 5 and 11, characterized in that the voltage converter (W) on the carrier board (21) is arranged. Beleuchtungssystem nach Anspruch 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Spannungswandler (W) ein Wechselrichter ist.Lighting system according to claim 5, characterized in that the voltage converter (W) is an inverter. Beleuchtungssystem nach Anspruch 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Hochspannungsteil (TR) mindestens einen Hochspannungsanschluß besitzt, wobei der mindestens eine Hochspannungsanschluß mit einer Elektrode (13) der Hochdruckentladungslampe (1) elektrisch leitend verbunden ist und in der Vergußmasse eingebettet ist.Lighting system according to claim 8, characterized in that the high-voltage part (TR) has at least one high-voltage connection has, the at least one high-voltage connection with an electrode (13) of the high-pressure discharge lamp (1) electrically is conductively connected and embedded in the sealing compound. Beleuchtungssystem nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Hochdruckentladungslampe (1) eine einseitig gesockelte Hochdruckentladungslampe mit einer sockelnahen (13) und einer sockelfernen Elektrode (14) ist.Lighting system according to claim 1, characterized in that the high-pressure discharge lamp (1) is a high-pressure discharge lamp with a base on one side with one near the base (13) and one near the base Electrode (14). Beleuchtungssystem nach den Ansprüchen 14 und 15, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der mindestens eine Hochspannungsanschluß mit der sockelnahen Elektrode (13) elektrisch leitend verbunden ist.Lighting system according to claims 14 and 15, characterized in that the at least one high-voltage connection with the base-near electrode (13) is electrically conductively connected. Beleuchtungssystem nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß zumindest ein Gehäuseteil eine Kühlvorrichtung aufweist.Lighting system according to claim 1, characterized in that at least one housing part has a cooling device. Beleuchtungssystem nach den Ansprüchen 9 und 16, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die sockelferne Elektrode (14) und die Anschlüsse der Primärwicklung (N2) des Transformators (TR) mit den ersten elektrischen Kontakten (17, 19) elektrisch leitend verbunden sind. Lighting system according to claims 9 and 16, characterized in that the base remote electrode (14) and the connections the primary winding (N2) of the transformer (TR) with the first electrical contacts (17, 19) are electrically conductively connected. Beleuchtungssystem nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das erste (10a) und/oder das zweite Gehäuseteil (10b) eine Abschirmung gegen elektromagnetische Strahlung aufweisen.Lighting system according to claim 1, characterized in that the first (10a) and / or the second housing part (10b) a shield against electromagnetic radiation.
EP99111436A 1998-07-13 1999-06-11 Lighting system with a high pressure discharge lamp Expired - Lifetime EP0975007B1 (en)

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DE19831042A DE19831042A1 (en) 1998-07-13 1998-07-13 Lighting system with a high-pressure discharge lamp

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WO2000059269A1 (en) * 1999-03-26 2000-10-05 Vogt Electronic Ag Base of an electric discharge lamp with an ignition device
US6731076B1 (en) 1999-03-26 2004-05-04 Vogt Electronic Ag Base of an electric discharge lamp with an ignition device
EP1052447A3 (en) * 1999-05-14 2002-04-24 Stanley Electric Co., Ltd. Vehicle discharge lighting unit
EP1065438B2 (en) † 1999-07-02 2011-01-12 Valeo Vision Vehicle headlight equipped with a gas discharge lamp and improved means for electromagnetic shielding
WO2002027746A1 (en) * 2000-09-26 2002-04-04 Patent-Treuhand-Gesellschaft für elektrische Glühlampen mbH Lamp base comprising an electronic component and a method for producing a lamp base
WO2003073465A1 (en) * 2002-02-28 2003-09-04 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Light engine and vehicle with light engine
WO2007087818A1 (en) 2006-01-20 2007-08-09 Vogt Electronic Components Gmbh Ignition transformer and ignition module for a discharge luminaire
WO2008055868A1 (en) * 2006-11-08 2008-05-15 Osram Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung Substructure for an electric lamp
WO2008082805A3 (en) * 2006-12-27 2008-12-04 Gen Electric Lamp transformer assembly
WO2008082805A2 (en) * 2006-12-27 2008-07-10 General Electric Company Lamp transformer assembly
DE102008031254A1 (en) 2008-07-02 2010-01-07 Osram Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung High pressure discharge lamp for use in D1- or D3-high intensity discharge motor vehicle headlight, has lamp holder with ignition module and adapter formed as interface between burner component and ignition module
WO2010060825A2 (en) * 2008-11-28 2010-06-03 Osram Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung Integrated gas discharge lamp
WO2010060825A3 (en) * 2008-11-28 2010-09-23 Osram Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung Integrated gas discharge lamp
WO2010112289A1 (en) * 2009-03-30 2010-10-07 Osram Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung High-pressure discharge lamp
CN102379022B (en) * 2009-03-30 2014-08-27 奥斯兰姆有限公司 High-pressure discharge lamp
CN102379022A (en) * 2009-03-30 2012-03-14 奥斯兰姆有限公司 High-pressure discharge lamp
US8491177B2 (en) 2009-03-30 2013-07-23 Osram Gesellschaft Mit Beschrankter Haftung High-pressure discharge lamp
DE102009054376B4 (en) * 2009-11-11 2011-09-01 Osram Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung High pressure discharge lamp
DE102009054376A1 (en) 2009-11-11 2011-05-26 Osram Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung High pressure discharge lamp
WO2012034937A1 (en) * 2010-09-17 2012-03-22 Automotive Lighting Reutlingen Gmbh Motor vehicle headlight comprising a gas discharge lamp
DE102012201701A1 (en) 2012-02-06 2013-08-08 Osram Gmbh High pressure discharge lamp
WO2013135518A1 (en) 2012-03-15 2013-09-19 Osram Gmbh Ignition device with semiconductor switch for a high-pressure discharge lamp and operating device with such an ignition device
DE102012204324A1 (en) 2012-03-15 2013-09-19 Osram Gmbh Ignition device for a high-pressure discharge lamp and operating device with such an ignition device
DE102014214852A1 (en) 2014-07-29 2016-02-04 Osram Gmbh Operating device for a lamp and lamp with operating device
WO2018072854A1 (en) * 2016-10-21 2018-04-26 DURA Automotive Holdings U.K., Ltd Light module for illuminating an outer component of a vehicle, and process for manufacturing such light module
US10890727B2 (en) 2016-10-21 2021-01-12 Dura Operating, Llc Light module for illuminating an outer component of a vehicle, and process for manufacturing such light module
US11397299B2 (en) 2016-10-21 2022-07-26 Dus Operating Inc. Light module for illuminating an outer component of a vehicle, and process for manufacturing such light module

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DE59908285D1 (en) 2004-02-19
DE19831042A1 (en) 2000-02-17
CA2276583C (en) 2006-11-28
CA2276583A1 (en) 2000-01-13
EP0975007B1 (en) 2004-01-14
HU9902357D0 (en) 1999-09-28
HUP9902357A3 (en) 2001-05-28
KR100623140B1 (en) 2006-09-12
ES2214771T3 (en) 2004-09-16
JP2000040596A (en) 2000-02-08
HU221945B1 (en) 2003-02-28
HUP9902357A2 (en) 2000-02-28
US6462476B1 (en) 2002-10-08

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