EP0956581B1 - Tube photomultiplicateur de longueur reduite - Google Patents

Tube photomultiplicateur de longueur reduite Download PDF

Info

Publication number
EP0956581B1
EP0956581B1 EP98900630A EP98900630A EP0956581B1 EP 0956581 B1 EP0956581 B1 EP 0956581B1 EP 98900630 A EP98900630 A EP 98900630A EP 98900630 A EP98900630 A EP 98900630A EP 0956581 B1 EP0956581 B1 EP 0956581B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
dynode
dynodes
tube
potential
rajkman
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP98900630A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0956581A1 (fr
Inventor
Pierre L'hermite
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Photonis SAS
Original Assignee
Photonis SAS
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Photonis SAS filed Critical Photonis SAS
Publication of EP0956581A1 publication Critical patent/EP0956581A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0956581B1 publication Critical patent/EP0956581B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J43/00—Secondary-emission tubes; Electron-multiplier tubes
    • H01J43/04—Electron multipliers
    • H01J43/06—Electrode arrangements

Definitions

  • the plane of the dynodes is parallel to the axis of the tube.
  • the dimension of the tube along this axis is therefore important. This can be prohibitive in many applications, for example when the tube is used within a gamma-camera for the detection of radiation, we wish have tubes of reduced length in order to reduce the size of the device in which they are integrated into.
  • the object of the invention is to remedy this drawback by proposing a photomultiplier tube in which the plane of the dynodes is not parallel to the axis of the tube.
  • a photomultiplier tube as described in the paragraph introductory is characterized according to the present invention in that the focusing optics further comprises a second dynode intended to be brought to a potential whose value is intermediate between those of the second and third potentials, the second dynode having a concave re-emitting surface on the side of the re-emitting surface of the first dynode, and in that the plane of the dynodes presents with respect to the axis of the tube, defined as being an axis which is perpendicular to the photocathode in its middle, an angle greater than 45 °, the concavity of the first Rajkman dynode being directed towards the re-emitting surface of the second dynode.
  • the size, considered in the sense of length, due to the succession of Rajkman dynodes is all the more reduced as the angle between the plane of the dynodes and the axis of the tube is large.
  • the second dynode allows to re-direct the flow of electrons from the first dynode to the first dynode of Rajkman.
  • the second dynode can advantageously be provided with a conductive grid placed across the path followed by the electron stream between the first and second dynode, which grid is then brought to a potential close to that of the second dynode.
  • the plane of cynodes has an angle close to 90 ° relative to the axis of the tube.
  • Such a configuration allows a maximum reduction of the influence of the succession of Rajkman dynodes over the total length of the tube.
  • a tube photomultiplier as described above is characterized in that it comprises a grid, disposed between the second dynode and the first dynode of Rajkman, and intended to be brought to an electrical potential close to that to which the second dynode of Rajkman.
  • the presence of the grid increases the collection efficiency at level of the first Rajkman dynode, i.e. the ratio between the number of electrons received by said dynode and the number of electrons emitted by the second dynode.
  • ia grid locally generates an electric field substantially parallel to the path between the second dynode and Rajkman's first dynode, which accelerates the electrons to its neighborhood and directs them to the first dynode of Rajkman.
  • EP-A-0 671 757 describes a photomultiplier comprising a set of box dynodes and grids, a set of dynodes in line and, between cases together, a dynode of connection.
  • FIG. 1 schematically represents a sectional view of a photomultiplier tube according to the invention.
  • the cutting plane is parallel to a TAX axis, called the tube axis, and perpendicular to a plane called the plane of the dynodes, whose intersection with the section plane is represented here by a DP axis.
  • the photomultiplier tube has an envelope outside in TU glass, which can for example have a symmetry of revolution by relative to the axis of the TU tube and one face of which, perpendicular to the axis of the TAX tube, carries a PK photocathode intended to be placed at a first electrical potential and having a semi-transparent photo-sensitive layer.
  • This photomultiplier tube also has a focusing optics comprising a first dynode D1 intended to be brought to a second electrical potential whose value is greater than that of the first, having a so-called re-emitting surface made of a material promoting emission phenomena secondary, which surface is concave on the side of the PK photocathode.
  • optics focusing device further comprises a second dynode D2 intended to be brought to a potential whose value is greater than that of the second potential, and having a re-emitting surface concave on the side of the re-emitting surface of the first dynode D1.
  • the tube photomultiplier further comprises a plurality of Rajkman dynodes D3, ...
  • D8 intended to receive and amplify the flow of electrons coming from the focusing optics, and arranged on either side of the plane of the dynodes, dynodes of which the first, D3, is the most close to the second D2 dynode and is intended to be brought to a third potential electric whose value is greater than that of the potential of the second dynode D2.
  • the concavity of the first dynode of Rajkman D3 is directed towards the re-emitting surface of the second D2 dynode.
  • Each of the following dynodes D4, ... D8 is intended to be brought to an electrical potential whose value is greater than that of the potential of the dynode which above.
  • the axis DP has an angle ⁇ close to 90 ° relative to the axis of the TAX tube.
  • the photomultiplier tube finally comprises a grid Gd, for example made up of bars conductors, and disposed between the second D2 dynode and the first Rajkman dynode D3, and intended to be brought to an electrical potential close to that to which the second dynode of Rajkman D4.
  • the photo-sensitive layer When the PK photocathode is subjected to an illumination, and the photons received have sufficient energy, the photo-sensitive layer emits towards inside the tube a flow of electrons, the density of which thus depends on the intensity of illuminance. These electrons are collected by the first dynode D1, due to the potential difference between the first D1 dynode and the PK photocathode which creates an electric field directed from the first dynode D1 to the photo-cathode PK.
  • the first D1 dynode re-emits, thanks to the well-known secondary emission phenomena of the specialist, a greater number of electrons than the number of electrons collected, and Thus performs a first amplification of the density of the electron flow. Electrons re-emitted by the first dynode D1 are collected by the second dynode D2, due to the potential difference existing between the second dynode D2 and the first dynode D1 which creates an electric field directed from the second dynode D2 to the first dynode D1.
  • the electrons re-emitted by the second dynode D2 are accelerated by the electric field reigning locally around the grid Gd, which makes it possible to direct them towards the first Rajkman D3 dynode, which thus presents a great collection efficiency.
  • the flow of electrons is subjected to successive amplifications carried out by the dynodes of Rajkman according to a process known to those skilled in the art that it is useless to develop here, before reaching an AN anode which constitutes the exit of the tube and restores information electronic representative of the illumination received by the PK photocathode.
  • the structure of the focusing optics D1, D2, therefore makes it possible to re-direct the flow of electrons to the first Rajkman dynode when the dynode plane presents with respect to the axis of the TAX tube a significant angle.
  • the usefulness of this provision is clearly visible in this example, where the angle ⁇ is close to 90 °, which makes it possible to reduce maximum congestion due to the succession of dynodes of Rajkman D3, ... D8, and therefore the total length of the tube.

Landscapes

  • Photometry And Measurement Of Optical Pulse Characteristics (AREA)
  • Electron Tubes For Measurement (AREA)
  • Image-Pickup Tubes, Image-Amplification Tubes, And Storage Tubes (AREA)
EP98900630A 1997-01-28 1998-01-26 Tube photomultiplicateur de longueur reduite Expired - Lifetime EP0956581B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9700898 1997-01-28
FR9700898 1997-01-28
PCT/IB1998/000097 WO1998033202A1 (fr) 1997-01-28 1998-01-26 Tube photomultiplicateur de longueur reduite

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0956581A1 EP0956581A1 (fr) 1999-11-17
EP0956581B1 true EP0956581B1 (fr) 2003-12-03

Family

ID=9503047

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP98900630A Expired - Lifetime EP0956581B1 (fr) 1997-01-28 1998-01-26 Tube photomultiplicateur de longueur reduite

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (1) US6232715B1 (ja)
EP (1) EP0956581B1 (ja)
JP (1) JP2001508917A (ja)
DE (1) DE69820228T2 (ja)
DK (1) DK0956581T3 (ja)
WO (1) WO1998033202A1 (ja)

Families Citing this family (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5914561A (en) * 1997-08-21 1999-06-22 Burle Technologies, Inc. Shortened profile photomultiplier tube with focusing electrode
JP4640881B2 (ja) 2000-07-27 2011-03-02 浜松ホトニクス株式会社 光電子増倍管
US7492097B2 (en) 2005-01-25 2009-02-17 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. Electron multiplier unit including first and second support members and photomultiplier including the same
EP1907924B1 (en) 2005-06-30 2011-01-05 Datacard Corporation Method and machine for opening a book at a particular page
CN110828276B (zh) * 2019-11-19 2022-02-11 金陵科技学院 一种拥有混合电子倍增系统的大面积光电倍增管

Family Cites Families (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4575657A (en) * 1984-05-18 1986-03-11 Rca Corporation Photomultiplier tube having an improved centering and cathode contacting structure
JPH04315758A (ja) * 1991-01-14 1992-11-06 Hamamatsu Photonics Kk 光電子増倍管
DE69404079T2 (de) * 1993-04-28 1997-11-06 Hamamatsu Photonics Kk Photovervielfacher
JPH07245078A (ja) * 1994-03-07 1995-09-19 Hamamatsu Photonics Kk 光電子増倍管
US5914561A (en) * 1997-08-21 1999-06-22 Burle Technologies, Inc. Shortened profile photomultiplier tube with focusing electrode

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JP2001508917A (ja) 2001-07-03
US6232715B1 (en) 2001-05-15
EP0956581A1 (fr) 1999-11-17
WO1998033202A1 (fr) 1998-07-30
DE69820228T2 (de) 2004-11-25
DK0956581T3 (da) 2004-04-05
DE69820228D1 (de) 2004-01-15

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US6285018B1 (en) Electron bombarded active pixel sensor
EP0230818B1 (fr) Photocathode à amplification interne
US5591986A (en) Photoemitter electron tube and photodetector
US5602397A (en) Optical imaging system utilizing a charge amplification device
EP0956581B1 (fr) Tube photomultiplicateur de longueur reduite
EP0230694A1 (fr) Elément multiplicateur à haute efficacité de collection, dispositif multiplicateur comportant cet élément multiplicateur et application à un tube photomultiplicateur
JP3524249B2 (ja) 電子管
FR2604824A1 (fr) Tube photomultiplicateur segmente
US4868380A (en) Optical waveguide photocathode
EP0368729A1 (fr) Fenêtre étanche pour tube électronique hyperfréquence, et tube à ondes progressives comportant cette fenêtre
EP0044239B1 (fr) Tube intensificateur d'images à micro-canaux et ensemble de prise de vues comprenant un tel tube
EP0389051B1 (fr) Tube photomultiplicateur rapide à grande homogénéité de collection
EP0039103B1 (fr) Caméra à scintillations avec localisateur munie d'un intensificateur de scintillations
EP0228323A1 (fr) Photocathode à rendement élevé
FR2546663A1 (fr) Tube photomultiplicateur a une dynode insensible aux champs magnetiques eleves
EP0423886A1 (fr) Tube photomultiplicateur multivoies à fort pouvoir de résolution entre signaux
EP0379243A1 (fr) Tube photomultiplicateur comportant une grande première dynode et un multiplicateur à dynodes empilables
FR2899015A1 (fr) Multiplicateur electronique a canal continu en tandem
FR2504728A1 (fr) Dispositif multiplicateur d'electrons et application aux photomultiplicateurs
EP0018253A2 (fr) Dispositif de détection de particules
JP2000011945A (ja) テーパ型マイクロチャンネルプレート
EP0678218B1 (fr) Méthode pour visualiser le profil d'intensité d'une impulsion laser
FR2658361A1 (fr) Dispositif de detection et d'amplification de faibles courants ioniques positifs et negatifs.
JPH11102658A (ja) 光検出管
FR2481004A1 (fr) Anode a grille pour photomultiplicateurs et photomultiplicateur comportant cette anode

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
PUAI Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012

17P Request for examination filed

Effective date: 19990709

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: A1

Designated state(s): DE DK FR GB NL

17Q First examination report despatched

Effective date: 20020725

GRAH Despatch of communication of intention to grant a patent

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOS IGRA

GRAS Grant fee paid

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNIGR3

GRAA (expected) grant

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009210

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: B1

Designated state(s): DE DK FR GB NL

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: GB

Ref legal event code: FG4D

Free format text: NOT ENGLISH

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: DK

Payment date: 20040115

Year of fee payment: 7

REF Corresponds to:

Ref document number: 69820228

Country of ref document: DE

Date of ref document: 20040115

Kind code of ref document: P

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: NL

Payment date: 20040121

Year of fee payment: 7

Ref country code: GB

Payment date: 20040121

Year of fee payment: 7

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: FR

Payment date: 20040123

Year of fee payment: 7

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: DE

Payment date: 20040126

Year of fee payment: 7

GBT Gb: translation of ep patent filed (gb section 77(6)(a)/1977)

Effective date: 20040218

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: DK

Ref legal event code: T3

PLBE No opposition filed within time limit

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009261

STAA Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent

Free format text: STATUS: NO OPPOSITION FILED WITHIN TIME LIMIT

26N No opposition filed

Effective date: 20040906

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: GB

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20050126

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: DK

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20050131

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: NL

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20050801

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: DE

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20050802

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: DK

Ref legal event code: EBP

GBPC Gb: european patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee

Effective date: 20050126

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: FR

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20050930

NLV4 Nl: lapsed or anulled due to non-payment of the annual fee

Effective date: 20050801

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: FR

Ref legal event code: ST