EP0956572A4 - Hochleitfähige vernetzte elektrolytmaterialien, und diesen verwendenden kondensatoren und herstellungsverfahren - Google Patents

Hochleitfähige vernetzte elektrolytmaterialien, und diesen verwendenden kondensatoren und herstellungsverfahren

Info

Publication number
EP0956572A4
EP0956572A4 EP96925604A EP96925604A EP0956572A4 EP 0956572 A4 EP0956572 A4 EP 0956572A4 EP 96925604 A EP96925604 A EP 96925604A EP 96925604 A EP96925604 A EP 96925604A EP 0956572 A4 EP0956572 A4 EP 0956572A4
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
electrolyte
salts
group
ammonium
weight
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP96925604A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0956572A1 (de
Inventor
Douglas Robert Macfarlane
Alice Voelkel
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Telectronics Pacing Systems Inc
Original Assignee
Telectronics Pacing Systems Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Telectronics Pacing Systems Inc filed Critical Telectronics Pacing Systems Inc
Publication of EP0956572A1 publication Critical patent/EP0956572A1/de
Publication of EP0956572A4 publication Critical patent/EP0956572A4/de
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
    • H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
    • H01G9/004—Details
    • H01G9/022—Electrolytes; Absorbents
    • H01G9/025—Solid electrolytes

Definitions

  • Cardiac defibrillators and pacemakers are commonly designed to be implanted within a human patient.
  • Such cardiac defibrillators include an electrical energy storage component as part of a power supply designed to provide repeated burst discharges of several joules of electrical energy.
  • Cardiac pacemakers include similar storage components designed to supply lower energy bursts but much more frequently. Both devices therefore require energy storage components of large capacity in order to reduce the number of occasions on which the device must be explanted to renew its energy storage component. It is therefore advantageous that the energy storage component be both compact and capable of large energy storage.
  • the energy storage component can be configured to the shape of the overall device, which is typically a flat, disc-shaped configuration to facilitate implantation subcutaneously in the patient.
  • a capacitor of this type conventionally includes an etched aluminum foil anode, an aluminum foil or film cathode, and an interposed Kraft paper or fabric gauze separator impregnated with a solvent-based liquid electrolyte.
  • the electrolytic or ion-producing component of the electrolyte is a salt that is dissolved in the solvent.
  • the electrolyte thus provides ionic electrical conductivity from the cathode to an oxide layer that is typically formed on the aluminum anode and that functions as a dielectric layer between the anode and the cathode.
  • the entire laminate is rolled up into the form of a substantially cylindrical body that is held together with adhesive tape and is encased, with the aid of suitable insulation, in an aluminum tube or canister. Connections to the anode and the cathode are made via tabs.
  • Alternative flat constructions for aluminum electrolytic capacitors are also known, comprising a planar, layered structure of electrode materials with separators interposed therebetween.
  • the cathode is thereafter formed by deposition upon the surface of the cured electrolyte layer.
  • Similar solid electrolytes are disclosed in Japanese Patent Application No. JP 4-184811, although it is suggested therein that the electrolytes be integrated with a mechanical separator, such as Kraft paper or a porous film o a fabric, so as to increase the mechanical and physical strength of the solid electrolyte.
  • these electrolytes differ from conventional aluminum electrolytic capacitor electrolytes in that they are solids; they can exhibit a range of elastomeric material properties ranging from low elastic modulus and high elongation at break, to high elastic modulus and relatively low elongation at break, depending upon the extent to which the polymer is crosslinked.
  • limited solubility of the salt in the liquid prepolymer electrolyte mixture is a common problem.
  • salts exhibit their maximum conductivity at a concentration in excess of 1 mole of salt per kg of solvents (the solvents are typically a mixture of a polymerizable monomer and a plasticizer) ; however, in some cases the salt of interest is not soluble even to this extent in the desired solvent co b.i- nation over the desired temperature range.
  • the best achievable prior art solid polymer electrolytes therefore have a conductivity which is less than optimum in some cases.
  • the ESR of capacitors incorporating such electrolytes is undesirably increased as a result. Moreover, this problem becomes even more acute at elevated temperatures (i.e., temperatures in the region 60-110"C) .
  • the objectives of the present invention are attained by utilizing, between the anode and cathode of an electrolytic capacitor, an elastomeric electrolyte comprised of a solution of at least two salts in a crosslinked elastomeric solvent.
  • the salts are present in substantially equal molar concentrations.
  • the electrolyte is formed by polymerizing a liquid prepolymer electrolyte mixture containing the salts, a plasticizer, at least one polymerizable monomer and a polymerization initiator.
  • this mixture may also include water, and it is also optional to include a separate crosslinking agent in the liquid prepolymer electrolyte mixture.
  • a spacer comprised of a Kraft paper separator or other conventional mechanical separator that is impregnated with the electrolyte may also optionally be used. It is a feature of the present invention that the elastomeric electrolytes described herein contain salt mixtures which have a much higher combined solubility than any single salt in the mixture. The resultant electrolytes thus provide a higher conductivity, and the ESR of the capacitor is thereby improved.
  • FIG. 1 is a graph showing the enhanced conductivity of an elastomeric electrolyte according to the invention as compared with a prior art electrolyte of similar composition.
  • a low volume, high capacity aluminum electrolytic capacitor may be advantageously constructed in accordance with the invention by interposing, between the electrically conductive anode and cathode thereof, a crosslinked elastomeric electrolyte in which two or more salts are dissolved.
  • the electrolytes which are the subject of this invention are based on a polymeric component which is plasticized by a low molecular weight liquid such as ethylene glycol .
  • these electrolytes contain:
  • a polymeric component comprising at least one long chain polymer which is miscible with the other liquid compo- nents of the electrolyte, which is crosslinked either by intrinsic chain interactions and crosslinking or by the addition of a crosslinker, and which is compatible with and preferably a solvent for the salt components of the electrolyte;
  • a liquid plasticizer of low molecular weight which is miscible with the polymeric component (in both its monomer and polymerized forms) and which is a good solvent for the salt components of the electrolyte;
  • the mixture of salts should have a variety of cations and anions between or among them. It is well known that each crystalline material reaches an equilibrium with its dissolved ions in solution. By using two or more salts, each having different anions and cations, the total ion concentra- tion can therefore be increased without exceeding the solubility limit of either salt. A similar effect can be observed if the salts have an ion in common, but the magnitude of the possible increase in overall ion concentration is not as great in these cases. Thus, the mixture of salts will preferably contain between them as large a number of ion types as possible.
  • their molar concentrations will preferably be chosen so as to be substantially equal. However, in the cases in which three or more salts are used, their molar concentrations will preferably be chosen so as to maximize substantially their combined solubility.
  • the salts are preferably selected from the group consisting of the alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, transition metal, ammonium, substituted ammonium, lead, tin, zinc and cadmium salts of mono-, di-, tri- or tetrabasic acids.
  • pentanedioic (glutaric) acid, hexanedioic (adipic) acid and nonanedioic (azelaic) acid are particularly suited for use in this invention, and most preferably, a mixture of two salts, particularly ammonium glutarate and ammonium adipate, in approximately equal molar concentrations, is utilized.
  • the liquid plasticizer of low molecular weight is ethylene glycol, although other plasticizers such as polyethylene glycol 400, propylene carbonate, dimethyl formamide, dimethylsulfoxide, diethylene glycol and any of the -7-
  • the content of the plasticizer in the electrolyte can be as high as 80% by weight, but such materials have lower strength than materials having a plasti- cizer content in the region of 30-70%.
  • the electrolyte may generally contain up to 50% by weight of water, this maximum applies primarily to low-voltage capacitors (i.e., those with a working voltage that is less than 250V) ; for high-voltage capacitors, it .is desirable to limit the amount of water in the electrolyte to no more than about 15% by weight.
  • the water component of the electrolyte optionally can be omitted completely, a minimum water content of about 4% by weight is preferable, regardless of the desired working voltage of the resulting capacitor. Water can be beneficial in that it can increase the conductivity of the electrolyte and decrease the failure rate during initial ageing.
  • the electrolyte of the invention contains about 6% water, and it may be introduced by admixing the appropriate amount of water with the liquid plasticizer component of the electrolyte prior to utilization of the plasticizer.
  • the polymeric component may be chosen from any of those that have heretofore been utilized in electrolytic capacitors that incorporate solid polymeric electrolytes, particularly including those mentioned in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,942,501, 5,146,391 and 5,153,820, the disclosures of which in relevant part are incorporated herein by reference.
  • the polymeric component is chosen so as to include polar groups capable of imparting high solvation power to the polymer.
  • Typical polymeric components that are preferred include polymers of the general structure:
  • R 3 is H or CH 3 .
  • polyhydroxyethylmethacrylate and polyhy- droxyethylacrylate are most preferred.
  • other long chain polymers including polyvinylpyrrol- idinone, polyvinylsulfonic acid and other vinyl, acrylate and alkacrylate polymers.
  • copolymers of two or more of the foregoing polymers are also of utility in this inven- tion.
  • the electrolytes are crosslinked, either intrinsically or by the optional inclusion in the prepolymer mixture of an agent capable of crosslinking the polymer component (s) .
  • the cross- linking agent may be a difunctional monomer, for example, a divinyl or diacrylate or dialkacrylate compound.
  • the cross- linking agent can be present at concentrations in the range of from 0.015 to 20% by mole, but preferably in the range 1-4% by mole, calculated on the basis of the total of only the polymerizable components of the electrolyte.
  • the electrolyte is preferably made up as a liquid prepolymer electrolyte mixture prior to incorporation into the capacitor element, and the polymer is preferably formed in situ thereafter from that prepolymer mixture.
  • the mixture is preferably made up by first dissolving the salts into the liquid plasticizer component by stirring at elevated temperatures, e.g., 65-90 * C, cooling the mixture to room temperature, and then adding to the mixture the monomer (s) corresponding to the desired polymer(s) as well as a polymerization initiator, and optionally the crosslinking agent. Refrigeration and/or maintenance of an oxygen containing atmosphere allows the mixture to be stored for long periods without unwanted polymerization .
  • the polymerization initiator may be chosen from any of the initiating agents that are well known in the polymerization field, including (a) free radical initiating agents such as potassium persulfate, ammonium persulfate, azoxyisobuty- ronitrile, benzoyl peroxide and other suitable peroxides and persulfates, as well as any of the foregoing agents in combination with a redox co-initiator such as salts of iron or copper or sodium bisulphite; (b) ionic initiators such as butyl lithium, and (c) co-ordination catalysts such as triethyl- aluminum in combination with titanium trichloride.
  • free radical initiating agents such as potassium persulfate, ammonium persulfate, azoxyisobuty- ronitrile, benzoyl peroxide and other suitable peroxides and persulfates, as well as any of the foregoing agents in combination with a redox co-initi
  • the incorporation of the electrolyte into a capacitor element proceeds in the same way as is standard in the art.
  • the capacitor element will include mechanical separator means (e.g., a Kraft paper or other conventional mechanical separator such as gauze fabric, porous polyethylene or porous polypropylene)
  • mechanical separator means e.g., a Kraft paper or other conventional mechanical separator such as gauze fabric, porous polyethylene or porous polypropylene
  • vacuum impregnation may be used.
  • a capacitor in accordance with the present invention may thus be constructed by first assembling at least one capacitor element by disposing mechanical separator means between an anode layer and a cathode layer. The liquid prepolymer electrolyte mixture is then impregnated into the capacitor element by vacuum impregnation as is standard in the capacitor field.
  • the capacitor element is allowed to stand for a period of between 0.1 and 48 hours for complete paper impregnation to take place, following which the capacitor element is either wound and then placed into a canister or, in the case of flat capacitor elements, placed in a press.
  • the element is then subjected to heat, preferably by placing it into an oven at 55 'C for 3 hours and then at 70 "C for 12 hours, during which time the electrolyte cures into an elastomer.
  • Oxygen acts as a powerful inhibitor for some of the polymerization reactions and it is therefore preferable in those cases that air be excluded from the canister or the press during this stage .
  • the capacitor element will not include mechanical separator means, i.e., where it is intended that the elec- trolyte also act as the separator, then the electrolyte may be applied as a film in any manner that has heretofore been utilized in the prior art, such as the procedures mentioned in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,942,501, 5,146,391 and 5,153,820 (the disclosures of which in relevant part are incorporated herein by reference) , which are preferred.
  • the resultant materials are transparent elastomeric solids.
  • the material When a high content of the crosslinking agent is used, the material has a high elastic modulus and a high tensile strength; however, its elongation at break is much reduced as a result.
  • the material when only a small amount of crosslinking agent is used, or when it is omitted completely, the material is of much lower elastic modulus and lower tensile strength, but has an elongation at break as high as 200%.
  • a solution of 7 parts ammonium adipate and 7 parts ammonium glutarate in 65 parts of ethylene glycol is made up by stirring at elevated temperature. After cooling to room temperature the solution is mixed with 35 parts of 2-hydroxy- ethylmethacrylate, 1 part of tetraethyleneglycol diacrylate and 0.2 parts of a saturated solution of ammonium persulfate in water. The solution is then stored at or below room temperature until needed.
  • a spirally wound capacitor element consisting of two layers of anode material, 2 layers of 20 ⁇ thick Kraft paper, a cathode foil and a further two layers of 20 ⁇ thick Kraft paper is impregnated with the electrolyte by removing air from the element under vacuum and then flooding with the electrolyte under vacuum. After the element has been completely impregnated by the electrolyte, the element is removed from the container and pressed into an aluminum canister. The canister is then placed in a container from which air is excluded by flushing with nitrogen and the container placed in an oven at 55 * C for 3 hours and 70 *C for 12 hours during which time the electrolyte cures into an elastomer. The capacitor is then aged by charging to full working voltage at maximum operating temperature.
  • EXAMPLE 2 A solution of 7 parts ammonium adipate and 7 parts ammonium glutarate in 65 parts of ethylene glycol is made up by stirring at elevated temperatures. After cooling to room temperature the solution is mixed with 35 parts of 2-hydroxy- ethylmethacrylate, 1 part of tetraethyleneglycol diacrylate and 0.2 parts of a saturated solution of ammonium persulfate in water. The solution is then stored at or below room temperature until needed.
  • a capacitor element is constructed by interleaving rectangular segments of anode foil 35mm x 45mm between layers of paper and cathode foil. The element has dimensions 45mm x 35mm x 2.5mm, and is impregnated with electrolyte under vacuum.
  • the excess electrolyte is removed and the element placed in a press such that pressure is applied to the large face of the element and the press is placed in a sealed container in an oven at 55 'C for 3 hours and 70 * C for 12 hours, during which time the electrolyte cures into an elastomer.
  • the result is a flat profile capacitor in which the electrolyte acts as a bonding agent to hold the various layers together without any need for compression to be applied via a rigid case.
  • EXAMPLE 3 A solution of 7 parts ammonium adipate and 8 parts potassium azelate in 65 parts of ethylene glycol is made up by stirring at elevated temperature. After cooling to room temperature the solution is mixed with 35 parts of 2-hydroxy- ethylmethacrylate, 1 part of tetraethyleneglycol diacrylate and 0.2 parts of a saturated solution of ammonium persulfate in water. The solution is then stored at or below room temperature until needed .
  • a spirally wound capacitor element consisting of two layers of anode material, 2 layers of 20 ⁇ thick Kraft paper, a cathode foil and a further two layers of 20 ⁇ thick Kraft paper is impregnated with the electrolyte by removing air from the element under vacuum and then flooding with the electrolyte under vacuum. After the element has been completely impregnated by the electrolyte, the element is removed from the container and pressed into an aluminum canister. The canister is then placed in a container from which air is excluded by flushing with nitrogen and the container placed in an oven at 55 * C for 3 hours and 70 * C for 12 hours during which time the electrolyte cures into an elastomer. The capacitor is then aged by charging to full working voltage at maximum operating temperature .
  • a solution of 7 parts ammonium adipate and 8 parts potassium azelate in 65 parts of ethylene glycol is made up by stirring at elevated temperatures. After cooling to room temperature the solution is mixed with 35 parts of 2-hydroxy- ethylmethacrylate, 1 part of tetraethyleneglycol diacrylate and 0.2 parts of a saturated solution of ammonium persulfate in water. The solution is then stored at or below room temperature until needed.
  • a capacitor element is constructed by interleaving rectangular segments of anode foil 35mm x 45mm between layers of paper and cathode foil.
  • the element has dimensions 45mm x
  • the excess electrolyte is removed and the element placed in a press such that pressure is applied to the large face of the element and the press is placed in a sealed container in an oven at 55 'C for 3 hours and
  • EXAMPLES 5-8 In these examples, the procedures and chemical components are the same as in Examples 1-4, respectively, except that an amount of water is added to the plasticizer such that about 6% by weight of the final electrolyte is water. The result in each case is an electrolyte with increased conductivity, yielding a capacitor with improved ESR and decreased failure rate, as compared with the electrolytes and corresponding capacitors of the earlier examples in which no water was added to the plasticizer.
  • EXAMPLES 9-12 In these examples, the procedures and chemical components are the same as in Examples 2, 4, 6, and 8, respectively, except that the tetraethyleneglycol diacrylate content is 0.5 parts and the ammonium persulfate content is 1.0 parts. The result in each case is an electrolyte with improved tensile strength as compared with the electrolytes of the earlier examples in which 1 part of tetraethyleneglycol diacrylate and 0.2 parts of ammonium persulfate were used.
  • the electrolytes of these Examples 9-12 are particularly suited for use in a flat multilayer capacitor construction, wherein they also act as a bonding agent due to their adhesive nature.
  • the enhanced conductivity of a crosslinked elastomeric electrolyte according to the present invention is illustrated in further detail in the graph of FIG. 1, which shows conductivity as a function of water content for two elastomeric electrolytes, each of which contained 55 parts of ethylene glycol and 45 parts of hydroxyethylmethacrylate in the prepolymer mixture.
  • One of the electrolytes was made in accor- dance with the invention and contained two salts, ammonium glutarate and ammonium adipate, in a 1:1 molar ratio.
  • a second electrolyte was made in accordance with the prior art and contained only one salt, ammonium adipate, which is the standard salt used in high voltage solid electro- lyte capacitors.
  • the solubility of the single salt in the electrolyte is 0.483 mole/kg at room temperature, while the solubility of the double salt mixture in the electrolyte is 0.85 mole/kg at room temperature.
  • the results as plotted on the graph of FIG. 1 confirm that the conductivity of the double-salt electrolyte is significantly enhanced as compared with that of the single salt electrolyte.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
EP96925604A 1996-08-05 1996-08-05 Hochleitfähige vernetzte elektrolytmaterialien, und diesen verwendenden kondensatoren und herstellungsverfahren Withdrawn EP0956572A4 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/AU1996/000492 WO1998006116A1 (en) 1996-08-05 1996-08-05 High conductivity crosslinked electrolyte materials, capacitors incorporating the same and methods of making the same

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0956572A1 EP0956572A1 (de) 1999-11-17
EP0956572A4 true EP0956572A4 (de) 2000-01-26

Family

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP96925604A Withdrawn EP0956572A4 (de) 1996-08-05 1996-08-05 Hochleitfähige vernetzte elektrolytmaterialien, und diesen verwendenden kondensatoren und herstellungsverfahren

Country Status (3)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0956572A4 (de)
AU (1) AU6607396A (de)
WO (1) WO1998006116A1 (de)

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7585428B1 (en) 2007-04-05 2009-09-08 Pacesetter, Inc. Electrolyte with enhanced leakage detection for electrolytic capacitors and method for detecting leakage

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1988008612A1 (en) * 1987-04-30 1988-11-03 Specialised Conductives Pty. Limited Solid electrolyte capacitors and methods of making the same
WO1990014676A1 (en) * 1989-05-24 1990-11-29 Specialised Conductives Pty Ltd Aprotic electrolyte capacitors and methods of making the same
AU5731290A (en) * 1989-05-24 1990-12-18 Specialised Conductives Pty Limited Aprotic electrolyte capacitors and methods of making the same
WO1991006585A1 (en) * 1989-11-03 1991-05-16 Specialised Conductives Pty. Limited Crosslinked polymer electrolyte and methods of making the same
JPH04253771A (ja) * 1991-01-29 1992-09-09 Showa Denko Kk 高分子固体電解質とそれを用いた電気二重層コンデンサ
JPH0745482A (ja) * 1993-07-29 1995-02-14 Sanyo Chem Ind Ltd 電解コンデンサ駆動用電解液

Patent Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1988008612A1 (en) * 1987-04-30 1988-11-03 Specialised Conductives Pty. Limited Solid electrolyte capacitors and methods of making the same
AU1724888A (en) * 1987-04-30 1988-12-02 Specialised Conductives Pty Limited Solid polymer electrolyte capacitors and method of making the same
WO1990014676A1 (en) * 1989-05-24 1990-11-29 Specialised Conductives Pty Ltd Aprotic electrolyte capacitors and methods of making the same
AU5731290A (en) * 1989-05-24 1990-12-18 Specialised Conductives Pty Limited Aprotic electrolyte capacitors and methods of making the same
WO1991006585A1 (en) * 1989-11-03 1991-05-16 Specialised Conductives Pty. Limited Crosslinked polymer electrolyte and methods of making the same
AU6634390A (en) * 1989-11-03 1991-05-31 Specialised Conductives Pty Limited Crosslinked polymer electrolyte and methods of making the same
JPH04253771A (ja) * 1991-01-29 1992-09-09 Showa Denko Kk 高分子固体電解質とそれを用いた電気二重層コンデンサ
JPH0745482A (ja) * 1993-07-29 1995-02-14 Sanyo Chem Ind Ltd 電解コンデンサ駆動用電解液

Non-Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 017, no. 037 (C - 1019) 25 January 1993 (1993-01-25) *
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 1995, no. 05 30 June 1995 (1995-06-30) *
See also references of WO9806116A1 *

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0956572A1 (de) 1999-11-17
AU6607396A (en) 1998-02-25
WO1998006116A1 (en) 1998-02-12

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