EP0949159B1 - Transport and storage container for liquids - Google Patents

Transport and storage container for liquids Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0949159B1
EP0949159B1 EP99105979A EP99105979A EP0949159B1 EP 0949159 B1 EP0949159 B1 EP 0949159B1 EP 99105979 A EP99105979 A EP 99105979A EP 99105979 A EP99105979 A EP 99105979A EP 0949159 B1 EP0949159 B1 EP 0949159B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
container
screw
opening
liquids
transport
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP99105979A
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German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0949159A2 (en
EP0949159A3 (en
Inventor
Udo Schütz
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Protechna SA
Original Assignee
Protechna SA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Protechna SA filed Critical Protechna SA
Publication of EP0949159A2 publication Critical patent/EP0949159A2/en
Publication of EP0949159A3 publication Critical patent/EP0949159A3/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0949159B1 publication Critical patent/EP0949159B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B67—OPENING, CLOSING OR CLEANING BOTTLES, JARS OR SIMILAR CONTAINERS; LIQUID HANDLING
    • B67D—DISPENSING, DELIVERING OR TRANSFERRING LIQUIDS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B67D7/00—Apparatus or devices for transferring liquids from bulk storage containers or reservoirs into vehicles or into portable containers, e.g. for retail sale purposes
    • B67D7/06—Details or accessories
    • B67D7/32—Arrangements of safety or warning devices; Means for preventing unauthorised delivery of liquid
    • B67D7/3236—Arrangements of safety or warning devices; Means for preventing unauthorised delivery of liquid relating to electrostatic charges
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D77/00—Packages formed by enclosing articles or materials in preformed containers, e.g. boxes, cartons, sacks or bags
    • B65D77/04—Articles or materials enclosed in two or more containers disposed one within another
    • B65D77/0446—Articles or materials enclosed in two or more containers disposed one within another the inner and outer containers being rigid or semi-rigid and the outer container being of polygonal cross-section not formed by folding or erecting one or more blanks
    • B65D77/0453—Articles or materials enclosed in two or more containers disposed one within another the inner and outer containers being rigid or semi-rigid and the outer container being of polygonal cross-section not formed by folding or erecting one or more blanks the inner container having a polygonal cross-section
    • B65D77/0466—Articles or materials enclosed in two or more containers disposed one within another the inner and outer containers being rigid or semi-rigid and the outer container being of polygonal cross-section not formed by folding or erecting one or more blanks the inner container having a polygonal cross-section the containers being mounted on a pallet
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B67—OPENING, CLOSING OR CLEANING BOTTLES, JARS OR SIMILAR CONTAINERS; LIQUID HANDLING
    • B67D—DISPENSING, DELIVERING OR TRANSFERRING LIQUIDS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B67D7/00—Apparatus or devices for transferring liquids from bulk storage containers or reservoirs into vehicles or into portable containers, e.g. for retail sale purposes
    • B67D7/06—Details or accessories
    • B67D7/78—Arrangements of storage tanks, reservoirs or pipe-lines
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D2213/00—Safety means
    • B65D2213/02—Means for preventing buil-up of electrostatic charges

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Pallets (AREA)
  • Packages (AREA)
  • Elimination Of Static Electricity (AREA)
  • Details Of Rigid Or Semi-Rigid Containers (AREA)
  • Electrostatic Spraying Apparatus (AREA)

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft Transport- und Lagerbehälter für Flüssigkeiten, mit einem palettenartigen Untergestell aus einem elektrisch leitenden Material, einem austauschbaren Innenbehälter aus Kunststoff mit vier Seitenwänden, einem unteren und einem oberen Boden, einer oberen verschließbaren Einfüllöffnung und einer unteren Auslauföffnung mit einer Entleereinrichtung sowie einem als Gitter- oder Blechmantel ausgebildeten Außenmantel.The invention relates to transport and storage containers for Liquids, with a pallet-like base from one electrically conductive material, a replaceable Inner container made of plastic with four side walls, one lower and an upper floor, an upper lockable Filling opening and a lower outlet opening with a Emptying device as well as a lattice or sheet metal jacket trained outer jacket.

Beim Befüllen und Entleeren von aus der DE 195 11 723 C1 bekannten Flüssigkeitsbehältern dieser Art und beim Rühren von Flüssigkeiten in derartigen Behältern z.B. zu Mischzwecken kann es durch Flüssigkeitsreibung zu elektrostatischen Aufladungen kommen. Die Hauptgefahr der elektrostatischen Aufladungen liegt im Zusammentreffen von Zündquellen mit explosionsfähigen Gemischen von Gasen und Dämpfen.When filling and emptying from DE 195 11 723 C1 known liquid containers of this type and when stirring Liquids in such containers e.g. can be used for mixing purposes it by electrostatic charges through fluid friction come. The main danger of electrostatic charges lies in the coincidence of ignition sources with explosive Mixing gases and vapors.

Wegen der elektrostatischen Aufladbarkeit beim Befüllen und Entleeren können Transport- und Lagerbehälter der gattungsgemäßen Art nicht in explosionsgefährdeten Räumen zum Einsatz kommen und nicht mit explosiven Flüssigkeiten befüllt werden.Because of the electrostatic chargeability when filling and Transport and storage containers can be emptied generic type not in potentially explosive atmospheres for Use and not filled with explosive liquids become.

Die EP 0 699 599 A1 beschreibt einen elektrisch geerdeten Verpackungsbehälter zum Lagern und zum Transport von festen, flüssigen und pastösen Produkten, der als selbsttragender Behälter oder als Inliner oder Einstellbehälter in tragenden Außenbehältern wie Wellpappeschachteln, Holzkisten, Gitterboxpaletten oder Fässern eingesetzt werden kann. Der Verpackungsbehälter besteht aus einer mehrschichtigen Verbundfolienkombination, die aus einer als Außenschicht des Behälters fungierenden Polymerfolie mit Sperrschichteigenschaften, einer Zwischenschicht aus einem elektrisch leitfähigen Material sowie einer weiteren, die Innenschicht des Verpackungsbehälters bildenden Polymerfolie aufgebaut ist. Die Innenschicht des Verpackungsbehälters ist perforiert, so daß sich im Füllgut ansammelnde, elektrostatische Ladungen über die in der Innenschicht ausgesparten Öffnungen zu der elektrisch leitfähigen Zwischenschicht fließen können, die über elektrische Kontaktstellen mit einem Erdungssystem in Verbindung steht.EP 0 699 599 A1 describes an electrically grounded one Packaging containers for storing and transporting solid, liquid and pasty products that act as self-supporting Containers or as inliners or adjustable containers in load-bearing Outer containers such as corrugated cardboard boxes, wooden boxes, Lattice box pallets or barrels can be used. The Packaging container consists of a multilayer Composite film combination consisting of an outer layer of the Container acting polymer film with Barrier properties, an intermediate layer from one electrically conductive material and another that Inner layer of the packaging film forming polymer film is constructed. The inner layer of the packaging container is perforated, so that accumulating in the contents, electrostatic Charges through the openings in the inner layer the electrically conductive intermediate layer can flow, the via electrical contact points with a grounding system in Connection is established.

Aus der EP 0 014 491 A1 ist ein doppelwandiger Lagertank für brennbare Flüssigkeiten bekannt, der einen durch eine Außenwand aus Stahl und eine Kunststoff-Innenwand gebildeten Überwachungsraum aufweist, der an ein Leckanzeigegerät anschließbar ist, das mit Über- oder Unterdruck arbeiten kann. Zur elektrischen Erdung des Lagertanks ist der der Lagerflüssigkeit zugewandte Innenmantel der Kunststoff-Innenwand mit einem metallischen Drahtgitter nach Art eines Faradayschen Käfigs belegt, das an eine Erdungsklemme in dem Tankdeckel aus Stahl angeschlossen ist.EP 0 014 491 A1 describes a double-walled storage tank for flammable liquids known to one through an outer wall formed from steel and a plastic inner wall Has monitoring room that is connected to a leak detector can be connected, which can work with positive or negative pressure. For electrical grounding of the storage tank, the is the Bearing fluid facing inner jacket of the plastic inner wall with a metallic wire mesh in the manner of a Faraday Cage occupies that from an earth clamp in the fuel cap Steel is connected.

Die elektrische Erdung des aus der EP 0 699 599 A1 bekannten Verpackungsbehälters, der als Verbundschichtbehälter ausgebildet ist, durch eine Zwischenschicht aus einem elektrisch leitfähigen Material sowie die Erdung des doppelwandigen Lagertanks nach der EP 0 014 451 A1 durch ein auf dem Innenmantel der Kunststoff-Innenwand aufgebrachtes Drahtgitter ist von der Technik her aufwendig. The electrical grounding of the known from EP 0 699 599 A1 Packaging container, which is designed as a composite layer container is, through an intermediate layer of an electrically conductive Material and the grounding of the double-walled storage tank after the EP 0 014 451 A1 through a on the inner jacket of the plastic inner wall Applied wire mesh is from the technology consuming.

Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, den gattungsgemäßen Transport- und Lagerbehälter für Flüssigkeiten zur Vermeidung einer elektrostatischen Aufladung beim Befüllen mit Flüssigkeiten und bei der Entnahme von Flüssigkeiten auf einfache Weise elektrisch zu erden.The invention is based, the generic transport and storage containers for liquids to avoid electrostatic charging when filling with liquids and when removing liquids simple way to ground electrically.

Diese Aufgabe ist erfindungsgemäß gelöst durch einen Transport- und Lagerbehälter für Flüssigkeiten mit den Merkmalen des Patentanspruches 1.According to the invention, this object is achieved by a Transport and storage container for liquids with the characteristics of claim 1.

Die Unteransprüche beinhalten vorteilhafte und zweckmäßige Weiterbildungen der Erfindung.The subclaims contain advantageous and expedient Developments of the invention.

Die Erfindung beruht darauf, bei einem Transport- und Lagerbehälter für Flüssigkeiten, der mit einem Kunststoff-Innenbehälter, einem als Gittermantel aus Metall oder als Blechmantel ausgebildeten Außenmantel sowie einem palettenartigen Untergestell ausgestattet ist, in der Durchflußöffnung der Entleereinrichtung zwischen dem Entleerventil derselben und dem Innenbehälter ein Erdungsteil aus einem elektrisch leitfähigen Material, vorzugsweise Metall, anzuordnen, das an ein von außen eingeführtes, elektrisch leitendes Verbindungselement, vorzugsweise eine Metallschraube mit einer Erdungsverbindung zu dem Untergestell des Behälters, angeschlossen ist, so daß elektrische Ladungen, die sich gegebenenfalls beim Befüllen und Entleeren des Transport- und Lagerbehälters und beim Rühren von Flüssigkeiten in dem Behälter z.B. zu Mischzwecken durch Flüssigkeitsreibung bilden, über das Erdungsteil, die Schraube, die Erdungsverbindung und das palettenartige Untergestell, das ebenfalls aus einem elektrisch leitfähigen Material besteht, in den Boden abgeleitet werden können. Durch die Anordnung des Erdungsteils in der Durchflußöffnung der Entleereinrichtung, in der bei der Entnahme von Flüssigkeit aus dem Behälter aufgrund der Auslaufgeschwindigkeit der Flüssigkeit die größte Flüssigkeitsreibung im Behälter auftritt, wird eine elektrostatische Aufladung des Behälters auf eine einfache und wirkungsvolle Weise vermieden. Die elektrische Erdung des Innenraumes des Kunststoff-Innenbehälters und der darin zu transportierenden bzw. zu lagernden Flüssigkeiten ermöglicht die Verwendung des Transport- und Lagerbehälters als Gefahrgutbehälter für feuergefährliche Flüssigkeiten und Emulsionen wie Lösungsmittel, Farben und Lacke mit einem Flammpunkt <35°C sowie den Einsatz des Behälters in Betriebsräumen, in denen sich eine explosive Atmosphäre durch Gase, Dämpfe oder Nebel bilden kann.The invention is based on a transport and Storage container for liquids with a plastic inner container, one as a metal mesh jacket or as Sheet metal jacket trained outer jacket and a pallet-like base is equipped in the Flow opening of the emptying device between the Drain valve of the same and the inner container an earthing part made of an electrically conductive material, preferably metal, to arrange that to an externally inserted, electrical conductive connecting element, preferably a metal screw with a ground connection to the base of the container, is connected so that electrical charges that are if necessary when filling and emptying the transport and Storage container and when stirring liquids in the container e.g. form for mixing purposes by fluid friction, over the Grounding part, the screw, the grounding connection and that pallet-like base, which also consists of an electric conductive material is made to be derived into the ground can. By arranging the earthing part in the Flow opening of the emptying device, in the removal of liquid from the container due to the Liquid discharge speed the greatest Fluid friction in the container occurs electrostatic charging of the container on a simple and effectively avoided. The electrical grounding of the Interior of the plastic inner container and the inside the liquids to be transported or stored Use of the transport and storage container as Dangerous goods container for flammable liquids and Emulsions such as solvents, paints and varnishes with one Flash point <35 ° C and the use of the container in Operating rooms in which there is an explosive atmosphere Can form gases, vapors or mists.

Die Erfindung ist nachstehend anhand einer Schnittdarstellung einer Entleervorrichtung eines Transport- und Lagerbehälters erläutert.The invention is based on a Sectional view of an emptying device of a transport and Storage container explained.

Der als Ein- und Mehrwegbehälter einsetzbare Transport- und Lagerbehälter 1 für Flüssigkeiten weist als Hauptbauteile einen austauschbaren Innenbehälter 2 aus Polyethylen mit vier Seitenwänden, einem unteren, als Ablaufboden ausgebildeten Boden, einem oberen Boden mit einem durch einen Schraubdeckel verschließbaren Einfüllstutzen sowie einer unteren Auslauföffnung 3 mit einer Entleervorrichtung 4, die aus einem Auslaufstutzen 5 mit einem Entleerventil 6 besteht, einen als Gittermantel ausgebildeten Außenmantel aus Metall, ein palettenartiges Untergestell mit einer Bodenwanne aus Blech zur formschlüssigen Aufnahme des Kunststoff-Innenbehälters 2 sowie zwei Deckelstreben aus Metall zum Schutz des Innenbehälters 2 auf. The transport and can be used as a disposable and reusable container Storage container 1 for liquids has as main components interchangeable inner container 2 made of polyethylene with four Side walls, a lower one, designed as a drainage floor Bottom, an upper bottom with a through a screw cap closable filler neck and a lower one Outlet opening 3 with an emptying device 4, which consists of a Outlet nozzle 5 with an emptying valve 6, one as Grid jacket formed outer jacket made of metal, a Pallet-like base with a base tray made of sheet metal positive reception of the plastic inner container 2 and two metal cover struts to protect the inner container 2 on.

Die Bodenwanne steht mit einer bestimmten Bodenfreiheit auf Eck- und Mittelfüßen und einem Fußrahmen oder Kufen, so daß die Bodenwanne zum Transport des Transport- und Lagerbehälters 1 von vier Seiten von den Greifarmen eines Transportgerätes, z.B. eines Gabelstaplers, unterfahren werden kann. Die Füße und der Fußrahmen bzw. die Kufen sind aus Metall oder aus einem elektrisch leitenden Kunststoff, z.B. Polyethylen mit einem Leitrußanteil, hergestellt. Das palettenartige Untergestell des Transport- und Lagerbehälters 1 weist euronormgerechte Längenund Breitenabmessungen auf.The floor pan stands up with a certain ground clearance Corner and middle feet and a foot frame or skids so that the Floor pan for transporting the transport and storage container 1 from four sides of the gripper arms of a transport device, e.g. a forklift can be driven under. The feet and the The foot frame or the runners are made of metal or one electrically conductive plastic, e.g. Polyethylene with a Partition black produced. The pallet-like base of the Transport and storage container 1 has length and Width dimensions.

In der Durchlauföffnung 10 der Entleervorrichtung 4 ist zwischen Innenbehälter 2 und Entleerventil 6 ein Erdungsteil 8 aus Metall angeordnet, das mit einer von außen in die Entleereinrichtung 4 eingeschraubten Schraube 7 aus Metall in Kontakt steht, die über ein Erdungskabel 9 mit dem palettenartigen Untergestell des Behälters 1 verbunden ist, derart, daß elektrische Ladungen über das Erdungsteil 8, das als Schraube 7 ausgebildete Verbindungselement, das Erdungskabel 9 und das Untergestell des Behälters in den Boden abgeleitet werden können.In the passage opening 10 of the emptying device 4 a grounding part 8 between inner container 2 and drain valve 6 made of metal, which with an outside in the Emptying device 4 screwed screw 7 made of metal in Contact is made via a grounding cable 9 with the pallet-like base of the container 1 is connected, such that electrical charges through the grounding part 8, which as Screw 7 trained connecting element, the grounding cable 9 and drained the base of the container into the ground can be.

Zur Aufnahme der Schraube 7 ist an dem Auslaufstutzen 5 radial zu der Durchlauföffnung 10 der Entleereinrichtung 4 ein nach außen gerichteter Einschraubstutzen 11 angeordnet, der eine nach außen offene Sacklochbohrung 12 zur Aufnahme der Schraube 7 aufweist. Die Wand 13 des Auslaufstutzens der Entleereinrichtung 4 wird beim Eischrauben der Schraube 7 in die Sacklochbohrung 12 durchdrungen.For receiving the screw 7 is on the outlet nozzle 5 radially to the passage opening 10 of the emptying device 4 outwardly directed screw socket 11 arranged, the one blind hole 12 open to the outside for receiving the screw 7 having. The wall 13 of the outlet nozzle of the emptying device 4 is when screwing the screw 7 into the blind hole 12th penetrated.

Der Einschraubstutzen 11 weist an seinem freien Ende einen Ringansatz 14 für die Abdichtung der Schraube 7 durch ein festes Anziehen des Schraubenkopfes 15 gegen den Ringansatz 14 auf, wobei die Schraube 7 zusätzlich durch die Gewindegänge abgedichtet wird.The screw socket 11 has one at its free end Ring approach 14 for sealing the screw 7 by a fixed Tightening the screw head 15 against the ring shoulder 14, the screw 7 additionally through the threads is sealed.

Das Erdungsteil 8 ist als ein sich über einen Teilbereich des Innenumfangs der Durchlauföffnung 10 der Entleereinrichtung 4 erstreckendes Blech ausgebildet, dessen mittige Öffnung 16 von dem Schaft 17 der Schraube 7 durchdrungen wird, wobei das Erdungsteil 8 gegen die Wand der Durchlauföffnung 10 fest angezogen ist.The grounding part 8 is as a part of itself the inner circumference of the passage opening 10 of the emptying device 4 extending sheet formed, the central opening 16 of the shaft 17 of the screw 7 is penetrated, which Earthing part 8 firmly against the wall of the passage opening 10 is dressed.

Vorzugsweise bestehen das Erdungsteil 8 und die Schraube 7 aus Edelstahl.The earthing part 8 and the screw 7 preferably exist made of stainless steel.

Eine Alternative, die aber nicht zur Erfindung gehört, könnte aus einem Erdungsteil 8 bestehen, das auch an anderen Stellen des mit Flüssigkeit gefüllten Raumes des Behälters 1, d.h. beispielsweise im Innenbehälter 2, angeordnet ist, wobei in diesem Fall der Einschraubstutzen 11 an der entsprechenden Stelle der Außenwand des Innenbehälters 2 vorgesehen ist.An alternative, but not part of the invention, could consist of a grounding part 8, which also in other places with Liquid-filled space of the container 1, i.e. for example in the inner container 2, is arranged, wherein in this case, the screw-in connector 11 on the corresponding Place of the outer wall of the inner container 2 is provided.

Claims (6)

  1. Transport and storage container for liquids comprising a pallet-like base member of electrically conducting material, an exchangeable inner container of plastics having four side walls, a lower and an upper bottom, an upper closeable fill-in opening and a lower outflow opening with emptying means, and an outer sheath formed as a grid or sheet casing, characterised by an earthing member (8) positioned in the through-flow opening (10) of the emptying means (4) between the discharge valve (6) thereof and the inner container (2) and being of electrically conducting material, preferably of metal, the earthing member being connected to an electrically conducting connecting element inserted from outside and having an earthing connection with the base member of the container (1).
  2. Container as claimed in claim 1, characterised in that the electrically conducting connecting element is a screw (7) of metal.
  3. Container as claimed in claim 2, characterised by a screw-in stud (11) arranged radially of the through-flow opening (10) and directed outwardly and having a blind hole (12) opening outwardly for receiving the screw (7), the wall (13) of the emptying means (4) being penetrated when the screw (7) is inserted in the blind hole (12).
  4. Container as claimed in claim 3, characterised in that the screw-in stud (11) has an annular projection (14) at its free end for sealing the connecting element (screw 7).
  5. Container as claimed in any of claims 2 to 4, characterised in that the earthing member (8) is in the form of a curved sheet extending over a portion of the inner wall of the through-flow opening (10) of the emptying means (4) and having a central opening (16) which is penetrated by the shank (17) of the screw (7).
  6. Container as claimed in any of claims 2 to 5, characterised in that the earthing member (8) and the screw (7) are of stainless steel.
EP99105979A 1998-04-06 1999-03-25 Transport and storage container for liquids Expired - Lifetime EP0949159B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19815082 1998-04-06
DE19815082A DE19815082A1 (en) 1998-04-06 1998-04-06 Transport and storage containers for liquids

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0949159A2 EP0949159A2 (en) 1999-10-13
EP0949159A3 EP0949159A3 (en) 2002-04-10
EP0949159B1 true EP0949159B1 (en) 2003-07-23

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP99105979A Expired - Lifetime EP0949159B1 (en) 1998-04-06 1999-03-25 Transport and storage container for liquids

Country Status (8)

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US (1) US6156969A (en)
EP (1) EP0949159B1 (en)
JP (1) JPH11301787A (en)
CN (1) CN1231261A (en)
AR (1) AR014967A1 (en)
AU (1) AU737773B2 (en)
BR (1) BR9902030A (en)
DE (2) DE19815082A1 (en)

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CN1231261A (en) 1999-10-13
US6156969A (en) 2000-12-05
DE19815082A1 (en) 1999-10-14
JPH11301787A (en) 1999-11-02
DE59906324D1 (en) 2003-08-28
AU737773B2 (en) 2001-08-30
AU2136699A (en) 1999-10-14
BR9902030A (en) 2000-01-11
AR014967A1 (en) 2001-04-11
EP0949159A2 (en) 1999-10-13
EP0949159A3 (en) 2002-04-10

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