EP0941636B1 - Circuit avec une inductance de pompage pour améliorer le facteur de puissance - Google Patents

Circuit avec une inductance de pompage pour améliorer le facteur de puissance Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0941636B1
EP0941636B1 EP98933520A EP98933520A EP0941636B1 EP 0941636 B1 EP0941636 B1 EP 0941636B1 EP 98933520 A EP98933520 A EP 98933520A EP 98933520 A EP98933520 A EP 98933520A EP 0941636 B1 EP0941636 B1 EP 0941636B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
pumping
capacitor
circuit
branch
load
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP98933520A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP0941636A1 (fr
Inventor
Klaus Fischer
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Osram GmbH
Original Assignee
Patent Treuhand Gesellschaft fuer Elektrische Gluehlampen mbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Patent Treuhand Gesellschaft fuer Elektrische Gluehlampen mbH filed Critical Patent Treuhand Gesellschaft fuer Elektrische Gluehlampen mbH
Publication of EP0941636A1 publication Critical patent/EP0941636A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0941636B1 publication Critical patent/EP0941636B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B41/00—Circuit arrangements or apparatus for igniting or operating discharge lamps
    • H05B41/14—Circuit arrangements
    • H05B41/26—Circuit arrangements in which the lamp is fed by power derived from dc by means of a converter, e.g. by high-voltage dc
    • H05B41/28—Circuit arrangements in which the lamp is fed by power derived from dc by means of a converter, e.g. by high-voltage dc using static converters
    • H05B41/282—Circuit arrangements in which the lamp is fed by power derived from dc by means of a converter, e.g. by high-voltage dc using static converters with semiconductor devices
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B41/00—Circuit arrangements or apparatus for igniting or operating discharge lamps
    • H05B41/14—Circuit arrangements
    • H05B41/26—Circuit arrangements in which the lamp is fed by power derived from dc by means of a converter, e.g. by high-voltage dc
    • H05B41/28—Circuit arrangements in which the lamp is fed by power derived from dc by means of a converter, e.g. by high-voltage dc using static converters
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S315/00—Electric lamp and discharge devices: systems
    • Y10S315/07—Starting and control circuits for gas discharge lamp using transistors

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a circuit for operating a load, in particular an operating circuit for a low-pressure discharge lamp. It primarily relates to an operating circuit in which one rectified supply AC voltage for operating a half-bridge oscillator used as a frequency generator for lamp operation becomes. The invention is nevertheless neither on a lamp as a load, nor on restricted a half-bridge oscillator.
  • An essential criterion for the practical application of such circuits is the electromagnetic compatibility with regard to interference into the network or the harmonic content of the supply current draw.
  • a there is very effective further development of such a circuit in the introduction of at least one pump branch between the load circuit side and the power supply side of the frequency generator structure.
  • the pump branches generally contain capacitors as impedances - but not necessarily or necessarily exclusively.
  • Such pump branches are used for Charge shift within the circuit for the purpose of improvement the harmonic structure of the supply current consumption.
  • the electromagnetic compatibility is within the scope of this invention in particular the IEC 61000/3/2, Class C and Class D standard drawn.
  • the invention is based on a circuit for operating a load, in particular a low-pressure discharge lamp, with a Frequency generator structure for AC power supply to the load and one Pump branch to improve electromagnetic compatibility the circuit that connects the load circuit with a power supply side of the Frequency generator structure connects.
  • a pump branch with a pump throttle is in the DC range of the circuit known, in which the pump choke in AC cycle of the lamp is charged and discharged.
  • the connection point of the pump branch lies between the pump throttle and one in Forward direction for the power supply of the lamp polarized diode.
  • the invention is based on the problem, a generic Circuit in a simple way to improve their operating properties.
  • the wording of the claim is to be understood in such a way that the pump support throttle in every area of a supply voltage or current period, i.e. also in the area of the maxima, discharged to very small coil current values becomes compared to the coil current maximum. That the current curve is always zero or a very small value (with load circuit frequency) oscillating curve, the amplitude with time the rectified (pulsating) power supply voltage is modulated.
  • This current injection or charging processes of the pump support choke ensure optimal support of the pumping action of the Pump branch in favor of improved electromagnetic compatibility. In particular, this also results in the advantage of the pump branch dimension smaller in terms of its impedance and thus save costs to be able to.
  • the position of the pump support throttle in a "direct current range” means at Mains or AC power supply one location on the rectified Difference in side (pulsating direct current) of a rectifier structure to pure smoothing chokes on the AC side.
  • Another significant advantage for the operating properties of the circuit is based on the frequency dependence of the pumping action of the pump branch due to the increased number of pump cycles as the working frequency increases.
  • Conventional the pumping action is increased because of what the operation the circuit leads to difficulties.
  • it can by an excessive pumping action leads to excessive voltage increases a storage element interacting with the pump branch, in general and also in the following description on a storage electrolytic capacitor (Elko).
  • the decreasing with increasing frequency and with decreasing frequency increasing pumping action of the pump support throttle acts on the above Effect counter and also supports the pumping action of the pump branch if the frequency drops, e.g. when approaching a resonance of the load circuit (frequency-controlled discharge lamp) the power demand can rise.
  • a preferred application is a half-bridge oscillator with two Switching elements, such as field effect or bipolar transistors, the potential a center tap between two branches of a rectified power supply let it oscillate back and forth.
  • the details of starting devices and frequency controls of such half-bridge oscillators are known in the art and known to those skilled in the art. You will see below not described.
  • the load circuit frequency controlled Half-bridge oscillators represent application circuits, in which the invention can be used particularly effectively.
  • the pump branch on the power supply side between two diodes in a power supply branch can be connected. These diodes are in the forward direction polarized and fulfilled in the sense of the current flow of the power supply thus the function of a valve for the pump branch, so to speak. That they connect the pump branch to the power supply for charging and for its discharge with the frequency generator or one Storage element of the same.
  • This valve function can, at least in part, also in a different way than with the diodes described can be realized.
  • the power supply side Diode through the action of a rectifier, about a diode bridge.
  • the diodes described in an advantageous embodiment in many cases.
  • this additional bypass capacitor between pump branch and supply branch together with capacitive elements of the pump branch as a switching relief capacitor or as a so-called "trapezoidal capacitor” for the frequency generator, in particular for a switching element of a half-bridge or bridge oscillator can work.
  • Such a trapezoidal capacitor is used in the prior art Attenuation of the potential jumps of the potential generated by the frequency generator used, for example the center tap potential of one Half-bridge oscillator. This follows clearly from the fact that the mentioned oscillating potential after a switching point is not essentially can rise or fall "unchecked", but by the necessary Charging process of the trapezoidal capacitor is braked. With that the Slope of an approximated rectangular potential reduced and on trapezoidal potential curve is achieved, which is the electromagnetic compatibility the whole circuit benefits.
  • the pump branch is only connected to the load circuit via a capacitor.
  • a lamp coil (resonance choke) is provided.
  • the pump branch can be relative be connected to this coil in different ways. It is in the rest, also for the overall context of the invention, that of course two or more pump branches can also be present, which can attack the load circuit differently.
  • the pump branch can have two parallel capacitors can be connected to the load circuit, one of which is due to the intermediate tap mentioned and the other frequency generator side on the coil.
  • the described current peak damping does most of all Sense when the alternating current in the load circuit becomes a signal Recovery is recorded, for example via a resistance.
  • bridging capacitor for example with two diodes and another capacitor can be connected so that the latter Capacitor from the charge or discharge current of the bypass capacitor is loaded.
  • a control device can then be made from the latter capacitor for the frequency generator, such as an integrated control circuit for the half-bridge oscillator.
  • the center tap M1 is also initially via a lamp coil L2 and then a parallel connection from a low-pressure discharge lamp E and a resonance capacitor C4 and a DC isolating capacitor C5 and a measuring resistor R1 for the load circuit current with the lower one negative supply branch connected.
  • the pump branch is drawn in, the one on the positive supply branch on the power supply side, So left, connected by the electrolytic capacitor. This latter connection point lies between two in the forward direction for the current flow the power supply polarized diodes D1 and D2, which are also on the power supply side in front of the electrolytic capacitor.
  • the pump branch exists So from two pump capacitors C2 and C3 with the connecting lines to the load circuit and the supply branch.
  • connection point of the pump branch and the power supply side Diode D1 is a pump support choke L1, and between the connection point of the electrolytic capacitor on the positive A bridging capacitor according to the invention is located in the supply branch and the pump branch C1 to bridge the diode D2.
  • the basic function of the half-bridge oscillator is that by alternating switching operation of switches S1 and S2 the potential of the center tap M1 between that of the positive supply branch and that of the negative supply branch is pushed back and forth. In order to there is, so to speak, a "chopper oscillation" leading to AC operation of the load circuit with the low-pressure discharge lamp E and the Operating frequency of the half-bridge oscillator for controlling the operating state the low-pressure discharge lamp E is used.
  • This basic circuit is generally known, so for further details on the cited state the technology and the literature references found there can.
  • the pump branch connects the high-frequency alternating voltage from the load circuit supplied via the capacitors C2 and C3 depending on the difference between the supply input voltage U N (t) and the voltage at the electrolytic capacitor alternating half-wave (with regard to the load circuit frequency) with one or the other of the two voltages mentioned on the power supply side of the half-bridge oscillator.
  • the charge shift through the pump branch in particular reduces the sharpness of the charge acceptance by the electrolytic capacitor, which would otherwise suddenly start or stop if the electrolytic voltage is equal to the current supply voltage. Above all, this would also result in strong, low harmonic harmonics of the mains frequency, which, for example, can practically not be filtered out with smoothing chokes on the AC side.
  • the aim of the pump branch is to constantly recharge the electrolytic capacitor - modulated with the load circuit frequency.
  • This load circuit frequency disturbance can be filtered out well, as is known in the prior art, so that overall there is a significant improvement in the harmonic content of the mains current draw.
  • the pump support throttle is used L1 on the one hand to support the pumping action, so that the capacitors C2 and C3 can be designed smaller.
  • the capacitors C2 and C3 can be designed smaller.
  • it affects the frequency dependence of the pumping effect described and prevented thus overvoltage on the electrolytic capacitor.
  • the diode D2 with the bypass capacitor is also used C1 bridges so that with increasing frequency by the falling AC resistance of the capacitor C1 more and more a back and forth Pumping charge between the electrolytic capacitor and the load circuit to the Place an additional charge from the power supply occurs.
  • bypass capacitor C1 acts in series with the Capacitor C2 as a trapezoidal capacitor for the switch S1 because of the series connection this is parallel. Therefore, there is no need for a separate trapezoidal capacitor CT, as shown in dashed lines for switch S2, is the same but could also be parallel to S1. It can be seen in Fig. 1 that the dashed drawn trapezoidal capacitor CT at a potential shift on Center tap M1 with the capacitor C2 and charged in the opposite direction must be, i.e. discharged when C2 is charged and discharged must be charged from C2. The capacitors CT and C2 effectively connected in parallel. This would have a corresponding effect charging and discharging in the same direction when the trapezoidal capacitor CT is in parallel to the switch S1.
  • the omission of the trapezoidal capacitor CT creates difficulties with the discharge of the capacitor C2 and the charging of the trapezoidal capacitor CT avoided after turning off switch S2, especially in the temporal environment of the mains voltage maximum accordingly earlier charging of the pump capacitor C2 to the electrolytic voltage and a corresponding transition of the diode D2 into the conductive state occur would.
  • the capacitors C1 and C2 are connected in series suitable for intercepting "unbraked" potential jumps at the center tap M1, that would degrade electromagnetic compatibility.
  • C2 can function as a pump capacitor accordingly and undisturbed by the capacitor C1 directly in discharge the electrolytic capacitor. The same applies to switching off the other Switch S1.
  • the pump as a whole must be designed so that the charge removal from the electrolytic capacitor by charging the capacitor C1 when the switch S2 is turned on does not become too large and the pump support choke L1 can be charged (current injection) in such a way that it is sufficient high electrolytic voltage results.
  • the pump branch is only on the negative side power supply, connects the corresponding connection point the negative supply branch with the load circuit, and on the center tap side of the low-pressure discharge lamp E.
  • the in Fig. 2 dashed capacitor CT corresponds to that in Connection with Fig. 1 situation of a parallel connection of the Trapezoidal capacitor CT to switch S1.
  • FIG. 3 in turn shows an example of a circuit which corresponds to that of FIG. 1 except for the Load circuit side connection of the pump branch via the pump capacitor C3 corresponds.
  • This is connected to a center tap of the lamp coil L2, so that there is between the center tap and the low pressure discharge lamp E remaining part of the coil as a damping choke for current peaks from the pump branch.
  • Fig. 1 go these current peaks are unfiltered into the current through the low pressure discharge lamp E and the resonance capacitor C4 and are thus at a measurement via the resistor R1 also recorded. This can make it significant Disruptions in signal processing come.
  • the Resistor R1 can of course also be between the DC isolating capacitor C5 and the low pressure discharge lamp E or between this and the lamp coil L2.
  • is also in the circuit example 2 shows a connection of the pump capacitor C3 to a center tap the lamp coil L2 conceivable.
  • FIG. 4 shows a circuit example that differs from that of FIG. 3 only as a result distinguishes that the pump capacitor C2 has been omitted.
  • the The pumping power of the pump branch is determined by the exact position of the center tap set on the lamp spool.
  • the simplification shown will however bought by the disadvantage that the series connection of the capacitors C1 and C3 are no longer directly parallel to switch S2 more directly connected to the center tap M1 of the half bridge. To this To remedy the disadvantage would have to be instead of the saved capacitor additional trapezoidal capacitor CT can be added (shown in dashed lines). Its disadvantages have already been explained above.
  • FIG. 5 shows a possibility of the bypass capacitor according to the invention C1 to give another advantageous function. He is over two Diodes D5 and D6 connected to a capacitor C6. The replaces the Circuit from the diodes and the capacitor C6 the connection point of the bypass capacitor C1 on the branch of the power supply - see. Fig. 2.
  • the diodes D5 and D6 are connected to the capacitors C1 and C6 so that the current from the capacitor C1 through the diode D6 the capacitor C6 charges, but the reverse current through the diode D5 and is not pulled out of the capacitor C6.
  • This can be used as an energy source used for another facility, e.g. for an integrated Control circuit for the switches S1 and S2 of the half bridge. In order to there is no need for an independent power supply for this.
  • the voltage across the capacitor C6 can be set so that e.g. Surges on a control chip can be avoided.

Landscapes

  • Circuit Arrangements For Discharge Lamps (AREA)
  • Jet Pumps And Other Pumps (AREA)
  • Rectifiers (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un circuit oscillateur demi-pont destiné à une lampe à décharge basse pression (E) et comprenant une branche de pompage capacitive. Une bobine d'inductance support de pompage (L1) est ajoutée à ce circuit pour améliorer l'effet de pompage de la branche de pompage et sa réponse en fréquence. En outre, un condensateur (C1) supplémentaire est implanté entre la branche de pompage et la branche d'alimentation raccordée à cette dernière. Ce condensateur agit en liaison avec la branche de pompage comme condensateur en trapèze, ce qui apporte une nouvelle amélioration de la réponse en fréquence de la branche de pompage.

Claims (8)

  1. Circuit pour faire fonctionner une charge, notamment une lampe à décharge à basse pression (E), ayant une structure de générateur de fréquence pour l'alimentation en courant alternatif haute fréquence de la charge et ayant une branche de pompage (C2, C3) qui est destinée à l'amélioration de la compatibilité électromagnétique du circuit et qui relie le circuit de charge à un côté d'alimentation de puissance de la structure de générateur de fréquence,
    dans lequel il y a du côté de l'alimentation de puissance de la structure de générateur de fréquence dans une zone de courant continu avant le point de raccordement de la branche de pompage en série avec la branche de pompage (C2, C3) et avec une branche de l'alimentation de puissance une bobine de soutien de pompage (L1) qui est conçue pour être chargée et sensiblement complètement déchargée dans chaque cycle de courant alternatif haute fréquence de la charge,
    dans lequel le point de raccordement de la branche de pompage se trouve entre la bobine de soutien de pompage (L1) et une diode (D2) polarisée dans le sens passant pour l'alimentation de puissance, et
    caractérisé par le fait que
    un condensateur de shuntage (C1) est branché en parallèle avec la diode (D2).
  2. Circuit selon la revendication 1, caractérisé par le fait que la structure de générateur de fréquence est un oscillateur à demi-pont avec deux éléments de commutation (S1, S2).
  3. Circuit selon la revendication 1, caractérisé par le fait que l'état de fonctionnement de la charge est régulé par l'intermédiaire de la fréquence de courant alternatif du circuit de charge.
  4. Circuit selon la revendication 1, caractérisé par le fait qu'une diode (D1) polarisée dans le sens passant pour l'alimentation de puissance se trouve du côté de l'alimentation de puissance en série avant la bobine de soutien de pompage (L1).
  5. Circuit selon la revendication 1, caractérisé par le fait que la branche de pompage est reliée seulement par l'intermédiaire d'un condensateur (C3) au circuit de charge.
  6. Circuit selon la revendication 1, caractérisé par le fait que la branche de pompage est raccordée à une prise médiane d'une bobine de lampe (L2), notamment lorsque le courant alternatif dans le circuit de charge est détecté par l'intermédiaire d'une résistance (R1) pour une utilisation en technique de signalisation.
  7. Circuit selon la revendication 1, caractérisé par le fait que la branche de pompage est reliée par l'intermédiaire de deux condensateurs parallèles (C2, C3) au circuit de charge, une liaison se trouvant du côté du générateur de fréquence de la bobine de lampe (L2) et l'autre liaison se trouvant du côté de la charge de la bobine de lampe (L2) ou à la prise médiane de la bobine de lampe (L2).
  8. Circuit selon la revendication 1, caractérisé par le fait que le courant de charge et/ou de décharge du condensateur de shuntage (C1) est utilisé pour la charge d'un élément de stockage d'énergie, par exemple un condensateur (C6), en vue de l'alimentation d'un dispositif de commande pour le générateur de fréquence.
EP98933520A 1997-06-18 1998-05-13 Circuit avec une inductance de pompage pour améliorer le facteur de puissance Expired - Lifetime EP0941636B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19725645A DE19725645A1 (de) 1997-06-18 1997-06-18 Pumpstützdrossel
DE19725645 1997-06-18
PCT/DE1998/001328 WO1998058526A1 (fr) 1997-06-18 1998-05-13 Bobine d'inductance support de pompage

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0941636A1 EP0941636A1 (fr) 1999-09-15
EP0941636B1 true EP0941636B1 (fr) 2002-08-14

Family

ID=7832771

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP98933520A Expired - Lifetime EP0941636B1 (fr) 1997-06-18 1998-05-13 Circuit avec une inductance de pompage pour améliorer le facteur de puissance

Country Status (9)

Country Link
US (1) US6091207A (fr)
EP (1) EP0941636B1 (fr)
JP (1) JP3338068B2 (fr)
KR (1) KR100431670B1 (fr)
CN (1) CN1235448C (fr)
AU (1) AU741384B2 (fr)
CA (1) CA2263696C (fr)
DE (2) DE19725645A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO1998058526A1 (fr)

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE19963282A1 (de) * 1999-12-27 2001-06-28 Tridonic Bauelemente Elektronisches Vorschaltgerät zum Betrieb einer Niederdruck-Entladungslampe
US6337800B1 (en) * 2000-02-29 2002-01-08 Philips Electronics North American Corporation Electronic ballast with inductive power feedback
EP1249067B1 (fr) * 2000-10-24 2005-07-27 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Dispositif portatif a dissipation d'energie reduite
NL1040339C2 (nl) * 2013-08-19 2015-02-23 Ndf Special Light Products B V Elektrische inrichting voor het ontsteken en voeden van een koude kathode fluorescentielamp.

Family Cites Families (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4075476A (en) * 1976-12-20 1978-02-21 Gte Sylvania Incorporated Sinusoidal wave oscillator ballast circuit
US4396866A (en) * 1980-12-29 1983-08-02 Gte Products Corporation Lamp filament drive scheme providing for control of filament voltages by use of lamp current in solid state ballasts
US4563719A (en) * 1982-08-30 1986-01-07 Nilssen Ole K Ballasts with built-in ground-fault protection
DE3611611A1 (de) * 1986-04-07 1987-10-08 Patent Treuhand Ges Fuer Elektrische Gluehlampen Mbh Schaltungsanordnung zum hochfrequenten betrieb einer niederdruckentladungslampe
DE3623749A1 (de) * 1986-07-14 1988-01-21 Patent Treuhand Ges Fuer Elektrische Gluehlampen Mbh Schaltungsanordnung zum betrieb von niederdruckentladungslampen
DE3841227A1 (de) * 1988-12-07 1990-06-13 Patent Treuhand Ges Fuer Elektrische Gluehlampen Mbh Schaltungsanordnung zum betrieb einer niederdruckentladungslampe
US6118225A (en) * 1994-08-22 2000-09-12 U.S. Philips Corporation High frequency discharge lamp operating circuit with resonant power factor correction circuit
US5488269A (en) * 1995-02-10 1996-01-30 General Electric Company Multi-resonant boost high power factor circuit
TW296894U (en) * 1995-11-21 1997-01-21 Philips Electronics Nv Circuit arrangement
DE19619581A1 (de) * 1996-05-15 1997-11-20 Patent Treuhand Ges Fuer Elektrische Gluehlampen Mbh Hochfrequenzbetriebsschaltung für eine Niederdruckentladungslampe mit verbesserter elektromagnetischer Verträglichkeit

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JP3338068B2 (ja) 2002-10-28
AU741384B2 (en) 2001-11-29
CA2263696A1 (fr) 1998-12-23
KR20000068179A (ko) 2000-11-25
DE59805182D1 (de) 2002-09-19
JP2000501565A (ja) 2000-02-08
CN1235448C (zh) 2006-01-04
EP0941636A1 (fr) 1999-09-15
WO1998058526A1 (fr) 1998-12-23
CN1229569A (zh) 1999-09-22
AU8332198A (en) 1999-01-04
CA2263696C (fr) 2006-01-10
DE19725645A1 (de) 1998-12-24
KR100431670B1 (ko) 2004-05-17
US6091207A (en) 2000-07-18

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