EP0925387B1 - Anode a longevite amelioree et son procede de fabrication - Google Patents
Anode a longevite amelioree et son procede de fabrication Download PDFInfo
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- EP0925387B1 EP0925387B1 EP97924074A EP97924074A EP0925387B1 EP 0925387 B1 EP0925387 B1 EP 0925387B1 EP 97924074 A EP97924074 A EP 97924074A EP 97924074 A EP97924074 A EP 97924074A EP 0925387 B1 EP0925387 B1 EP 0925387B1
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- Prior art keywords
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- ircl
- substrate
- anode
- thermal decomposition
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 21
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 43
- HTXDPTMKBJXEOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxoiridium Chemical compound O=[Ir]=O HTXDPTMKBJXEOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 26
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 26
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 24
- 229910000457 iridium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 238000005979 thermal decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 19
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910021639 Iridium tetrachloride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910000765 intermetallic Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- BPUBBGLMJRNUCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);tantalum(5+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Ta+5].[Ta+5] BPUBBGLMJRNUCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910001936 tantalum oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000001476 alcoholic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005488 sandblasting Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- CALMYRPSSNRCFD-UHFFFAOYSA-J tetrachloroiridium Chemical group Cl[Ir](Cl)(Cl)Cl CALMYRPSSNRCFD-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 claims description 3
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000007669 thermal treatment Methods 0.000 claims 2
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 17
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 229910001069 Ti alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 8
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 238000005554 pickling Methods 0.000 description 6
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorane Chemical compound F KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfuric acid Substances OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium atom Chemical compound [Ir] GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010025 steaming Methods 0.000 description 3
- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chloroform Chemical compound ClC(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Butanol Chemical compound CCCCO LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- -1 SnO 2 Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910010413 TiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- ZXEKIIBDNHEJCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N isobutanol Chemical compound CC(C)CO ZXEKIIBDNHEJCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002161 passivation Methods 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-GSVOUGTGSA-N (R)-(-)-Propylene glycol Chemical compound C[C@@H](O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-GSVOUGTGSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001252 Pd alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910006404 SnO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910004537 TaCl5 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- DKGAVHZHDRPRBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tert-Butanol Chemical compound CC(C)(C)O DKGAVHZHDRPRBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- BTANRVKWQNVYAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N butan-2-ol Chemical compound CCC(C)O BTANRVKWQNVYAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004210 cathodic protection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003486 chemical etching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052593 corundum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010431 corundum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009849 deactivation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010494 dissociation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005593 dissociations Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003487 electrochemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000909 electrodialysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001747 exhibiting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004880 explosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009776 industrial production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000003475 lamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002663 nebulization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000010287 polarization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010970 precious metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012798 spherical particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003481 tantalum Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- OEIMLTQPLAGXMX-UHFFFAOYSA-I tantalum(v) chloride Chemical compound Cl[Ta](Cl)(Cl)(Cl)Cl OEIMLTQPLAGXMX-UHFFFAOYSA-I 0.000 description 1
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002604 ultrasonography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001771 vacuum deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
- C25B11/051—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier
- C25B11/055—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the substrate or carrier material
- C25B11/069—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the substrate or carrier material consisting of at least one single element and at least one compound; consisting of two or more compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
- C25B11/051—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier
- C25B11/073—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material
- C25B11/075—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material consisting of a single catalytic element or catalytic compound
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an anode with improved durability for use in processes electrochemical. It also relates to the process of manufacture of this anode.
- Electrochemical processes are experiencing many applications in very business sectors various such as mineral and organic electrosynthesis, electrometallurgy, depollution, electrodialysis, cathodic protection, treatment of polluted soils.
- the anodes commonly used for such applications are characterized by a stable geometry resulting from high chemical and electrochemical inertia and by a constant potential during very long periods of use reaching, or even exceeding, two to three years.
- These electrodes known as DSA® (Dimensionally Stable Anodes) have already shown their good electrochemical performance as an anode for the release of chlorine and / or oxygen.
- These anodes consist of a metal of the “valve” type such as Ti, Ta, Nb, Zr, Sn and their alloys, covered with a layer of an electrocatalytic material composed of oxides of precious metals such as IrO 2 , PtO x , RuO 2 , optionally mixed with valve metal oxides such as SnO 2 , TiO 2 or Ta 2 O 5 .
- valve metal is understood to mean a metal which is covered with a thin layer of protective oxide when it is oxidized (passivation) and which lets the current pass only under a cathodic potential.
- the chlorine electrodes used in industrial processes consist of a titanium substrate covered with a mixture of metal oxides including RuO 2 which gives the material its electrocatalytic properties.
- RuO 2 which gives the material its electrocatalytic properties.
- the use of these electrodes is widespread on an industrial scale because of their satisfactory energy performance and their lifespan.
- the anodes coated with RuO 2 specific for the industrial production of chlorine have poor performance as an anode for the release of oxygen in an acid medium.
- the anodes intended for the release of oxygen in particularly in acid electrolytic medium, currently marketed consist of a substrate of titanium coated with a layer of at least one metal oxide, for example iridium oxide.
- the electrocatalytic coating is deposited on the surface of the "valve" metal in the form of an oxide precursor, for example TaCl 5 for Ta 2 O 5 , IrCl 3 or H 2 IrCl 6 for IrO 2 .
- an oxide precursor for example TaCl 5 for Ta 2 O 5 , IrCl 3 or H 2 IrCl 6 for IrO 2 .
- Mixtures of these precursors are also used when it is desired to deposit layers of mixed catalytic oxides.
- the precursor or mixture of precursors is applied in the form of a solution in an alcoholic solvent, preferably in a mixture of ethanol and isopropanol.
- the precursor solution is deposited on the surface of the valve metal, for example with a brush, by spraying, by nebulization or by any other process known in the art.
- the solvent is then evaporated by steaming and the electrode undergoes a heat treatment in air at the decomposition temperature of the precursor to form the corresponding metal oxide.
- US Patent No. 3,878,083 describes for example an electrode comprising a metal base "valve", in particular titanium, on which is deposited a coating consisting of tantalum oxide and iridium oxide.
- This coating is applied by thermal decomposition, at a temperature between 350 ° and 600 ° C., of a tantalum oxide precursor and of an iridium oxide precursor, such as TaCl 5 and IrCl respectively. 3 .
- a TiO 2 layer is formed on the titanium substrate which is protected by an electrocatalytic oxide such as an iridium oxide and / or a tantalum oxide, thus leading to a passivation of the anode. The lifespan of such an anode is therefore not satisfactory.
- tantalum substrate solves this problem because of its excellent resistance to chemical corrosion and its electrochemical stability.
- the tantalum substrate has already been described, no method allows satisfactory electrocatalytic deposits of iridium oxide to be produced on tantalum.
- the dissociation temperatures of IrCl 3 and H 2 IrCl 6 which are the usual precursors of IrO 2 , are higher than the oxidation temperature of tantalum. Therefore, the formation of tantalum oxide on the tantalum substrate appears before the formation of the catalytic oxide IrO 2 , which decreases the performance of these electrodes.
- Test A which is an accelerated test for measuring the lifetime of the anodes, consists of carrying out electrolysis of a concentrated sulfuric acid solution using the anode to be tested, at a current density greater than 25 to 50 times the current density applied in the industrial processes.
- the lifetimes of the anodes in these conditions are therefore shorter than durations life under normal operating conditions, which facilitates comparative study with a view to optimizing conditions anode preparation.
- This test A is carried out as follows.
- electrolysis is carried out of a solution of sulfuric acid at 30% by mass, the temperature of which is regulated at 80 ° C., and which is stirred continuously by a magnetic stirrer.
- the anode has a rectangular shape (100 mm x 10 mm x 1 mm) and is inserted into heat-shrink tubing. Once the sheath is in place, a small circular opening of 0.20 cm 2 is cut out with a punch in the sheath. This is to precisely and reproducibly define the area of the active surface of the anode.
- the distance between the two electrodes is 3 cm ( ⁇ 0.2 cm).
- the gases released by the electrolysis of water are channeled separately to cooling tubes to limit the vesicular entrainment of sulfuric acid and avoid the risk of explosion.
- the current density is then kept constant at this value and the potential difference between the anode and the cathode is recorded.
- the surface mass of IrO 2 is defined as being the mass of electrocatalytic oxide IrO2 deposited as a coating per unit area of substrate.
- the normalized service life ⁇ is thus expressed in hm 2 .g -1 .
- a graphical representation of the potential difference U between the anode and the cathode measured during the test described above as a function of time is given in Figure 1.
- the potential difference U increases progressively from time 0 to time t o , t o indicating the moment when the anode working current density reaches the desired constant value of 50 kA.m -2 .
- the potential difference is then constant until time t 1 , the anode thus experiences normal operation between t o and t 1 , then after time t 1 , the potential difference increases indicating a deterioration of the anode.
- the value of the potential difference U f U o + 2 (V) is reached at time t f .
- the lifetime of the anode deduced from this curve is therefore equal to t f -t o .
- the anodes object of the present invention have a normalized service life as measured by this test significantly higher than that of anodes currently used, as will emerge from the examples given below.
- the subject of the present invention is an anode with improved longevity, characterized in that it has a standardized service life of at least 14 hm 2 .g -1 , preferably greater than 20 hm 2 .g -1 , and more preferably still greater than 25 hm 2 .g -1 , as measured by test A above and that it consists of a substrate of at least one metallic compound having an external tantalum surface, the external surface being covered with an electrocatalytic coating of iridium oxide.
- the substrate used for the anode according to the invention may consist of tantalum only. However, in order to limit manufacturing costs, this substrate can consist of at least one metallic compound other than tantalum covered with a layer of tantalum. Compounds metals other than tantalum commonly used are chosen from copper, nickel, titanium, their alloys, steel or stainless steel.
- This tantalum layer can be applied by any known method such as vacuum deposition, sputtering, deposition ionic, deposition from a reactive atmosphere, by co-lamination or electrochemically as described in the French patent application n ° 95 07158 not yet published in name of the Applicant Company.
- This layer of tantalum has a thickness between 10 ⁇ m and 500 ⁇ m, preferably between 20 ⁇ m and 200 ⁇ m, more preferably between 20 ⁇ m and 100 ⁇ m.
- the substrate used can be in the form of a plate, a hollow cylinder, a spherical particle or the like, depending on the applications envisaged for the anode.
- the coating of iridium oxide covering the substrate is such that the surface mass of iridium oxide is greater than 4 gm -2 , preferably less than 30 gm -2 and more preferably still between 5 and 20 gm - 2 .
- the present invention also relates to a method for manufacturing an anode as defined above, characterized in that the electrocatalytic coating of iridium oxide is produced in several layers by the thermal decomposition of iridium tetrachloride IrCl 4 previously applied as a coating on the substrate.
- the Applicant Company had the merit of finding that by using such a mode of formation of the electrocatalytic coating, the anode does not undergo deactivation.
- This thermal decomposition is carried out at a temperature below about 500 ° C, preferably below 475 ° C, and more preferably still between approximately 350 and 450 ° C.
- thermal decomposition is first carried out at a temperature between around 350 ° C and 400 ° C, more preferably around 350 ° C then the temperature can be increased up to about 500 ° C, preferably up to 475 ° C and above preferably still between about 350 ° C and 450 ° C.
- the first layers are obtained by thermal decomposition of a solution of IrCl 4 at a temperature between about 350 ° C and 400 ° C, more preferably about 350 ° C then the following layers are obtained with a temperature of thermal decomposition which has been increased and which is less than about 500 ° C.
- the precursor IrCl 4 is deposited on the substrate in the form of a solution in an organic solvent making it possible to lower the temperature of thermal decomposition of IrCl 4 into oxide IrO 2 .
- the solvent having this characteristic is chosen an alcoholic solvent, for example an aliphatic alcohol C 1 -C 4 such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanol 1, butanol 2, l isobutanol or tert.-butanol, or a mixture thereof.
- a mixture of isopropanol and ethanol or isopropanol and butanol-1 is used.
- the solvent is evaporated before carrying out the heat treatment in air.
- step (a) above for preparing the substrate cleaning is preferably carried out using a surfactant. Sandblasting increases the surface specific substrate and chemical pickling allows to remove the insulating oxide layer which would have formed on the tantalum surface of the electrode.
- Step (b) comprising the successive operations of applying the IrCl 4 solution, evaporating the solvent and thermal decomposition is repeated as many times as necessary to obtain the desired surface mass of oxide d 'iridium.
- the surface mass of iridium oxide is preferably from 5 to 20 g / m 2 , of course, it can be greater, but this is disadvantageous from an economic point of view.
- Step (b) is repeated at least 3 times, preferably at least 5 times.
- the application of the solution of precursor is carried out for example with a brush, or by immersion, or by any other method known in the art, especially by spraying, spraying, etc.
- the solvent can be evaporated in particular by steaming at the evaporation temperature of the solvent used.
- the thermal decomposition of the precursor is carried out in an oven, in the air.
- the decomposition thermal of the precursor is carried out at a temperature between about 350 and 400 ° C, more preferably about 350 ° C. Then for the following layers, preferably from the third layer, the temperature thermal decomposition is increased, it is lower at around 500 ° C, preferably below 475 ° C and more preferably still between approximately 350 and 450 ° C.
- the final heat treatment step (c) is conducted at a temperature below about 550 ° C, preferably less than 525 ° C and more preferably still between about 450 and 500 ° C.
- a support metal plate of 100 mm X 10 mm X 1 mm is used as substrate for the anode.
- This plate is degreased with chloroform and then subjected to sandblasting under a pressure of 5 bar using corundum (particle size: 125 ⁇ m).
- the plate is then rinsed in a tank of osmosis water under ultrasound for 10 minutes, subjected to a chemical pickling using hydrochloric or hydrofluoric acid then is rinsed.
- a precursor solution is applied by immersion or with a brush.
- the plate thus coated is steamed at 80 ° C for 5 minutes and then calcined in air in an oven at a temperature T 1 for 5 minutes.
- n being the number of layers of the precursor solution which must be applied to obtain the desired areal mass of IrO 2 .
- the plate is calcined in air for two hours at a temperature T 2 .
- the anodes thus prepared are subjected to test A as described above, whereby their lifespan and their normalized service lives are determined.
- Comparative Example 1 was repeated, except that the substrate used was NFT40 titanium and that the step of chemical pickling was conducted using hydrochloric acid at 37% at boiling point.
- Comparative Example 1 was repeated except that the substrates used were titanium alloys such as indicated in the following Table I. Chemical pickling was carried out using concentrated hydrochloric acid 37% and 36% respectively.
- Example 5 Manufacture of Ta / IrO 2 anodes
- Example 6 Manufacture of Ta / IrO 2 anodes [substrate: AISI 316 L (UNS S31603) coated with Ta, precursor: IrCl 4 ].
- Example 5 is repeated, except that one uses a stainless steel plate (316 L) covered with a tantalum layer whose thickness is indicated between parentheses in the following Table II. All anodes made in this example include 10 layers of precursor solution.
- Example 5 according to the invention Your massive 5 4.54 115.0 25.31 10 10.77 274.2 25.46 10 12.40 343.3 27.68 15 13.81 450.0 32.59 20 20.31 528.0 26.00 25 24.08 972.0 40.36 30 31.72 473.3 14.92
- Example 6 according to the invention 316L / Ta (23 ⁇ m) 10 9.39 363.0 38.64 316L / Ta (91 ⁇ m) 10 9.84 345.0 35.05 316L / Ta (93 ⁇ m) 10 9.07 273.0 30.08 316L / Ta (97 ⁇ m) 10 9.27 250.0 26.98 316L / Ta (98 ⁇ m 10 10.03 275.0 27.41 316L / Ta (99 ⁇ m) 10 9.27 253.0 27.30 Comparative Example 7 NF T40 (UNS R50100)
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Description
- ASTM grade 4 (UNS R50700) : titane contenant 500 ppm de fer et 400 ppm d'oxygène ;
- ASTM grade 7 (UNS R52400) : alliage de titane et de palladium de formule Ti0,2Pd % m/m ;
- NF T40 (UNS R50100) : titane contenant 100 ppm de fer et 100 ppm d'oxygène ;
- NF TD12ZE (UNS R58030) : alliage de titane de formule Ti12Mo6Zr4,5Sn ;
- NF TA6V4 (UNS R56320) : alliage de titane de formule T16Al4v ;
- AISI 316L (UNS S31603) : acier inoxydable de nuance NF Z2 CND 17-12.
- décapage chimique : pendant 30 minutes avec de l'acide chlorhydrique à 32 %, à ébullition ;
- T1 = 532° C ;
- T2 = 550° C ;
- solution de précurseur : 250 mg de TaCl5, 430 mg de H2IrCl6.6H2O dans un mélange formé de 5 ml d'isopropanol et de 5 ml d'éthanol.
| Anodes de type Ti/Ta2O5-IrO2 . | |||||
| Exemples | Nature du substrat | Nombre de couches n | Masse surfacique d'IrO2 (g/m2) | Durée de vie (h) | Durée de vie normalisée (h.m2.gIrO2 -1) τ |
| Exemple 1 comparatif | ASTM grade 4 (UNS R50700) | 8 | 8,46 | 8,3 | 1,0 |
| 12 | 12,69 | 13,4 | 1,1 | ||
| 16 | 16,92 | 17,0 | 1,0 | ||
| 28 | 29,60 | 40,2 | 1,4 | ||
| 56 | 59,21 | 30,5 | 0,5 | ||
| Exemple 2 comparatif | NF T40 (UNS R50100) | 10 | 8,43 | 62,0 | 7,4 |
| 15 | 12.08 | 48.0 | 4,1 | ||
| 20 | 17,96 | 127,0 | 7,1 | ||
| 25 | 24,38 | 105,0 | 4,3 | ||
| 28 | 31,02 | 103.0 | 3,3 | ||
| Exemple 3 comparatif | NF TD12ZE (UNS R58030) | 10 | 7,09 | 14,5 | 2,0 |
| 15 | 10,61 | 24,2 | 2,3 | ||
| 20 | 14,70 | 100,0 | 6,7 | ||
| Exemple 4 comparatif | NF TA6V4 (UNS R56320) | 15 | 9,60 | 7,5 | 2,2 |
| 5 | 3,41 | 15,0 | 1,6 | ||
| 10 | 5,98 | 22,0 | 3,6 | ||
| 15 | 9,56 | 42,5 | 3,3 | ||
| 20 | 12,87 | 82,5 | 6,3 |
- l'étape de décapage chimique a été conduite à l'aide d'acide fluorhydrique à 40 %, à 25° C, pendant une minute ;
- T1 = 350° C pour les deux premières couches (n = 1 et n = 2) ; puis T = 430° C pour les couches suivantes (n ≥ 3) ;
- T2 = 450° C ;
- solution de précurseur : 750 mg d'IrCl4 dans un mélange de 5 ml d'éthanol et de 5 ml d'isopropanol.
| Comparaison anodes de type Ta/IrO2 conformes à l'invention avec anodes de type Ti/IrO2, IrO2 étant déposé à partir d'IrCl4. | |||||
| Exemples | Nature du substrat | Nombre de couches n | Masse surfacique d'IrO2 (g/m2) | Durée de vie (h) | Durée de vie normalisée τ (h.m2.gIrO2-1) |
| Exemple 5 selon l'invention | Ta massif | 5 | 4,54 | 115,0 | 25,31 |
| 10 | 10,77 | 274,2 | 25,46 | ||
| 10 | 12,40 | 343,3 | 27,68 | ||
| 15 | 13,81 | 450,0 | 32,59 | ||
| 20 | 20,31 | 528,0 | 26,00 | ||
| 25 | 24,08 | 972,0 | 40,36 | ||
| 30 | 31,72 | 473,3 | 14,92 | ||
| Exemple 6 selon l'invention | 316L/Ta (23µm) | 10 | 9,39 | 363,0 | 38,64 |
| 316L/Ta (91µm) | 10 | 9,84 | 345,0 | 35,05 | |
| 316L/Ta (93µm) | 10 | 9,07 | 273,0 | 30,08 | |
| 316L/Ta (97µm) | 10 | 9.27 | 250,0 | 26,98 | |
| 316L/Ta (98µm | 10 | 10,03 | 275,0 | 27,41 | |
| 316L/Ta (99µm) | 10 | 9,27 | 253,0 | 27,30 | |
| Exemple 7 comparatif | NF T40 (UNS R50100) | 10 | 9,86 | 93,3 | 9,47 |
| Exemple 8 comparatif | NF TA6V4 (UNS R56320) | 10 | 10,0 | 19,0 | 1,90 |
| Exemple 9 comparatif | NF TD12ZE (UNS R58030) | 10 | 8.54 | 31,5 | 3,69 |
| Exemple 10 comparatif | ASTM | 10 | 9,77 | 75,0 | 7,68 |
| grade 7 | 10 | 10,91 | 35,07 | 3,27 | |
| (UNS R52400) | 10 | 10,54 | 69,3 | 6.58 | |
| 10 | 8,86 | 46,2 | 5,21 |
Claims (12)
- Anode à longévité améliorée, caractérisée en ce qu'elle est constituée d'un substrat en au moins un composé métallique, présentant une surface externe en tantale, cette surface externe étant recouverte d'un revêtement électrocatalytique d'oxyde d'iridium, et en ce qu'elle présente une durée de vie normalisée, mesurée dans un test A tel que défini dans la description, supérieure à 14 h.m2.g-1, de préférence supérieure à 20 h.m2.g-1 et plus préférentiellement encore supérieure à 25 h.m2.g-1.
- Anode selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce que le substrat est en tantale.
- Anode selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce que le composé métallique est choisi parmi le cuivre, le nickel, le titane, leurs alliages, l'acier ou l'acier inoxydable.
- Anode selon la revendication 3, caractérisée en ce que la couche de tantale a une épaisseur comprise entre 10 µm et 500 µm, de préférence entre 20 µm et 200 µm, et plus préférentiellement encore entre 20 µm et 100 µm.
- Anode selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisée en ce que la masse surfacique d'oxyde d'iridium appliqué en revêtement sur le substrat est supérieure à 4 g.m-2, de préférence inférieure, à 30 g.m-2, et plus préférentiellement encore comprise entre 5 et 20 g.m-2.
- Procédé de fabrication d'une anode selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 5, caractérisé en ce que le revêtement électrocatalytique d'oxyde d'iridium est réalisé en plusieurs couches par décomposition thermique de tétrachlorure d'iridium, IrCl4, préalablement appliqué en revêtement sur le substrat.
- Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 6, caractérisé en ce que la décomposition thermique d'IrCl4 est effectuée à une température inférieure à environ 500° C, de préférence inférieure à 475° C et plus préférentiellement encore entre environ 350° C et 450° C.
- Procédé selon la revendication 7, caractérisé en ce que la décomposition thermique d'IrCl4 est effectuée tout d'abord à une température comprise entre environ 350 et 400° C, de préférence d'environ 350° C de façon à former les premières couches d'oxyde d'iridium, et afin d'éviter toute formation de l'oxyde de tantale thermique qui est non conducteur, puis cette température est augmentée jusqu'à une température inférieure à environ 500° C, de préférence inférieure à environ 475° C et plus préférentiellement encore comprise entre environ 350 et 450° C afin de former les couches supérieures d'oxyde d'iridium.
- Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 6 et 8, caractérisé en ce que le précurseur IrCl4 est déposé sous la forme d'une solution dans un solvant organique permettant d'abaisser la température de décomposition thermique de IrCl4 en oxyde IrO2, de préférence dans un solvant alcoolique, et plus préférentiellement encore dans un mélange d'éthanol et d'isopropanol, ledit solvant étant évaporé avant la décomposition thermique.
- Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 6 à 9, caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend les étapes successives suivantes :l'étape (b) étant répétée autant de fois qu'il est nécessaire pour obtenir la masse surfacique d'oxyde d'iridium désirée.(a) préparation du substrat consistant notamment en un lavage, un sablage et un décapage chimique ;(b) dépôt de la couche d'oxyde d'iridium par application sur le substrat de la solution d'IrCl4 dans un solvant organique, évaporation du solvant et décomposition thermique d'IrCl4 ;(c) traitement thermique final,
- Procédé selon la revendication 10, caractérisé en ce que l'étape (b) est répétée au moins 3 fois, de préférence au moins 5 fois, et que la température de décomposition thermique est comprise entre environ 350 et 400° C, de préférence d'environ 350° C au moins pour les deux premières fois où l'étape (b) est effectuée, puis l'étape (b) est répétée en augmentant la température de décomposition thermique celle-ci étant alors inférieure à environ 500° C, de préférence inférieure à 475° C et plus préférentiellement encore comprise entre environ 350 et 450° C.
- Procédé selon la revendication 10 ou 11, caractérisé en ce que l'étape (c) de traitement thermique final est conduite à une température inférieure à environ 550° C, de préférence inférieure à 525° C, et plus préférentiellement encore comprise entre environ 450 et 500° C.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR9605916A FR2748495B1 (fr) | 1996-05-13 | 1996-05-13 | Anode a longevite amelioree et son procede de fabrication |
| FR9605916 | 1996-05-13 | ||
| PCT/FR1997/000836 WO1997043465A1 (fr) | 1996-05-13 | 1997-05-12 | Anode a longevite amelioree et son procede de fabrication |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0925387A1 EP0925387A1 (fr) | 1999-06-30 |
| EP0925387B1 true EP0925387B1 (fr) | 2000-09-20 |
Family
ID=9492070
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP97924074A Expired - Lifetime EP0925387B1 (fr) | 1996-05-13 | 1997-05-12 | Anode a longevite amelioree et son procede de fabrication |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0925387B1 (fr) |
| DE (1) | DE69703163T2 (fr) |
| ES (1) | ES2152673T3 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR2748495B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO1997043465A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2811339B1 (fr) * | 2000-07-07 | 2003-08-29 | Electricite De France | Procede de preparation de materiaux metalliques pour leur utilisation comme electrodes |
| FR2811338B1 (fr) * | 2000-11-10 | 2003-02-14 | Electricite De France | Procede de preparation de materiaux metalliques pour leur utilisation comme electrodes |
| WO2021117311A1 (fr) * | 2019-12-13 | 2021-06-17 | パナソニックIpマネジメント株式会社 | Électrode d'électrolyse |
Family Cites Families (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4257856A (en) * | 1979-10-17 | 1981-03-24 | Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated | Electrolytic process useful for the electrolysis of water |
| GB8903322D0 (en) * | 1989-02-14 | 1989-04-05 | Ici Plc | Electrolytic process |
| DE3905082A1 (de) * | 1989-02-18 | 1990-08-23 | Bayer Ag | Formstabile anoden und deren verwendung bei der herstellung von alkalidichromaten und chromsaeure |
| JP3044797B2 (ja) * | 1991-02-04 | 2000-05-22 | ダイソー株式会社 | 酸素発生用陽極の製法 |
-
1996
- 1996-05-13 FR FR9605916A patent/FR2748495B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1997
- 1997-05-12 DE DE69703163T patent/DE69703163T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-05-12 EP EP97924074A patent/EP0925387B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-05-12 WO PCT/FR1997/000836 patent/WO1997043465A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 1997-05-12 ES ES97924074T patent/ES2152673T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR2748495A1 (fr) | 1997-11-14 |
| ES2152673T3 (es) | 2001-02-01 |
| EP0925387A1 (fr) | 1999-06-30 |
| FR2748495B1 (fr) | 1998-07-17 |
| DE69703163T2 (de) | 2001-05-17 |
| DE69703163D1 (de) | 2000-10-26 |
| WO1997043465A1 (fr) | 1997-11-20 |
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