EP0909471B1 - Connecteur electrique pour frequences elevees - Google Patents

Connecteur electrique pour frequences elevees Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0909471B1
EP0909471B1 EP98921537A EP98921537A EP0909471B1 EP 0909471 B1 EP0909471 B1 EP 0909471B1 EP 98921537 A EP98921537 A EP 98921537A EP 98921537 A EP98921537 A EP 98921537A EP 0909471 B1 EP0909471 B1 EP 0909471B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
fact
connector
connector according
shielding
cage
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP98921537A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0909471A1 (fr
Inventor
Yvan Bellemon
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Societe de Fabrication Industrielle et Mecanique SOFIM
Original Assignee
Societe de Fabrication Industrielle et Mecanique SOFIM
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Societe de Fabrication Industrielle et Mecanique SOFIM filed Critical Societe de Fabrication Industrielle et Mecanique SOFIM
Publication of EP0909471A1 publication Critical patent/EP0909471A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0909471B1 publication Critical patent/EP0909471B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
    • H01R13/00—Details of coupling devices of the kinds covered by groups H01R12/70 or H01R24/00 - H01R33/00
    • H01R13/648—Protective earth or shield arrangements on coupling devices, e.g. anti-static shielding  
    • H01R13/658—High frequency shielding arrangements, e.g. against EMI [Electro-Magnetic Interference] or EMP [Electro-Magnetic Pulse]
    • H01R13/6581—Shield structure
    • H01R13/6585—Shielding material individually surrounding or interposed between mutually spaced contacts
    • H01R13/6589—Shielding material individually surrounding or interposed between mutually spaced contacts with wires separated by conductive housing parts

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of electrical connectors for high frequencies, typically of the order of or greater than 600 MHz, in particular for local area networks.
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 respectively appended, as seen in longitudinal section and seen in transverse section, show an element of a known electrical connector for high frequencies and in FIGS. 3 and 4 respectively, seen in longitudinal section and in sectional view. transverse connector known in assembled position.
  • the known connector illustrated in FIGS. 1 to 4 comprises two identical elements 10 having a hermaphroditic interface whose coupling is done by two "mirror" rotations (left-right and then up-up) followed by an insertion in the axis of the contact.
  • the shields 30 form in combination four cells each housing a pair of contact 41-47, as can be seen in particular in FIG. 4.
  • the known connector illustrated in appended FIGS. 1 to 4 comprises a plug member 10 and a plug member 10. Since the interfaces are identical, the distinction between the plug and the plug is made by the use of two external shells of metallised plastic internally to ensure the continuity of the shielding. One hull is called male, the other female. Both shells are equipped with mechanical keying devices, avoiding the inversion of the plugging direction.
  • this known connector has significant leaks at the level of the electromagnetic seal plane, referenced 60, 62 in Figures 1 to 4, corresponding to the longitudinal joint plane defined between the shields 30 of the two elements 10.
  • the interfacial rear portion of the known connector has a shielding discontinuity between the insulation-removing contacts.
  • EP-A-0562691 discloses an electrical connector also intended for high frequencies which comprises a first support element of electrically insulating material which defines a plurality of cells receiving male electrical contacts and each intended to receive a respective second support element in electrically insulating material which carries a female electrical contact, complementary to a male electrical contact, each second element being coated with a cage-shaped shield which has external tabs adapted to come into contact with earth contacts carried by the first support element.
  • the outer tabs and the associated earth contacts carried by the first element clearly define a longitudinal joint plane parallel to the relative translation direction of the two elements.
  • the present invention now aims to improve the known electrical connectors for high frequencies.
  • FIGS. 5, 6 and 7 appended show schematically an element 100 of electrical connector according to the present invention forming a socket.
  • This element 100 comprises: a body 110 of electrically insulating material, eight contact blades 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126 and 127 made of electrically conductive material, an electromagnetic shield 130, four inserts 140, a cable clamp 150 and a clamping ring 160.
  • the body 110 may be formed for example by molding of electrically insulating plastic material.
  • the body 110 is formed of four parts 110a, 110b, 110c, 110d each comprising a rear plate 111 extended forwards by four beams 112, 113, 114, 115.
  • the beams 112 to 115 are of rectangular section, parallel to each other and equidistant two by two.
  • the width / height ratio of the section of the beams 112-115 is typically of the order of 3/1.
  • the connection zone between the beams 112 to 115 and the rear plates 111 is pierced with eight channels receiving the blades 120 to 127.
  • These contact blades 120 to 127 may be made of any suitable electrically conductive material. It is preferably golden elastic bronze.
  • Blades 120 to 127 extend in a general direction parallel to the contact insertion direction.
  • the blades 120 to 127 are arranged in pairs respectively on the beams 112 to 115, more precisely, as can be seen in Figures 5 and 6, on parallel faces facing them.
  • the blades 120 to 127 are preferably arched, convex towards the median plane of the element 100 parallel to the faces of the beams 112 to 115 which carry the blades 120 to 127. As can be seen in FIG. blades 120 to 127 can be maintained by a flange formed on the free end of the beams 112 to 115.
  • the rear end of the blades 120 to 127 is bent at 90 ° to form a self-stripping contact accessible on the outside of the plates 111 and adapted to cooperate with an inserter 140.
  • the shield 130 formed of an electrically conductive material is preferably molded, for example zamak.
  • the shield 130 comprises a cage 132 of rectangular cross-section which surrounds the beams 112 to 115 and the blades 120 to 127.
  • the cage 132 has an internal recess 131, in the vicinity of two-thirds of its length.
  • the cage 132 also has an excrescence 133 on one of its faces. This protrusion 133 is provided with an opening 134 at its end adjacent to the recess 131.
  • the shield 130 further comprises a spider 135 housed in the cage 132.
  • the spider 135 is formed of two walls 136, 137 orthogonal to each other and joined.
  • the two walls 136, 137 are respectively parallel and orthogonal to the walls of the cage 132.
  • two walls 136, 137 are connected to the internal faces of the walls of the cage 132.
  • the front ends of the walls 136, 137 of the spider are coplanar with each other and coplanar with the recess 131.
  • this embodiment corresponds to that shown diagrammatically in FIG.
  • the blades 120-127 and beams 112-115 extend beyond the cross-member 135 preferably to the immediate vicinity of the opening contour of the cage 132.
  • the spider 135 passes through the plate 111 and opens on the rear end thereof in the form of a needle 138 centered on the connector.
  • the needle 138 projects widely on the back of the plate 110.
  • the inserters 140 may be pivotally or translatably mounted on the body 110. They are adapted, in a manner known per se, to force the electrically conductive blades of a conductor coated with a cable insulation in the ranges self-stripping contact formed on the rear ends of the contact blades 120 to 127.
  • the cable clamp 150 is preferably made of metal. It comprises a front end 152 of rectangular cross section complementary to the outer casing of the cage 132 of the shield.
  • the cable clamp 150 further comprises a cylindrical rear shank 154 slit longitudinally over at least a part of its length.
  • the drum 154 is threaded on its outer surface.
  • the connection zone between the tip 152 and the barrel 154 is tapered towards the barrel.
  • the ring 160 is internally threaded and adapted to cooperate with the thread of the barrel 154 to tighten it on a cable.
  • FIGS. 8 to 10 show a second connector element 200 in accordance with the present invention forming a plug.
  • the element 200 illustrated in FIGS. 8 to 10 comprises a body 210 of electrically insulating material, eight contact blades of electrically conductive material 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226 , 227, an electromagnetic shield 230, four inserters 240, a cable clamp 250 and a clamping ring 260.
  • the body 210 is formed essentially of four beams 212, 213, 214, 215 of rectangular cross section (identical to that of the beams 112-115), parallel and equidistant.
  • the blades 220 to 227 are preferably made of gilded elastic bronze. They extend generally parallel to the direction of insertion of the connector elements 100, 200.
  • the contact strips 220 to 227 are respectively placed in pairs on the outer faces of the beams 212, 213, 214 and 215.
  • the blades 220 at 227 are preferably slightly arched, convex outwards, that is to say away from the median plane parallel to the faces of the beams 212 to 215 which carry them. As seen in FIG. 8, the front ends of the blades 220 to 227 are preferably held in the beams 212 to 215.
  • the rear ends of the blades 220 to 227 are bent at 90 ° to form self-stripping contacts accessible on the outside of the body 210 and adapted to cooperate with the inserters 240.
  • the shield 230 is made of electrically conductive material. It is preferably molded, for example zamak.
  • the shield 230 comprises a cage 232 of rectangular cross section which surrounds the beams 212 to 215 and the blades 220 to 227.
  • the cage 232 is provided with a recess 231 on its outer surface. This recess 231 is adapted to receive the free end of the cage 232 as seen in FIG. 11.
  • the cage 232 has a protrusion 233 on one of its faces, homologous to the protrusion 133 of the element 100.
  • This protrusion 233 is adapted to house a locking element 270 which will be described in more detail by the after.
  • the shield 230 has a spider 235 housed in the cage 232.
  • the spider 235 is formed of two orthogonal walls between them and joined 236, 237. These walls 236, 237 are respectively parallel and orthogonal to the walls of the cage 232. They are connected to the internal faces of the walls of the cage 232.
  • the front ends of the walls 236, 237 forming the cross-member 235 are coplanar with each other and coplanar with the opening contour of the cage 232.
  • the geometry and the dimensions of the beams 112, 113, 114 and 115 are adapted so that they are housed during assembly between the external faces of the beams 212, 213, 214, 215, the internal faces of the cage 232 and the vertical wall 237 of the spider.
  • the cage 232 is housed during assembly between the outer faces of the beams 112, 113, 114, 115 and the cage 132.
  • the large faces of the beams 212, 213, 214, 215 opposite the faces receiving the contact blades 220 to 227, are adjacent to the horizontal medial wall 236 of the cross 235.
  • the beams 112, 113, 114, 115 are spaced from the median wall 136 by a distance equal to the thickness or height of the beams 212-215.
  • the beams 112-115 are adjacent by one of their short side to the wall 137 and likewise the beams 212-215 are adjacent by one of their short side to the wall 237.
  • the beams 212-215 are adjacent by their second small side to the inner wall surface of the shielding cage 232.
  • the other walls of this cage 232, orthogonal to those mentioned above, are located at a distance from the outer surface of the beams 212-215 which carries the contact blades 220-227, equal to the thickness of the beams 112 to 115.
  • the thickness of the walls of the cage 232 is equal to the thickness of the gap existing between the inner surface of the cage 132 and the beams 112 to 115.
  • the lengths of the beams and braces are such that after assembly the end planes of the braces 135 and 235 are adjacent.
  • the length separating the recess 131 and the end of the cage 132 is equal to the length separating the recess 231 and the free end of the cage 232.
  • the walls 136, 137 and 236, 237 of the braces respectively have the same thickness.
  • each of the contact blades 120 to 127 of the element 100 rests against a contact blade 220 to 227 of the element 200.
  • the spider 235 extends on the rear of the body 210 in the form of a needle 238 centered on the element 200.
  • the inserters 240, cable clamp 250 and ring 260 are respectively similar to the inserts 140, cable clamp 150 and ring 160 above.
  • the locking piece 270 placed in the protrusion 233 is preferably formed of a U-shaped piece of elastic material.
  • This locking piece 270 comprises a longitudinal fixed base element 271 bonded to the shield 230, a generally parallel locking tongue 272 provided with a toothing 273 at its free end and an elastic connecting branch 274.
  • the toothing 273 is adapted to penetrate in the opening 134 during assembly, by deflection of the connecting zone 270. To remove the connector, simply solicit this area 270 to retract the toothing 273.
  • FIG. 11 represents the connector according to the present invention in the assembled position
  • this connector according to the present invention makes it possible to keep the electromagnetic shield all at the same time. along each pair with minimum leaks.
  • This connector makes it possible to define four cells materialized by the braces 135, 235 from the electromagnetic seal plane to the interface until after the connection of the wires in the insulation-removing contacts. After these self-stripping contacts, the cable takes the individual shield of each pair flush with the cross.
  • the present invention thus makes it possible to optimize the shielding by avoiding any leakage crosstalk at the level of the electromagnetic sealing plane.
  • the crosspieces 135, 235 may be furthermore provided with detent 139, 239.
  • detent 139, 239 makes it possible to increase the contact surface between the braces 135, 235 and therefore reduce the transfer impedance and the contact resistance of the ground contact to ensure better sealing against electromagnetic leakage.
  • the geometry of the front ends of the braces 135 and 235 must be complementary so that, despite the longitudinal offset and / or the notch, the two braces are adjacent.
  • the shielding on the back of the connector and the grounding of the cable are essentially provided by the cable clamps 150, 250 which allow the "tunnel" effect to be maintained at the level of the self-stripping contacts by conforming externally to the fins or the braces 135, 235 and thanks to a mechanical retention of the cable relative to the shielding of the connector made by the conical threaded clamping ring 160, 260 tightening the cable clamp 150, 250.
  • a cable C has been schematized on the front end of which the ground braid T has been turned over, as well as a cable clamp 150 and a clamping ring 160 provided with an elastic scraper 162.
  • FIG. 13 shows the same assembly after engagement of the clamping ring 160 with the cable clamp 150. It is noted that the braid T is clamped between the elastic scraper 162 and the cable clamp 150.
  • the socket 100 illustrated in Figures 5 to 7 attached can be mounted indifferently in skirting or wall brackets at the access points, but also in the patch panels at the splitter.
  • a socket 100 may in particular be mounted in a housing equipped with a flap cover bonnet for closing the housing in the absence of plug.
  • FIGS. 17 and 18 show an alternative embodiment of a hermaphrodite connector element 1000 according to the present invention.
  • the shield 1300 may be made of any suitable means, for example by metallization of a plastic case or by molding an electrically conductive material, for example zamak.
  • the shielding 1300 comprises a central portion 1310, in the form of a "8" defining four cells of identical rectangular sections, intended to respectively receive one of the bodies 1100, 1110, 1120 and 1130 of complementary section each carrying a pair of contacts.
  • This central portion 1310 is extended rearwardly by longitudinal webs 1320 forming an inverted double "E" having a common core.
  • These paintings 1320 are placed in the extension of the walls of the central portion 1310. They thus define four open housing laterally to the outside of the connector, intended to receive the complementary bodies 1140, 1150, 1160 and 1170 support contacts and the inserters 1400, 1410, 1420 and 1430.
  • the lateral opening of the housings defined by the cloths 1320 is intended to allow the movement of the inserters 1400, 1410, 1420 and 1430 necessary to engage the conductors on the contacts 1210 to 1270.
  • central portion 1310 of the shield is extended forward by partitions 1330 adapted to interpenetrate with identical partitions of a complementary hermaphrodite connector element.
  • these partitions 1330 comprise a partition 1332 at "E", two partitions 1334 and 1335 at "U” and two bars 1336, 1337.
  • Partition 1332 at "E” is open towards a longitudinal median plane of the connector. It thus defines two cells for respectively receiving a pair of male pins 1240, 1250 and 1260, 1270.
  • the outer surface of this partition 1332 extends the outer surface of three of the walls of the central portion 1310.
  • the partition 1332 has a thickness less than the thickness of the walls forming the central portion 1310 at "8".
  • a recess 1331 visible in FIG. 18, directed towards the front of the connector, is defined, internal to the aforementioned cells and transverse to the direction of engagement of the connector elements.
  • the partitions 1334 and 1335 in “U” have their souls adjacent to the aforementioned longitudinal median plane, facing the openings of the partition 1332 in “E”. They have their "U” directed towards the outside of the connector opposite the soul of the partition 1332.
  • the bars 1336 and 1337 are arranged at the opening of these partitions 1334 and 1335. "U”.
  • the walls 1334 and 1335 in “U” thus define in combination with the bars 1336 and 1337, two cells intended for respectively receiving one of the supports 1100, 1110 each carrying a pair of sockets 1210, 1220 and 1230, 1240.
  • the partitions 1334 and 1335 "U” and the bars 1336 and 1337 have a thickness less than the thickness of the walls component central portion 1310 at "8".
  • strips 1336, 1337 independent partitions 1334, 1335 provides a resilient element adapted to establish a good electrical contact with the shielding element (partition 1332) of the complementary connector element.
  • the bars 1336, 1337 may be provided with a protuberance adapted to rest on said shielding element (partition 1332) of the complementary connector element.
  • the cross-section of the structures defined by the partitions 1334, 1335 in “U” and the bars 1336 and 1337 is complementary to the cross-section of the cells defined by the partition 1332.
  • the width of the step 1331 is identical to the thickness of the partitions. 1334, 1335 and bars 1336 and 1337, while the width of the recess 1338 is identical to the thickness of the partition 1332.
  • the shield 1300 defines a hermaphroditic element of connector allowing the insertion of the structures defined by the partitions 1334, 1335 in "U” and the bars 1336 and 1337 in the cells defined by the partition 1332 of a complementary connector element.
  • the electromagnetic sealing plane transverse to the engagement direction of the connector elements is defined by the contact plane between the recesses 1331, 1338 and the top of the partitions 1332, 1334, 1335 and bars 1336 and 1337 placed opposite.
  • the partition 1332 is further provided on the outer surface of one of its lateral wings, a protuberance 1302., for example parallelepiped, which is flush with the aforementioned longitudinal median plane. After assembly the two protuberances 1302 of the connector elements are adjacent.
  • the shielding 1300 is preferably provided on its external surface with protruding toothing 1304 designed to snap-fasten case shells 1800, 1810 shown diagrammatically in FIG.
  • the support bodies of electrically insulating material 1100 and 1110 consist essentially of parallelepipedic blocks of cross-section complementary to the section of the cells defined by the partitions 1334, 1335 and the bars 1336 and 1337, as well as the cells defined by the central portion 1310. They extend along the length of the central portion 1310 and the aforementioned cells defined by the partitions 1334, 1335 and the bars 1336 and 1337.
  • These bodies 1100 and 1110 are each provided with two longitudinal channels each receiving a female plug 1200, 1210 , 1220 and 1230.
  • the support bodies of electrically insulating material 1120 and 1130 consist essentially of parallelepipedic blocks of cross section complementary to the section of the cells defined by the central portion 1310. They extend along the length of this central portion 1310. These bodies 1120 and 1130 are each provided with two longitudinal channels each receiving a male pin 1240, 1250, 1260 and 1270.
  • the support bodies 1140, 1150, 1160 and 1170 respectively extend the support bodies 1100, 1110, 1120 and 1130. They each have two open channels laterally outwardly of the connector to receive a pair of contacts 1200 to 1270 and enable the engagement. conductors on these contacts through the inserters 1400 to 1430 respectively.
  • each contact 1200 to 1270 is provided on its rear end accessible at the level of the channels of the support bodies 1140 to 1170 of a self-cutting contact fork, as seen in FIG. 17.
  • support bodies 1140, 1150, 1160 and 1170 could be formed of a part respectively with the support bodies 1100, 1110, 1120 and 1130.

Landscapes

  • Details Of Connecting Devices For Male And Female Coupling (AREA)
  • Connector Housings Or Holding Contact Members (AREA)
  • Non-Reversible Transmitting Devices (AREA)
EP98921537A 1997-04-17 1998-04-15 Connecteur electrique pour frequences elevees Expired - Lifetime EP0909471B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9704751 1997-04-17
FR9704751A FR2762453B1 (fr) 1997-04-17 1997-04-17 Connecteur electrique pour frequences elevees
PCT/FR1998/000756 WO1998048488A1 (fr) 1997-04-17 1998-04-15 Connecteur electrique pour frequences elevees

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0909471A1 EP0909471A1 (fr) 1999-04-21
EP0909471B1 true EP0909471B1 (fr) 2007-05-30

Family

ID=9506033

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP98921537A Expired - Lifetime EP0909471B1 (fr) 1997-04-17 1998-04-15 Connecteur electrique pour frequences elevees

Country Status (8)

Country Link
US (1) US6129586A (ja)
EP (1) EP0909471B1 (ja)
JP (1) JP2000513137A (ja)
AT (1) ATE363747T1 (ja)
CA (1) CA2258923A1 (ja)
DE (1) DE69837832T2 (ja)
FR (1) FR2762453B1 (ja)
WO (1) WO1998048488A1 (ja)

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US6780054B2 (en) 1998-01-15 2004-08-24 The Siemon Company Shielded outlet having contact tails shield
JP3504541B2 (ja) * 1999-08-19 2004-03-08 ケル株式会社 シールドコネクタ
FR2805932A1 (fr) * 2000-03-02 2001-09-07 Fci France Module blinde de connexion et procede de realisation d'un connecteur blinde
FR2814598B1 (fr) 2000-09-27 2002-11-29 Fci France Connecteur muni de contacts montes dans un isolant adapte
JP2002280124A (ja) * 2001-03-19 2002-09-27 Jst Mfg Co Ltd 電気コネクタ
FR2826084B1 (fr) * 2001-06-15 2003-08-15 Nexans Bride universelle pour element cylindrique en particulier pour cable
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US7195518B2 (en) * 2005-05-02 2007-03-27 Tyco Electronics Corporation Electrical connector with enhanced jack interface
US7568950B2 (en) * 2006-05-17 2009-08-04 Bel Fuse Ltd. High speed modular jack including multiple contact blocks and method for assembling same
FR2921522A1 (fr) * 2007-09-20 2009-03-27 Souriau Soc Par Actions Simpli Connecteur pour cables ethernet et kit pour connecteur
US7572148B1 (en) 2008-02-07 2009-08-11 Tyco Electronics Corporation Coupler for interconnecting electrical connectors
US7575482B1 (en) 2008-04-22 2009-08-18 Tyco Electronics Corporation Electrical connector with enhanced back end design
JP5044483B2 (ja) * 2008-06-04 2012-10-10 ホシデン株式会社 電気コネクタ
EP2290758B1 (de) * 2009-08-26 2016-09-07 Wieland Electric GmbH Industriesteckverbinder
EP2479850B1 (en) * 2010-05-12 2017-06-14 Amphenol Corporation High speed electrical contact assembly
FR2967329B1 (fr) * 2010-11-10 2013-04-26 Valeo Systemes Thermiques Ecran d'affichage
DE102011000460A1 (de) * 2011-02-02 2012-08-02 Harting Electronics Gmbh & Co. Kg Kontaktierungsvorrichtung eines elektrischen Steckverbinders
DE102011052792B4 (de) * 2011-08-18 2014-05-22 HARTING Electronics GmbH Isolierkörper mit Schirmkreuz
DE102011055509B4 (de) * 2011-11-18 2017-09-07 Phoenix Contact Gmbh & Co. Kg Steckverbinder
DE102012105257B4 (de) * 2012-06-18 2018-06-07 HARTING Electronics GmbH Isolierkörper eines Steckverbinders
DE102012105256A1 (de) 2012-06-18 2013-12-19 HARTING Electronics GmbH Isolierkörper eines Steckverbinders
US9070998B2 (en) 2012-07-27 2015-06-30 Amphenol Corporation High speed electrical contact assembly
US11114796B2 (en) * 2018-12-04 2021-09-07 Carlisle Interconnect Technologies, Inc. Electrical connector with modular housing for accommodating various contact layouts

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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO1998048488A1 (fr) 1998-10-29
FR2762453A1 (fr) 1998-10-23
FR2762453B1 (fr) 1999-06-25
CA2258923A1 (fr) 1998-10-29
DE69837832D1 (de) 2007-07-12
EP0909471A1 (fr) 1999-04-21
JP2000513137A (ja) 2000-10-03
US6129586A (en) 2000-10-10
DE69837832T2 (de) 2008-01-31
ATE363747T1 (de) 2007-06-15

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