EP0898297A2 - Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Tandem-Massenspektrometrie - Google Patents

Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Tandem-Massenspektrometrie Download PDF

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EP0898297A2
EP0898297A2 EP98306682A EP98306682A EP0898297A2 EP 0898297 A2 EP0898297 A2 EP 0898297A2 EP 98306682 A EP98306682 A EP 98306682A EP 98306682 A EP98306682 A EP 98306682A EP 0898297 A2 EP0898297 A2 EP 0898297A2
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Prior art keywords
mass
ions
ranges
charge ratios
daughter
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EP98306682A
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French (fr)
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EP0898297A3 (de
EP0898297B1 (de
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Robert Harold Bateman
John Brian Hoyes
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Micromass UK Ltd
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Micromass UK Ltd
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J49/00—Particle spectrometers or separator tubes
    • H01J49/004—Combinations of spectrometers, tandem spectrometers, e.g. MS/MS, MSn
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J49/00—Particle spectrometers or separator tubes
    • H01J49/26—Mass spectrometers or separator tubes
    • H01J49/34—Dynamic spectrometers
    • H01J49/42—Stability-of-path spectrometers, e.g. monopole, quadrupole, multipole, farvitrons
    • H01J49/4205—Device types
    • H01J49/421—Mass filters, i.e. deviating unwanted ions without trapping
    • H01J49/4215—Quadrupole mass filters

Definitions

  • This invention relates to methods of operating tandem mass spectrometers which comprise a final stage analyzer which is incapable of continuously transmitting an ion beam, for example a time-of-flight mass analyzer or an ion storage device such as a quadrupole ion trap, and apparatus for performing those methods.
  • the invention provides improved methods analogous to the method of "parent ion scanning" conventionally used with tandem quadrupole-based mass spectrometers.
  • Tandem mass spectrometry is the name given to a group of mass spectrometric methods wherein parent ions generated from a sample are fragmented to yield one or more daughter ions which are subsequently mass analysed.
  • the methods are useful for the analysis of complex mixtures, especially of biomolecules, primarily because their specificity can eliminate the need for chemical clean-up prior to mass spectral analysis.
  • parent ions are generated from a sample and passed through a first mass filter to select those ions having a particular mass-to-charge ratio. These ions are then fragmented, typically by collisions with neutral gas molecules in a suitable ion containment device, to yield daughter ions, the mass spectrum of which is recorded by a second mass analyzer.
  • the daughter ion spectra so produced are indicative of the structure of the parent ion, and the two stages of mass filtering eliminates much of the "chemical noise" present in the conventional mass spectrum of a complex mixture.
  • parent ion scanning is useful when it is not possible to identify parent ions in the direct mass spectrum of a sample because of the presence of chemical noise. This situation is frequently encountered in, for example, the electrospray mass spectra of biomolecules.
  • the second mass filter is set to transmit daughter ions having a mass-to-charge ratio known to be characteristic of the type of parent ion under investigation.
  • the first mass filter, ahead of the fragmentation means, is then scanned while monitoring for the transmission of relevant daughter ions through the second mass filter. This determines the parent ion mass-to-charge ratios which yield the characteristic daughter ions.
  • the complete daughter ion spectrum for each of these parent ion mass-to-charge ratios may then be determined by setting the first mass analyzer to transmit each parent ion mass-to-charge ratio in turn and scanning the second analyzer to record the complete daughter ion spectrum for each parent ion.
  • Application of such a method is described by Huang and Henion in Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 1990 vol 4 (11) pp 467-471.
  • MS/MS instrument The most common prior type of MS/MS instrument is the triple quadrupole (see, for example, Yost, Enke in Ch.8 of Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Ed. McLafferty, pub . John Wiley and Sons, 1983). These consist of two quadrupole mass filters separated by a fragmentation means, (usually a quadrupole mass filter operated in the RF only mode as an ion containment device and containing a collision gas at a pressure of between 1 and 10 millitorr). However, many other types of "hybrid" tandem mass spectrometers are also known, including various combinations of magnetic sector analyzers and quadrupole filters.
  • hybrid instruments often comprise high resolution magnetic sector analysers (ie, analyzers comprising both magnetic and electrostatic sectors arranged in a double-focusing combination) as either or both of the mass filters.
  • high resolution magnetic sector analysers ie, analyzers comprising both magnetic and electrostatic sectors arranged in a double-focusing combination
  • Use of high resolution mass filters is highly effective in reducing chemical noise to very low levels.
  • time-of-flight mass spectrometers have become a preferred method of mass analysis for many biomolecules at femtomole levels of concentrations.
  • Time-of-flight analysers have virtually unlimited mass range and very high efficiency, particularly when used in conjunction with pulsed ionization sources such as a matrix assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) source.
  • MALDI matrix assisted laser desorption ionization
  • Time-of-flight mass analyzers determine the mass of all of the ions present in a pulse of ions generated by a pulsed source in a very short time (that of the flight time of the slowest ion), which results in their being able to record a complete spectrum virtually instantaneously (at least in comparison with a scanning quadrupole or magnetic sector analyser).
  • Various tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometers are known. Instruments comprising two time-of-flight analyzers with a collision cell for fragmenting ions disposed between them are taught by US patent 5,202,563, GB patent application 2,250,632, and by Cornish and Cotter in Symposium No 549, Ch. 6 pp 95-107, published by American Chemical Society.
  • tandem mass spectrometers comprising a magnetic sector analyser and a time-of-flight analyser
  • a magnetic sector analyser comprising a magnetic sector analyser and a time-of-flight analyser
  • time-of-flight analyser see, eg, Bateman, Green et al, Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 1995 vol 9 pp 1227-33, Medzihradsky, Adams et al. J. Amer. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 1996 vol 7 pp 1-10
  • European patent application No 551999, Strobel and Russell Symp 549, ibid, ch 5 pp 73-94
  • Jackson Yates et al. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrum. 1996 vol 10 pp 1668-1674
  • Strobel Preston et al. Anal. Chem. 1992 vol 64 pp 754-762
  • Quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometers are also known (eg, Glish, Goeringer, Anal. Che
  • Tandem mass spectrometers having a quadrupole ion trap as the final analyzing stage are also known (see, for example, Jonscher and Yates in Anal. Chem. 1996 vol 68 pp 659-667, Cooks and Morand in Proc. 38 th Ann. Confr. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom., Tuscon, AZ, June 1990 pp 1460-1, Kofel, Reinhard and Schlunegger, ibid, pp 1462-63, and German Patent Application DE 4414403 (1994). Because the ion storage device used in these instruments can be used to cause fragmentation of the ions entering it as well as mass analyzing them, these instruments need not incorporate a separate collision cell.
  • time-of-flight analyzers are most suited to pulsed ionization sources, they can be used in conjunction with a continuous ionization source with high efficiency because they are capable of repetitively recording a complete spectrum almost instantaneously and with a high duty cycle in comparison with the time taken to scan such a spectrum with a quadrupole or magnetic sector analyzer.
  • the time-of-flight analyzer may have a combined transmission efficiency and sampling duty cycle of about 2%, which may be compared to a figure of 50% for a quadrupole mass filter.
  • discontinuous output mass analyzer is used to refer to mass analyzers which cannot produce a continuous flow of mass-selected ions for detection or admission to another analyzer, for example a time-of-flight analyzer or a quadrupole ion trap.
  • the invention provides a method of tandem mass spectroscopy comprising the steps of:
  • the daughter ion spectra of parent ions may be obtained without first identifying said parent ions in a mass spectrum of a sample.
  • said discontinuous output mass analyzer may comprise a time-of-flight mass analyzer.
  • said discontinuous output mass analyzer may comprise an ion-storage device, for example a quadrupole ion trap.
  • said fragmentation means may comprise the ion storage device itself, so that ions are admitted to the storage device in step c), where at least some of them may be fragmented to generate daughter ions by collision with gas molecules in the storage device.
  • said second predetermined ranges comprise only a single mass-to-charge ratio so that in step g) the discontinuous output mass analyser determines the daughter ion spectrum of a single parent ion. Consequently, once step h) has been completed, daughter ion spectra for every parent ion comprised in the flagged first predetermined ranges will have been acquired and unambiguously assigned to a particular parent ion.
  • said second predetermined range comprises several nominal mass-to-charge ratios and the discontinuous output mass analyzer is used in step g) to flag those second predetermined ranges which comprise ions which yield daughter ions of interest, as in step d) carried out in respect of ions comprised in the first predetermined ranges.
  • the mass filter is then set in turn to transmit each nominal mass-to-charge ratio comprised in the flagged second predetermined ranges to record a daughter ion spectrum which is unambiguously assigned to a particular parent ion.
  • each predetermined range is narrowed to a single mass-to-charge ratio, as in the previous preferred methods. For most applications, however, the use of only one or two predetermined ranges is adequate.
  • the discontinuous output mass analyzer may be used to identify the mass-to-charge ratios of all the ions emerging from the fragmentation means so that the first predetermined range may be flagged if any of the mass-to-charge ratios so determined correspond to the mass-to-charge ratios of expected daughter ions.
  • daughter ions formed by the fragmentation of multiply charged parent ions can be detected from the presence of ions having mass-to-charge ratios higher than the mass-to-charge ratios of the parent ions comprised in the first predetermined range.
  • any such ions are present in the output of the discontinuous output mass analyzer, they must represent daughter ions which have a lower number of charges than the multiply charged ion from which they have been formed.
  • This method is particularly appropriate when the parent ions are generated by the electrospray ionization of high molecular weight species, which typically produces ions with a high number of charges.
  • Methods according to the invention can also be used to generate neutral loss spectra, that is, a spectrum of all parent ions which produce daughter ions by the loss of the same characteristic neutral fragment.
  • the first predetermined ranges may be flagged if daughter ions are found at mass-to-charge ratios smaller than each of the mass-to-charge ratios of the parent ions comprised in the predetermined range by the mass of the characteristic neutral fragment.
  • each first predetermined mass range may be chosen as 10 nominal mass-to-charge ratios, so that steps b)-d) are repeated 200 times to cover the possible range of parent ion mass-to-charge ratios.
  • 10 of these first predetermined ranges may generate daughter ions of interest.
  • Steps f) and g) are therefore repeated 100 times using second predetermined ranges of a single nominal mass-to-charge ratio in order to cover all the mass-to-charge ratios in the flagged first predetermined ranges.
  • the first predetermined ranges may be chosen to comprise 25 mass-to-charge ratios, so that 80 daughter ion spectra need to be acquired in steps b)-d) to cover the range of 300-2300 mass units. Typically, 10 of these may be flagged in step d).
  • the second predetermined ranges may then be chosen to comprise 5 mass-to-charge ratios, so that steps f) and g) need to be repeated 50 times to cover the 10 flagged first predetermined ranges. Typically, 10 of these second predetermined ranges will produce daughter ions of interest.
  • Methods according to the invention using a discontinuous output mass analyzer, and especially a time-of-flight mass analyzer as the final analyzer in a tandem mass spectrometer have several advantages over the prior method of parent ion scanning used in triple quadrupole spectrometers.
  • methods according to the invention permit the surveying of several characteristic daughter ions in a single experiment and eliminate the need to guess which are the most likely daughter ions which is a requirement of the prior parent ion scanning method.
  • a time-of-flight mass analyzer detects daughter ions which occur at higher mass-to-charge ratios than their parent ion, which indicates that the parent ion was multiply charged, as explained previously.
  • the complete daughter ion spectra of all the candidate parent ions is immediately available, and it is not necessary to select candidate parent ions and to separately determine their daughter ion spectrum as with the prior parent ion scanning method. This is particularly advantageous when several parent ions are to be investigated.
  • neutral loss spectra can be acquired, as explained above, in the same series of experiments as conventional daughter ion spectra providing that suitable criteria are set for flagging the presence of daughter ions of interest in each of the first predetermined ranges.
  • the invention provides a tandem mass spectrometer comprising means for ionizing a sample, a mass filter which receives ions from said means for ionizing, fragmentation means for producing daughter ions from parent ions exiting from said mass filter, a discontinuous output mass analyzer for mass analyzing ions produced by said fragmentation means and control means for setting said mass filter to transmit ions having mass-to-charge ratios within a predetermined range and for causing said discontinuous output mass spectrometer to produce a mass spectrum of the ions entering it, characterized in that said control means comprises:
  • said discontinuous output mass analyzer comprises a time-of-flight mass analyzer.
  • said discontinuous output mass analyzer comprises an ion-storage device, for example a quadrupole ion trap.
  • said control means sets each of said second predetermined ranges to a single mass-to-charge ratio so that the mass spectra acquired in each of steps e) is a daughter ion spectrum unambiguously assigned to a particular parent ion having that mass-to-charge ratio.
  • the control means sets each of the second predetermined mass ranges to encompass several mass-to-charge ratios and flags those of the second predetermined ranges which yield daughter ions of interest in step e).
  • the control means sets the mass filter to transmit in turn ions which have each of the mass-to-charge ratios comprised in the flagged second predetermined ranges and causes said discontinuous mass analyzer to acquire the complete daughter ion spectrum for each of these mass-to-charge ratios.
  • the mass filter comprises a quadrupole mass filter and said fragmentation means comprises a collision cell containing a collision gas at a pressure of between 10 -3 and 1 torr.
  • the collision gas may comprise an inert gas such as argon or nitrogen, or a hydrocarbon gas such as methane.
  • the collision cell may comprise a quadrupole or hexapole ion guide contained in a substantially gas-tight enclosure. Further ion guides or electrostatic lenses may advantageously be employed to maximize ion transmission between various parts of the apparatus.
  • the means for ionizing a sample will comprise an electrospray, API or MALDI (matrix assisted laser desorption) ionization source of conventional type.
  • the control means may comprise a suitably programmed computer which controls power supplies connected to electrodes comprised in apparatus according to the invention to provide the sequence of voltages necessary for the methods to be carried out.
  • the control means incorporates means for storing mass spectra generated by the discontinuous output mass analyzer and for displaying them when required by an operator.
  • a preferred embodiment of the apparatus for carrying out the invention comprises an ionization source 1, a mass filter 2, fragmentation means 3 and a time-of-flight mass analyzer generally indicated by 16.
  • the methods of the invention are most useful for the analysis of mixtures of biomolecules so that a preferred ionization source 1 is an electrospray ionization source comprising an electrospray needle 4 and the counter electrode 5.
  • a power supply 20 maintains a potential difference of 1-5 kV between the needle 4 and the counter electrode 5 to cause electrospray ionization of the sample solution.
  • Ions generated in the electrospray which is carried out at atmospheric pressure or thereabouts, pass through an aperture in the counter electrode 5 into a first evacuated chamber 6 which is maintained at a pressure of between 1 and 10 torr by a vacuum pump (not shown), and then into a second evacuated chamber 7, maintained at a pressure of between 10 -3 and 10 -2 torr by another vacuum pump (not shown).
  • a hexapole ion guide 8 is disposed in the chamber 7 to improve ion transmission efficiency.
  • a quadrupole mass filter 2 is disposed in a third evacuated chamber 9 which is maintained at a pressure less than 10 -5 torr.
  • the electrodes comprising the mass filter 2 are connected to a power supply 21 which generates both RF and DC potentials which determine both the actual value and the range of mass-to-charge values that are transmitted by it.
  • a fragmentation means 3, disposed to receive ions which are transmitted by the mass filter 2 comprises a second hexapole ion guide 10 enclosed by a substantially gas-tight casing 11 into which a collision gas such as helium, argon, nitrogen or methane may be introduced at a pressure of between 10 -3 and 10 -1 torr.
  • Suitable RF potentials for the electrodes comprising the hexapole ion guide 10 are provided by a power supply 22.
  • Ions exiting from the fragmentation means 3 are converged via a third hexapole ion guide 12 and an electrostatic lens assembly 27 into an "ion pusher" 13 of a time-of-flight mass analyzer generally indicated by 16.
  • the ion pusher 13 comprises a series of electrodes to which suitable voltages are applied in sequence to cause a packet of ions to be ejected from the ion beam 14 and travel through the drift region 15 of the time-of-flight analyzer 16 to an ion mirror 17 and then to an ion detector 18 following a trajectory exemplified by path 26.
  • the pressure in the drift region 15 is maintained at 10 -7 torr or better by another vacuum pump (not shown).
  • Means are provided for measuring the transit time of the ions comprised in the packet so that their mass-to-charge ratios can be determined.
  • the ion pusher 13, ion mirror 17 and detector 18 are parts of a conventional "reflectron" type of time-of-flight mass spectrometer with orthogonal acceleration, and need not be described in detail.
  • a control means 19 provides control signals for power supplies 20-23 which respectively provide the necessary operating potentials for the electrospray ion source 1, quadrupole mass filter 2, fragmentation means 3 and the time-of-flight mass analyzer 16. These control signals determine the operating parameters of the instrument, for example the mass-to-charge ratios transmitted through the mass filter 2 and the operation of the analyzer 16.
  • the control means 19 is itself controlled by signals from a computer 24 which is also used to process mass spectral data acquired from a signal conditioner 25 which receives signals from the detector 18.
  • the conditioner 25 also enables the computer 24 to display and store mass spectra produced from the analyzer 16 and to receive and process commands from an operator for setting up the methods described below.
  • Figure 2 shows another preferred embodiment of the invention wherein the discontinuous output mass analyzer comprises a quadrupole ion trap 29 disposed to receive ions entering from the mass filter 2.
  • An ion detector 30 is provided to detect ions ejected from the trap after mass selection.
  • a controller 28, itself controlled by the control means 19, provides the necessary supply potentials for the trap 29.
  • the fragmentation means is incorporated in the trap 29 which contains a bath gas at a pressure sufficiently high to cause fragmentation of ions in the trap when suitable excitation signals are applied to the trap electrodes by the controller 28, as in a stand-alone ion trap used for MS/MS experiments.
  • ions comprised in each predetermined range of mass-to-charge ratios transmitted in turn by the mass filter 2 are temporarily stored in the trap.
  • the ion beam exiting from the mass filter 2 is then gated off by means of suitable potentials applied to a set of focusing-gating electrodes 31.
  • Suitable excitation signals may then be applied to the electrodes of trap 29 so that at least some of the ions stored in it are caused to fragment, and the daughter ions so generated may then be sequentially ejected to reach the detector 30, again using conventional methods of operating the trap 29.
  • the mass filter 2 may then be set to transmit the next predetermined range of mass-to-charge ratios, and the potentials applied to the focusing-gating electrodes 31 adjusted to allow the ions to enter the trap 29. The fragmentation and daughter ion ejection steps are then repeated. Signals from the detector 30 are processed by the signal conditioner 25 in a similar manner to that described previously for the time-of-flight analyzer.
  • an operator may first decide on the range of mass-to-charge ratios into which candidate parent ions are likely to fall and divide this range into a number of first predetermined ranges, entering these details into the computer 24. For example, if it is thought that parent ions are likely to occur in the range of mass-to-charge ratios from 300 to 2300, an operator may choose 200 first predetermined ranges, each covering ten mass units. The extent of each of these predetermined ranges is chosen bearing in mind the requirement that the mass filter 2 must be capable of transmitting simultaneously (and with reasonably constant efficiency) all the mass-to-charge ratios comprised in each one. The maximum usable range may therefore be limited, particularly if the mass filter 2 is a magnetic sector analyzer.
  • an operator may also enter details of the daughter ions of interest so that only those first predetermined ranges which generate those daughter ions are flagged. For example, if a parent ion scan is to be produced, the mass-to-charge ratios of the expected daughter ions may be specified to limit the flagged ranges to those which generate the relevant daughter ions. If a neutral loss scan is to be produced, the computer 24 may be programmed to flag only those predetermined ranges which generate ions having mass-to-charge ratios smaller than the parent ion mass-to-charge ratios by the mass of the expected neutral fragment.
  • a sample is then introduced into the ionization source 1, and the computer 24 adjusts the mass filter 2 (via the control means 19 and the power supply 21) to transmit simultaneously all of the mass-to-charge ratios comprised in the first one of the first predetermined ranges.
  • Ions having mass-to-charge ratios in this range enter the fragmentation means 3 where they may undergo fragmentation. Any daughter ions produced in the fragmentation means 3 enter the ion pusher 13 of the time-of-flight analyzer 16 and their mass spectrum may be recorded (via the signal conditioner 25) by the computer 24.
  • the recorded mass spectrum may then be examined by the computer 24 to determine whether any of these daughter ions are present, and if any are found, the range which generated the spectrum is flagged to indicate their presence.
  • the time-of-flight analyzer 16 may be used merely to sum the intensities of the ions having mass-to-charge ratios greater than the highest mass-to-charge ratio in the predetermined range.
  • the computer 24 may carry out the above process without flagging the spectra, storing each mass spectrum as it is acquired. The operator may then review the stored spectra manually flagging any ranges whose spectrum is thought to contain likely daughter ions.
  • the computer 24 sets the mass filter 2 to transmit in turn a second predetermined range (in this case a single nominal mass-to-charge ratio) from the set of mass-to-charge ratios comprised in all of the flagged first predetermined ranges, and causes the analyzer 16 to record a mass spectrum for each of these mass-to-charge ratios.
  • a second predetermined range in this case a single nominal mass-to-charge ratio
  • the analyzer 16 causes the analyzer 16 to record a mass spectrum for each of these mass-to-charge ratios.
  • a further reduction in the total number of spectra which have to be recorded may be achieved by using the method illustrated in figure 4.
  • the first part of this method is substantially the same as the figure 3 method, except that for maximum advantage the first predetermined ranges may comprise a greater range of mass-to-charge ratios than would typically be chosen for the figure 3 method. (For example, 25 instead of 10).
  • the second predetermined mass ranges are chosen to comprise more than one mass-to-charge ratio, for example, five mass-to-charge ratios.
  • the mass filter 2 is set to transmit each of the mass-to-charge ratios comprised in the flagged second predetermined ranges and the complete daughter ion spectra recorded and unambiguously assigned to their parent ions.

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EP98306682A 1997-08-22 1998-08-20 Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Tandem-Massenspektrometrie Expired - Lifetime EP0898297B1 (de)

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GB9717926 1997-08-22
GBGB9717926.1A GB9717926D0 (en) 1997-08-22 1997-08-22 Methods and apparatus for tandem mass spectrometry

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EP0898297A2 true EP0898297A2 (de) 1999-02-24
EP0898297A3 EP0898297A3 (de) 2001-01-03
EP0898297B1 EP0898297B1 (de) 2005-12-07

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EP (1) EP0898297B1 (de)
JP (1) JP3959474B2 (de)
CA (1) CA2245465C (de)
DE (1) DE69832670T2 (de)
GB (1) GB9717926D0 (de)

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JPH11154486A (ja) 1999-06-08
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CA2245465C (en) 2002-08-06

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