EP0898115B2 - Chaudière à lit fluidisé dense externe - Google Patents

Chaudière à lit fluidisé dense externe Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0898115B2
EP0898115B2 EP98402063A EP98402063A EP0898115B2 EP 0898115 B2 EP0898115 B2 EP 0898115B2 EP 98402063 A EP98402063 A EP 98402063A EP 98402063 A EP98402063 A EP 98402063A EP 0898115 B2 EP0898115 B2 EP 0898115B2
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
heat exchanger
hearth
boiler
tubes
drum
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP98402063A
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German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0898115B1 (fr
EP0898115A1 (fr
Inventor
Jean-Claude Semedard
Pierre Gauville
Christian Enault
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
General Electric Technology GmbH
Original Assignee
Alstom Technology AG
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Publication date
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Application filed by Alstom Technology AG filed Critical Alstom Technology AG
Priority to DE69810717T priority Critical patent/DE69810717T3/de
Publication of EP0898115A1 publication Critical patent/EP0898115A1/fr
Publication of EP0898115B1 publication Critical patent/EP0898115B1/fr
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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F22—STEAM GENERATION
    • F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
    • F22B31/00—Modifications of boiler construction, or of tube systems, dependent on installation of combustion apparatus; Arrangements of dispositions of combustion apparatus
    • F22B31/0007—Modifications of boiler construction, or of tube systems, dependent on installation of combustion apparatus; Arrangements of dispositions of combustion apparatus with combustion in a fluidized bed
    • F22B31/0015—Modifications of boiler construction, or of tube systems, dependent on installation of combustion apparatus; Arrangements of dispositions of combustion apparatus with combustion in a fluidized bed for boilers of the water tube type
    • F22B31/003—Modifications of boiler construction, or of tube systems, dependent on installation of combustion apparatus; Arrangements of dispositions of combustion apparatus with combustion in a fluidized bed for boilers of the water tube type with tubes surrounding the bed or with water tube wall partitions
    • F22B31/0038—Modifications of boiler construction, or of tube systems, dependent on installation of combustion apparatus; Arrangements of dispositions of combustion apparatus with combustion in a fluidized bed for boilers of the water tube type with tubes surrounding the bed or with water tube wall partitions with tubes in the bed
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F22—STEAM GENERATION
    • F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
    • F22B31/00—Modifications of boiler construction, or of tube systems, dependent on installation of combustion apparatus; Arrangements of dispositions of combustion apparatus
    • F22B31/0007—Modifications of boiler construction, or of tube systems, dependent on installation of combustion apparatus; Arrangements of dispositions of combustion apparatus with combustion in a fluidized bed
    • F22B31/0084—Modifications of boiler construction, or of tube systems, dependent on installation of combustion apparatus; Arrangements of dispositions of combustion apparatus with combustion in a fluidized bed with recirculation of separated solids or with cooling of the bed particles outside the combustion bed
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F22—STEAM GENERATION
    • F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
    • F22B31/00—Modifications of boiler construction, or of tube systems, dependent on installation of combustion apparatus; Arrangements of dispositions of combustion apparatus
    • F22B31/0007—Modifications of boiler construction, or of tube systems, dependent on installation of combustion apparatus; Arrangements of dispositions of combustion apparatus with combustion in a fluidized bed
    • F22B31/0015—Modifications of boiler construction, or of tube systems, dependent on installation of combustion apparatus; Arrangements of dispositions of combustion apparatus with combustion in a fluidized bed for boilers of the water tube type
    • F22B31/0023—Modifications of boiler construction, or of tube systems, dependent on installation of combustion apparatus; Arrangements of dispositions of combustion apparatus with combustion in a fluidized bed for boilers of the water tube type with tubes in the bed
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F22—STEAM GENERATION
    • F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
    • F22B31/00—Modifications of boiler construction, or of tube systems, dependent on installation of combustion apparatus; Arrangements of dispositions of combustion apparatus
    • F22B31/0007—Modifications of boiler construction, or of tube systems, dependent on installation of combustion apparatus; Arrangements of dispositions of combustion apparatus with combustion in a fluidized bed
    • F22B31/0069—Systems therefor
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F22—STEAM GENERATION
    • F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
    • F22B31/00—Modifications of boiler construction, or of tube systems, dependent on installation of combustion apparatus; Arrangements of dispositions of combustion apparatus
    • F22B31/08—Installation of heat-exchange apparatus or of means in boilers for heating air supplied for combustion
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D13/00—Heat-exchange apparatus using a fluidised bed

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a boiler comprising an evaporator immersed in an outer dense fluidized bed.
  • This heat exchanger commonly takes the form of a bundle of tubes and the circulation of the fluid can be natural or assisted by one or more pumps.
  • DNB Departure from Nucleate Boiling
  • a flow of this type causes overheating of the tubes, thermal shock and corrosion.
  • the tubes must have a large section and large clearance heights at their upper ends.
  • the hot particles are not present in sufficient quantity so that, as the vaporization is low, the speed in the tubes is insufficient and there is a risk of occurrence of DNB.
  • the circulation-circulation exchangers make it possible to overcome the difficulties encountered with natural circulation exchangers.
  • the assistance pumps are expensive and they present a risk of failure, which is detrimental to the availability of the boiler.
  • the present invention thus relates to a boiler provided with an outer dense fluidized bed of simple design and high reliability.
  • the subject of the invention is a boiler according to claim 1.
  • This second heat exchanger makes it possible to substantially increase the speed of circulation in the tubes of the first heat exchanger. Thus, even if it operates in natural circulation, the tubes that compose it can be arranged horizontally without risk for installation.
  • the first heat exchanger consists of a bundle of tubes.
  • these tubes are horizontal.
  • these tubes are provided with at least one helical groove.
  • the speed of circulation can be reduced to avoid the appearance of DNB in the tubes.
  • the second heat exchanger is an integral part of a fireplace wall.
  • the second heat exchanger is immersed in the fireplace.
  • the invention is of particular interest when the furnace is a circulating fluidized bed having internal membranes welded to the cased walls of this furnace, these membranes being called extensions of screens.
  • the second heat exchanger is disposed in a screen extension of this fireplace.
  • This boiler therefore comprises a firebox 1 in which is maintained the combustion of the solid particles.
  • This hearth 1 is connected in its upper part to a separation member 2 by an extraction pipe 12 which conveys the combustion gases and the recirculated particles.
  • the separating member 2 discharges the gases in a discharge pipe 20 originating at its upper part and the particles in a recycling pipe 23 which opens into an external dense fluidized bed 3.
  • This pipe of recycling is usually provided with a siphon and sheaths.
  • the outer bed is provided with a first heat exchanger 3A which here takes the form of a bundle of tubes arranged in coils in vertical planes, so that the sections of elongated tubes are horizontal preferably.
  • This first heat exchanger 3A is supplied with heat transfer fluid to be evaporated, for example water, via an inlet pipe 39.
  • the outlet 30 of this heat exchanger 3 is connected directly to a second heat exchanger 3B which is in contact with the firebox 1 .
  • a first embodiment of this second exchanger 3B shown in the Figures 1 and 2 applies when the wall of the upper body of the fireplace is formed by a set of vertical pipes 1A joined together.
  • one of these pipes constitutes the second exchanger 3B connected at its lower end to the outlet 30 of the first exchanger 3A.
  • the first exchanger 3A has a single output.
  • the second heat exchanger 3B is an evaporator disposed inside this fireplace.
  • the invention therefore applies to boilers whose 1 cased hearth is provided with a circulating fluidized bed. It is then common to provide at least one welded screen extension on the inside of the fireplace wall. This screen extension is itself formed of vertical pipes joined together.
  • the second exchanger 3B is constituted by one of the pipes of the screen extension which is connected at its lower end to the outlet 30 of the first exchanger 3A.
  • the performance of the first exchanger 3A is further improved when the tube or tubes constituting it are grooved tubes ("rifled" in English), that is to say that they have on their internal surfaces one or more helical grooves . Indeed, because of the centrifugal force, the vapor phase of the emulsion will concentrate towards the inside of the tubes, which pushes the appearance of the DNB.
  • the invention is provided for a first natural circulation exchanger.
  • the invention makes it possible to very substantially reduce the power of the assistance pump or pumps and thus to reduce the cost and the power consumption accordingly.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Fluidized-Bed Combustion And Resonant Combustion (AREA)

Description

  • La présente invention concerne une chaudière comportant un évaporateur immergé dans un lit fluidisé dense externe.
  • Une telle chaudière comporte, entre autres, les éléments suivants :
    • un foyer à lit fluidisé circulant dont les parois comprennent des tuyaux verticaux dans lesquels circule une émulsion (phase liquide et phase vapeur) d'eau produite par évaporation de l'eau qui est introduite à la base de ces tuyaux ;
    • un organe de séparation, généralement un cyclone, qui récupère en haut du foyer pour les diriger dans deux conduites distinctes les gaz de combustion et les particules de solides fluidisés dans ce foyer ;
    • un lit fluidisé dense externe raccordé d'une part à la conduite particules de l'organe de séparation et d'autre part à la base du foyer, ce lit externe comprenant un échangeur thermique qui transmet la chaleur des particules au fluide caloporteur à évaporer qui est souvent de l'eau.
  • Le document US-A-5273000 décrit une telle chaudière, dans laquelle un économiseur est ainsi logé dans un lit fluidisé externe, la sortie de l'économiseur étant reliée au ballon de vapeur situé au-dessus de la chaudière.
  • Cet échangeur thermique prend couramment la forme d'un faisceau de tubes et la circulation du fluide peut être naturelle ou assistée par une ou plusieurs pompes.
  • Les échangeurs à circulation naturelle posent des difficultés de réalisation. En premier lieu, pour fonctionner avec des taux de circulation raisonnables, ils imposent une disposition inclinée des tubes, ce qui augmente la hauteur de l'échangeur par rapport à une solution dans laquelle les tubes sont horizontaux si l'on veut conserver sensiblement la même surface d'échange. Cependant, la hauteur du lit fluidisé est limitée par la pression de fluidisation et aussi par la stabilité de la fluidisation. On admet que cette hauteur ne peut guère dépasser 4 mètres et, en tout cas, il ne semble pas envisageable de prévoir une hauteur supérieure à 5 mètres. En second lieu, la vitesse dans ces tubes doit être convenable pour éviter l'apparition du DNB ("Departure from Nucleate Boiling" pour échauffement critique) et pour éviter également un écoulement stratifié, c'est à dire l'apparition d'une interface liquide vapeur. Un écoulement de ce type engendre des phénomènes de surchauffe des tubes, de chocs thermiques et de corrosion. Pour atteindre la vitesse requise, les tubes doivent présenter une section importante et des grandes hauteurs de dégagement à leurs extrémités supérieures. De plus, lors des phases de démarrage, les particules chaudes ne sont pas présentes en quantité suffisante si bien que, la vaporisation étant faible, la vitesse dans les tubes est insuffisante et il y a un risque d'apparition du DNB.
  • Les échangeurs à circulation assistée permettent de s'affranchir des difficultés rencontrées avec les échangeurs à circulation naturelle. Cependant, les pompes d'assistance sont coûteuses et elles présentent un risque de panne, ce qui est préjudiciable à la disponibilité de la chaudière.
  • La présente invention a ainsi pour objet une chaudière pourvue d'un lit fluidisé dense externe d'une conception simple et d'une grande fiabilité.
  • L'invention a pour objet une chaudière selon la revendication 1.
  • Ce deuxième échangeur thermique permet d'augmenter sensiblement la vitesse de circulation dans les tubes du premier échangeur thermique. Ainsi, même si celui-ci fonctionne en circulation naturelle, les tubes qui le composent peuvent être disposés horizontalement sans risque pour l'installation.
  • Avantageusement, le premier échangeur thermique est constitué d'un faisceau de tubes.
  • De préférence, ces tubes sont horizontaux.
  • Par ailleurs, ces tubes sont pourvus d'au moins une rainure hélicoïdale.
  • Ainsi, on peut réduire la vitesse de circulation pour éviter l'apparition du DNB dans les tubes.
  • selon un premier mode de réalisation de la chaudière, le deuxième échangeur fait partie intégrante d'une paroi du foyer.
  • Selon un deuxième mode de réalisation, le deuxième échangeur thermique est immergé dans le foyer.
  • L'invention présente un intérêt particulier lorsque le foyer est un lit fluidisé circulant comportant des membranes internes soudées aux parois tubées de ce foyer, ces membranes étant dénommées extensions d'écrans.
  • Ainsi, selon un troisième mode de réalisation, le deuxième échangeur thermique est disposé dans une extension d'écran de ce foyer.
  • L'invention apparaîtra maintenant avec plus de détails dans le cadre de la description qui suit d'exemples de chaudières donnés à titre illustratif en référence aux figures annexées qui représentent :
    • La figure 1, un schéma d'une chaudière selon l'invention,
    • La figure 2, une vue en coupe horizontale d'un premier mode de réalisation,
    • La figure 3, une vue en coupe verticale d'un deuxième mode de réalisation, et
    • La figure 4, une vue en coupe horizontale d'un troisième mode de réalisation.
  • Les éléments présents dans différentes figures sont affectés d'une seule et même référence.
  • Dans la figure 1, on a représenté les seuls éléments de la chaudière qui sont nécessaires à la compréhension de l'invention.
  • Cette chaudière comprend donc un foyer 1 dans lequel est entretenue la combustion des particules de solides. Ce foyer 1 est relié dans sa partie supérieure à un organe de séparation 2 par une conduite d'extraction 12 qui véhicule les gaz de combustion et les particules recirculées.
  • L'organe de séparation 2, un cyclone par exemple, évacue les gaz dans une conduite d'évacuation 20 prenant naissance à sa partie supérieure et les particules dans une conduite de recyclage 23 qui débouche dans un lit fluidisé dense externe 3. Cette conduite de recyclage est généralement pourvue d'un siphon et de gaines. Le lit externe est pourvu d'un premier échangeur thermique 3A qui prend ici la forme d'un faisceau de tubes disposés en serpentins dans des plans verticaux, de sorte que les sections de tubes longilignes soient horizontales de préférence. Ce premier échangeur 3A est alimenté en fluide caloporteur à évaporer, de l'eau par exemple, par une conduite d'entrée 39. La sortie 30 de cet échangeur 3 est raccordée directement à un deuxième échangeur thermique 3B qui est au contact du foyer 1.
  • Un premier mode de réalisation de ce deuxième échangeur 3B représenté dans les figures 1 et 2 s'applique lorsque la paroi du corps supérieur du foyer est réalisée par un ensemble de tuyaux verticaux 1A solidarisés entre eux. En ce cas, un de ces tuyaux constitue le deuxième échangeur 3B raccordé à son extrémité inférieure à la sortie 30 du premier échangeur 3A. On remarque qu'ici le premier échangeur 3A comporte une seule sortie. Naturellement, s'il s'agit d'un faisceau de tubes, on peut prévoir autant de tuyaux 1A dans le deuxième échangeur 3B que le faisceau comporte de tubes.
  • Selon un deuxième mode de réalisation représenté dans la figure 3, quelle que soit la nature de la paroi du foyer, le deuxième échangeur 3B est un évaporateur disposé à l'intérieur de ce foyer.
  • L'invention s'applique donc aux chaudières dont le foyer 1 tubé est pourvu d'un lit fluidisé circulant. Il est alors courant de prévoir au moins une extension d'écran soudée sur l'intérieur de la paroi du foyer. Cette extension d'écran est elle même formée de tuyaux verticaux solidarisés entre eux.
  • Ainsi, selon un troisième mode de réalisation, le deuxième échangeur 3B est constitué par un des tuyaux de l'extension d'écran qui est raccordé à son extrémité inférieure à la sortie 30 du premier échangeur 3A.
  • Par ailleurs, on améliore encore les performances du premier échangeur 3A lorsque le ou les tubes qui le constituent sont des tubes rainurés ("rifled" en anglais), c'est à dire qu'il comportent sur leurs surfaces internes une ou plusieurs rainures hélicoïdales. En effet, du fait de la force centrifuge, la phase vapeur de l'émulsion va se concentrer vers l'intérieur des tubes, ce qui repousse l'apparition du DNB.
  • Naturellement, l'invention est prévue pour un premier échangeur à circulation naturelle. Cependant, si l'on prévoit un échangeur à circulation assistée, l'invention permet de réduire très sensiblement la puissance de la ou des pompes d'assistance et donc de diminuer le coût et la consommation électrique en conséquence.

Claims (7)

  1. Chaudière comportant un foyer (1) à lit fluidisé circulant, un organe de séparation (2) des gaz et des solides extraits de ce foyer qui récupère en haut du foyer pour les diriger dans deux conduites distinctes les gaz de combustion et les particules de solides fluidisées dans ce foyer, un lit fluidisé dense externe (3) raccordé d'une part à la conduite particules de l'organe de séparation et d'autre part à la base du foyer un premier échangeur thermique (3A) constitué d'un faisceau de tubes, immergé dans le lit fluidisé dense externe, et dans lequel circule un fluide caloporteur à évaporer, caractérisée en ce que la sortie (30) de ce premier échangeur (3A) est raccordée directement à un deuxième échangeur thermique (3B) placé dans le foyer (1).
  2. Chaudière selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce que ledit premier échangeur thermique (3A) fonctionne en circulation naturelle.
  3. Chaudière selon la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisée en ce que lesdits tubes sont horizontaux.
  4. Chaudière selon la revendication 1, 2 ou 3, caractérisé en ce que lesdits tubes sont pourvus d'au moins une rainure hélicoïdale.
  5. Chaudière selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisée en ce que ledit deuxième échangeur (3B) fait partie intégrante d'une paroi dudit foyer (1).
  6. Chaudière selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisée en ce que ledit deuxième échangeur thermique (3B) est immergé dans ledit foyer (1).
  7. Chaudière selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisée en ce que ledit deuxième échangeur thermique (3B) est disposé dans une extension d'écran dudit lit fluidisé circulant.
EP98402063A 1997-08-18 1998-08-14 Chaudière à lit fluidisé dense externe Expired - Lifetime EP0898115B2 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE69810717T DE69810717T3 (de) 1997-08-18 1998-08-14 Kessel mit externer dichter Wirbelschicht

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9710425A FR2767379B1 (fr) 1997-08-18 1997-08-18 Chaudiere a lit fluidise dense externe
FR9710425 1997-08-18

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0898115A1 EP0898115A1 (fr) 1999-02-24
EP0898115B1 EP0898115B1 (fr) 2003-01-15
EP0898115B2 true EP0898115B2 (fr) 2012-06-13

Family

ID=9510338

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP98402063A Expired - Lifetime EP0898115B2 (fr) 1997-08-18 1998-08-14 Chaudière à lit fluidisé dense externe

Country Status (11)

Country Link
US (1) US6003476A (fr)
EP (1) EP0898115B2 (fr)
JP (1) JPH11182802A (fr)
KR (1) KR19990023666A (fr)
CN (1) CN1118661C (fr)
AT (1) ATE231230T1 (fr)
DE (1) DE69810717T3 (fr)
ES (1) ES2187908T3 (fr)
FR (1) FR2767379B1 (fr)
PL (1) PL328051A1 (fr)
ZA (1) ZA987423B (fr)

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FI121637B (fi) * 2004-07-23 2011-02-15 Foster Wheeler Energia Oy Menetelmä ja laite lämmönsiirtimen suojaamiseksi
US20090031967A1 (en) * 2007-07-31 2009-02-05 Alstom Technology Ltd Integral waterwall external heat exchangers
ES2547810T3 (es) * 2012-11-23 2015-10-08 Alstom Technology Ltd. Caldera que comprende un intercambiador de calor de lecho fluidizado
CN112933622B (zh) * 2021-02-02 2023-01-31 崔秋生 一种热回收内浮顶储罐油的装置及方法

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4716856A (en) † 1985-06-12 1988-01-05 Metallgesellschaft Ag Integral fluidized bed heat exchanger in an energy producing plant
US5005528A (en) † 1990-04-12 1991-04-09 Tampella Keeler Inc. Bubbling fluid bed boiler with recycle

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3968346A (en) * 1973-06-01 1976-07-06 Cooksley Ralph D Method and apparatus for electrically heating a fluid
DE3125849A1 (de) * 1981-07-01 1983-01-20 Deutsche Babcock Anlagen Ag, 4200 Oberhausen Dampferzeuger mit zirkulierender atmosphaerischer oder druckaufgeladener wirbelschichtfeuerung sowie verfahren zu seiner regelung
DE3642396A1 (de) * 1986-12-11 1988-06-16 Siemens Ag Dampferzeugeranlage mit einer zirkulierenden wirbelschicht
US5273000A (en) * 1992-12-30 1993-12-28 Combustion Engineering, Inc. Reheat steam temperature control in a circulating fluidized bed steam generator
US5463968A (en) * 1994-08-25 1995-11-07 Foster Wheeler Energy Corporation Fluidized bed combustion system and method having a multicompartment variable duty recycle heat exchanger

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4716856A (en) † 1985-06-12 1988-01-05 Metallgesellschaft Ag Integral fluidized bed heat exchanger in an energy producing plant
US5005528A (en) † 1990-04-12 1991-04-09 Tampella Keeler Inc. Bubbling fluid bed boiler with recycle

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPH11182802A (ja) 1999-07-06
CN1118661C (zh) 2003-08-20
ATE231230T1 (de) 2003-02-15
KR19990023666A (ko) 1999-03-25
US6003476A (en) 1999-12-21
ZA987423B (en) 1999-09-22
PL328051A1 (en) 1999-03-01
EP0898115B1 (fr) 2003-01-15
CN1211702A (zh) 1999-03-24
FR2767379B1 (fr) 1999-11-12
FR2767379A1 (fr) 1999-02-19
DE69810717T2 (de) 2003-10-23
DE69810717D1 (de) 2003-02-20
ES2187908T3 (es) 2003-06-16
EP0898115A1 (fr) 1999-02-24
DE69810717T3 (de) 2012-12-27

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