EP0857314A1 - Dispositifs optiques selectifs en longueurs d'ondes - Google Patents

Dispositifs optiques selectifs en longueurs d'ondes

Info

Publication number
EP0857314A1
EP0857314A1 EP96939482A EP96939482A EP0857314A1 EP 0857314 A1 EP0857314 A1 EP 0857314A1 EP 96939482 A EP96939482 A EP 96939482A EP 96939482 A EP96939482 A EP 96939482A EP 0857314 A1 EP0857314 A1 EP 0857314A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
wavelength
assisted mode
optical
coupler
optical waveguide
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP96939482A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0857314A4 (fr
Inventor
Anthony S. Kewitsch
George A. Rakuljic
Amnon Yariv
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Mellanox Technologies Silicon Photonics Inc
Original Assignee
Arroyo Optics Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US08/703,357 external-priority patent/US5805751A/en
Application filed by Arroyo Optics Inc filed Critical Arroyo Optics Inc
Publication of EP0857314A1 publication Critical patent/EP0857314A1/fr
Publication of EP0857314A4 publication Critical patent/EP0857314A4/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
    • G02B6/28—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals
    • G02B6/293—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means
    • G02B6/29379—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means characterised by the function or use of the complete device
    • G02B6/2938—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means characterised by the function or use of the complete device for multiplexing or demultiplexing, i.e. combining or separating wavelengths, e.g. 1xN, NxM
    • G02B6/29382—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means characterised by the function or use of the complete device for multiplexing or demultiplexing, i.e. combining or separating wavelengths, e.g. 1xN, NxM including at least adding or dropping a signal, i.e. passing the majority of signals
    • G02B6/29383—Adding and dropping
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/02057—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating comprising gratings
    • G02B6/02076—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings
    • G02B6/02114—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings characterised by enhanced photosensitivity characteristics of the fibre, e.g. hydrogen loading, heat treatment
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/02057—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating comprising gratings
    • G02B6/02076—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings
    • G02B6/02123—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings characterised by the method of manufacture of the grating
    • G02B6/02133—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings characterised by the method of manufacture of the grating using beam interference
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/02057—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating comprising gratings
    • G02B6/02076—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings
    • G02B6/02123—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings characterised by the method of manufacture of the grating
    • G02B6/02133—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings characterised by the method of manufacture of the grating using beam interference
    • G02B6/02138—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings characterised by the method of manufacture of the grating using beam interference based on illuminating a phase mask
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
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    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/02057—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating comprising gratings
    • G02B6/02076—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings
    • G02B6/02195—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings characterised by means for tuning the grating
    • G02B6/022—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings characterised by means for tuning the grating using mechanical stress, e.g. tuning by compression or elongation, special geometrical shapes such as "dog-bone" or taper
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/02057—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating comprising gratings
    • G02B6/02076—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings
    • G02B6/02195—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings characterised by means for tuning the grating
    • G02B6/02204—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings characterised by means for tuning the grating using thermal effects, e.g. heating or cooling of a temperature sensitive mounting body
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
    • G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
    • G02B6/12007—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind forming wavelength selective elements, e.g. multiplexer, demultiplexer
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
    • G02B6/28—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals
    • G02B6/293—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means
    • G02B6/29331—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means operating by evanescent wave coupling
    • G02B6/29332—Wavelength selective couplers, i.e. based on evanescent coupling between light guides, e.g. fused fibre couplers with transverse coupling between fibres having different propagation constant wavelength dependency
    • G02B6/29334—Grating-assisted evanescent light guide couplers, i.e. comprising grating at or functionally associated with the coupling region between the light guides, e.g. with a grating positioned where light fields overlap in the coupler
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
    • G02B6/28—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals
    • G02B6/293—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means
    • G02B6/29379—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means characterised by the function or use of the complete device
    • G02B6/29395—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means characterised by the function or use of the complete device configurable, e.g. tunable or reconfigurable
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/29—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the position or the direction of light beams, i.e. deflection
    • G02F1/31—Digital deflection, i.e. optical switching
    • G02F1/313—Digital deflection, i.e. optical switching in an optical waveguide structure
    • G02F1/3132—Digital deflection, i.e. optical switching in an optical waveguide structure of directional coupler type
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
    • G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
    • G02B2006/12083—Constructional arrangements
    • G02B2006/12107—Grating
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
    • G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
    • G02B2006/12133—Functions
    • G02B2006/12147—Coupler
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
    • G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
    • G02B2006/12133—Functions
    • G02B2006/12164—Multiplexing; Demultiplexing
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/02057—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating comprising gratings
    • G02B6/02076—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings
    • G02B6/0208—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings characterised by their structure, wavelength response
    • G02B6/02085—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings characterised by their structure, wavelength response characterised by the grating profile, e.g. chirped, apodised, tilted, helical
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/02057—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating comprising gratings
    • G02B6/02076—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings
    • G02B6/0208—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings characterised by their structure, wavelength response
    • G02B6/021—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings characterised by their structure, wavelength response characterised by the core or cladding or coating, e.g. materials, radial refractive index profiles, cladding shape
    • G02B6/02109—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings characterised by their structure, wavelength response characterised by the core or cladding or coating, e.g. materials, radial refractive index profiles, cladding shape having polarization sensitive features, e.g. reduced photo-induced birefringence
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/02057—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating comprising gratings
    • G02B6/02076—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings
    • G02B6/02123—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings characterised by the method of manufacture of the grating
    • G02B6/02152—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings characterised by the method of manufacture of the grating involving moving the fibre or a manufacturing element, stretching of the fibre
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
    • G02B6/28—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals
    • G02B6/2804—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals forming multipart couplers without wavelength selective elements, e.g. "T" couplers, star couplers
    • G02B6/2821—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals forming multipart couplers without wavelength selective elements, e.g. "T" couplers, star couplers using lateral coupling between contiguous fibres to split or combine optical signals
    • G02B6/2835—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals forming multipart couplers without wavelength selective elements, e.g. "T" couplers, star couplers using lateral coupling between contiguous fibres to split or combine optical signals formed or shaped by thermal treatment, e.g. couplers
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
    • G02B6/28—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals
    • G02B6/293—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means
    • G02B6/29304—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means operating by diffraction, e.g. grating
    • G02B6/29316—Light guides comprising a diffractive element, e.g. grating in or on the light guide such that diffracted light is confined in the light guide
    • G02B6/29317—Light guides of the optical fibre type
    • G02B6/29322—Diffractive elements of the tunable type
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F2203/00—Function characteristic
    • G02F2203/58—Multi-wavelength, e.g. operation of the device at a plurality of wavelengths
    • G02F2203/585—Add/drop devices

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the communication of signals via optical fibers, and particularly to an optical fiber coupler and methods for making the same. More particularly, the invention relates to optical devices and subsystems using a wavelength selective optical coupler.
  • wavelength selective couplers are important components for optical fiber communication networks based on wavelength division multiplexing (WDM).
  • WDM enables an individual optical fiber to transmit several channels simultaneously, the channels being distinguished by their center wavelengths.
  • An objective is to provide a precise wavelength selective coupler that is readily manufactured and possesses high efficiency and low loss.
  • One technology to fabricate wavelength selective elements is based on recording an index of refraction grating in the core of an optical fiber. See, for instance, Hill et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,474,427 (1984) and Glenn et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,725,110 (1988).
  • the currently preferred method of recording an in-line grating in optical fiber is to subject a photosensitive core to the interference pattern between two beams of actinic (typically UV) radiation passing through the photoinsensitive cladding.
  • Optical fiber gratings reported in the prior art almost universally operate in the reflection mode. To gain access to this reflected mode in a power efficient manner is difficult, because the wave is reflected backwards within the same fiber.
  • a first method to access this reflected light is to insert a 3 dB coupler before the grating, which introduces a net 6 dB loss on the backwards reflected and outcoupled light.
  • a second method is to insert an optical circulator before the grating to redirect the backwards propagating mode into another fiber. This circulator introduces an insertion loss of 1 dB or more and involves complicated bulk optic components.
  • a method to combine the filtering function of a fiber grating with the splitting function of a coupler in a low loss and elegantly packaged manner would be highly desirable for WDM communication networks.
  • One realization of a directional coupling based device uses gratings recorded in a coupler composed of two identical polished fibers placed longitudinally adjacent to one another (J.-L. Archambault et al., Optics Letters, Vol.19, p.180 (1994)). Since the two waveguides are identical in the coupling region, both waveguides possess the same propagation constant and energy is transferred between them. This results in poor isolation of the optical signals traveling through the two waveguides, because optical power leaks from one fiber to the other.
  • Another device also based on evanescent coupling was patented by E. Snitzer, U.S. Patent No. 5,459,801 (Oct. 17, 1995).
  • This device consists of two identical single mode fibers whose cores are brought close together by fusing and elongating the fibers.
  • the length ofthe coupling region should be precisely equal to an even or odd multiple of the mode interaction length for the output light to emerge entirely in one of the two output ports.
  • a precisely positioned Bragg grating is then UV recorded in the cores of the waist region.
  • a serious drawback of this device is that the wavelength for which light is backwards coupled into the adjacent fiber is very close to the wavelength for which light is backreflected within the original fiber (about 1 nm). This leads to undesirable pass-band characteristics that are ill suited for add/drop filter devices designed to add or drop only one wavelength.
  • EDFA Er doped fiber amplifier
  • gain window 1520 to 1560 nm
  • this backreflection should occur at a wavelength outside this window to prevent undesirable crosstalk.
  • the separation between the backreflected and backwards coupled wavelengths is impractically small for the all-fiber, grating assisted directional coupler approaches of the prior art.
  • F. Bilodeau et al. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, Vol. 7, p. 388 (1995) fabricated a Mach-Zender interferometer which served as a wavelength selective coupler.
  • This device relies on the precisely controlled phase difference between two interferometer arms and is highly sensitive to environmental fluctuations and manufacturing variations. In addition, a significant fraction of the input signal is backreflected. Therefore, it is uncertain whether this device will be able to meet the demanding reliability requirements for telecommunications components.
  • the conventional grating assisted directional coupler suffers from both a relatively low coupling strength and small wavelength separation of back-reflected and backwards coupled light. These problems arise because the two coupled optical waveguides remain physically separate and the light remains guided primarily in the original cores. Only the evanescent tails of the modes in each of the two waveguides overlap, corresponding to evanescent coupling.
  • Two locally dissimilar optical fibers can instead be fused and elongated locally to form a single merged waveguide core of much smaller diameter, forming a mode coupler.
  • the resulting optical mode propagation characteristics are effectively those of a multimode silica core/air cladding waveguide.
  • the two waveguides are merged such that the energy in the original optical modes of the separate waveguides interact in a substantially non- evanescent manner in the merged region.
  • the index profile of the optical waveguide varies sufficiently slowly in the longitudinal direction such that light entering the adiabatic taper region in a single eigenmode of the waveguide evolves into a single local supermode upon propagating through the adiabatic transition region.
  • the wavelength selective coupling achieved upon the subsequent recording of an index of refraction grating in the waist of the coupler can be substantially increased.
  • This device is called a grating assisted mode coupler, and is described at length in the US and PCT patent application PCT/US96/13481.
  • An “active” optical device is a device whose optical properties change in response to an electrical input;
  • a “passive” optical device is a device lacking an electrical input which affects a change in optical properties;
  • optical fiber herein is an elongated structure of nominally circular cross section comprised of a "core” of relatively high refractive index material surrounded by a “cladding” of lower refractive index material, adapted for transmitting an optical mode in the longitudinal direction;
  • a “waveguide” herein is an elongated structure comprised of an optical guiding region of relatively high refractive index transparent material (the core) surrounded by a material of lower refractive index (the cladding), the refractive indices being selected for transmitting an optical mode in the longitudinal direction.
  • This structure includes optical fiber and planar waveguides;
  • An “add/drop filter” is an optical device which directs optical energy at a particular set of wavelengths from one waveguide into another waveguide;
  • a “grating” herein is a region wherein the refractive index varies as a function of distance in the medium. The variation typically, but not necessarily, is such that the distance between adjacent index maxima is constant;
  • the “bandwidth” of a grating is the wavelength separation between those two points for which the reflectivity of grating is 50% of the peak reflectivity of the grating;
  • a “coupler” herein is a waveguide composed of two or more fibers placed in close proximity of one another, the proximity being such that the mode fields of the adjacent waveguides overlap to some degree;
  • a “waist” herein refers to that portion of an elongated waveguide with minimum cross sectional area;
  • An “asymmetric coupler” herein is a structure composed of two or more waveguides that are dissimilar in the region longitudinally adjacent to the coupling region;
  • a “transversely asymmetric” grating is an index of refraction grating in which the index variation as a function of distance from the central axis of the waveguide along a direction pe ⁇ endicular to the longitudinal axis is not identical to the index variation in the opposite direction, perpendicular to the longitudinal axis.
  • a transversely asymmetric grating possesses grating vector components at nonzero angles to the longitudinal axis or mode propagation direction of the waveguide. Orthogonal modes are not efficiently coupled by a transversely symmetric grating;
  • a "supermode” is the optical eigenmode of the complete, composite waveguide structure.
  • Optical devices and subsystems based on grating assisted mode couplers which redirect optical energy of a particular wavelength from one waveguide to another, are described.
  • Index of refraction gratings are impressed within the waist of an asymmetric coupler and are arranged to redirect in a bi-directional manner a selected wavelength along a particular path.
  • a tunable grating assisted mode coupler can be fabricated by varying the optical properties (e.g., index of refraction, length) of the coupler interaction region.
  • a wavelength selective optical switch can be fabricated by redirecting light of a particular wavelength through an optical switch by using a single grating assisted mode coupler. This same technique can be used to form a wavelength selective optical amplifier and a wavelength selective optical modulator.
  • Another type of wavelength selective optical switch is described, based on tunable, grating assisted mode couplers attached to fixed wavelength, grating assisted mode couplers.
  • a WDM multi-wavelength transmitter subsystem, broadly tunable add/drop filters, and reconfigurable, wavelength selective routers are further disclosed. Accordingly, the present invention provides significant advantages in optical communications and sensor systems that require narrow optical bandwidth filters in which light in a particular waveguide at a particular wavelength channel is routed in a low loss manner into another waveguide.
  • FIG. 1 shows the operation of a grating assisted mode coupler tuned to the Bragg wavelength
  • FIG. 2 shows the operation of a grating assisted mode coupler detuned from the Bragg wavelength
  • FIG. 3 shows a schematic of a grating assisted mode coupler
  • FIG. 4 shows a tunable, grating assisted mode coupler
  • FIG. 5 shows a wavelength selective optical switch
  • FIG. 6 shows a wavelength insensitive optical element joined to a grating assisted mode coupler
  • FIG. 7 shows a zero loss, wavelength selective optical switch incorporating a tunable grating assisted mode coupler in tandem with a non-tunable grating assisted mode coupler with nearly the same drop wavelength
  • FIG. 8 shows an eight-channel, multi-wavelength WDM source
  • FIG. 9 shows a broadly tunable add/drop filter based on the optical vernier effect
  • FIG. 10 shows an eight channel, programmable WDM router.
  • Optical fibers carry signals in the form of modulated light waves from a source of data, the transmitter, to a recipient of data, the receiver. Once light enters this optical fiber, it travels in isolation unless an optical coupler is inserted at some location along the fiber.
  • Optical couplers allow light signals to be transferred between normally independent optical waveguides. If multiple signals at different wavelengths travel down the same fiber, it is desirable to transfer a signal at only a predetermined set of wavelengths to or from this fiber into another fiber. These devices are called wavelength selective optical couplers.
  • a desirable attribute of such a wavelength selective optical coupler is that it remains transparent to all wavelengths other than those to be coupled. This transparency is quantified by the insertion loss, crosstalk, and bandwidth.
  • Wavelength selective couplers of the prior art are not adequately transparent for many important applications.
  • the grating assisted mode coupler is a fundamentally transparent device. It transfers light signals from one fiber to another at only a predefined, precise set of wavelengths. It intrinsically is a bi- directional, 4 port device that serves as both an add and drop filter. This great functionality allows an entirely new class of active optical devices and subsystems to be built around it.
  • the present invention provides wavelength selective optical devices and subsystems using one or more grating assisted mode coupler.
  • light is coupled between two or more locally dissimilar waveguides by an index of refraction grating in the shared coupling region of the grating assisted mode coupler.
  • the grating assisted mode coupler can be fabricated by fusing together two optical fibers, or by fabricating the structure in a planar waveguide device.
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate the operating principle of this device.
  • the mode coupler consists of a first waveguide 11 and a second waveguide 21 dissimilar in the vicinity of the coupling region 1 wherein an index of refraction grating has been impressed.
  • the two waveguides are dissimilar upon entering the coupling region to provide the necessary coupler asymmetry.
  • the input mode 31 with propagation vector ⁇ i evolves into the coupler waist mode 71 with propagation vector ⁇ i, and the backwards propagating waist mode 61 with propagation vector ⁇ 2 evolves into the output mode 41with propagation vector ⁇ 2 .
  • the propagation vectors ⁇ i and ⁇ 2 at the waist satisfy the Bragg law for reflection from a thick index grating of period ⁇ g at a particular wavelength, say ⁇ j:
  • the optical energy at ⁇ j in the first waveguide 11 is coupled into the backward propagating mode of the second waveguide 21 (FIG. 1).
  • the spectral response and efficiency of this reflective coupling process is dictated by the coupling strength and the interaction length of the optical modes with the grating.
  • the wavelength of the input mode is detuned, say to ⁇ j , so that ⁇ ( ⁇ j ) - ⁇ 2 ( ⁇ j ) ⁇ 2 ⁇ / ⁇ g , and the input mode 31 in the first waveguide travels through the coupler waist and reappears as the transmission output mode of the first waveguide 51, as seen in FIG. 2, with minimal leakage into the second waveguide 21. Therefore, only a particular wavelength ⁇ j is coupled out of the first waveguide 11, as determined by the grating period in the coupling region 1.
  • the amount of wavelength detuning required to reduce the reflective coupling by 50% is given by the full-width-half-maxima (FWHM) bandwidth ⁇ of the grating:
  • L eff is the effective interaction length of the optical beam and the grating, which may be less than the physical length L of the grating for large K.
  • the bandwidth of reflection gratings is narrower than that of transmission gratings by typically ten to fifty times because the grating period ⁇ g is much shorter for the former.
  • the narrower frequency response in the reflection mode is desirable for dense WDM applications.
  • the desired bandpass is approximately 0.1 nm at 1.55 ⁇ m. This dictates that the length of the reflection grating should be approximately 1 cm.
  • a reflectivity in excess of 90% for a grating thickness L of 1 cm requires a KL larger than 2.
  • K should then be 2 cnr 1 .
  • the grating index modulation should be at least IO" 4 . This level of index modulation is achieved in silica planar waveguides and optical fibers by appropriate preparation of the materials and dimensions of the media.
  • the difference between ⁇ i and ⁇ is made sufficiently large. The difference increases as the waveguides become more strongly coupled, until the limiting case is reached, for which the waveguide cores are merged into one another. This difference is maximized for small coupler waists, in which ⁇ ] and ⁇ correspond to the LPoi and LPj j modes of an air-clad optical waveguide.
  • an appropriate transversely asymmetric grating substantially reduces the coupling strength for back-reflection.
  • the grating assisted mode coupler 9, illustrated in FIG. 3, redirects optical energy at a particular wavelength from a source 79 to the input optical fiber 69 of the coupler.
  • the period of the index grating formed within the coupler is chosen to redirect only that optical energy within a particular wavelength band into the drop port 59 of a second optical fiber, which travels to detector 89. All other wavelengths propagate through the coupler from the input port 69 to the throughput port 19 attached to detector 29.
  • An additional source of light 39 at the same wavelength can be attached to the add port 49, and will be directed to the throughput port 19 by the same coupler 9. This device performs both the add and drop functions in a single component.
  • a new class of active fiber optic components and subsystems are made economically and practically feasible by linking other optical devices to this grating assisted mode coupler.
  • This approach enables standard fiber optic components to be rendered wavelength selective by the simple addition of a grating assisted mode coupler.
  • a unique property of the grating assisted mode coupler 9 is the reciprocal property of the inputs and outputs. That is, the input 69 - throughput 19 and add 49 - drop 59 ports behave in a complementary manner.
  • a single grating assisted mode coupler enables complete bi ⁇ directional exchange of optical energy at a particular wavelength from a first waveguide to a second waveguide. This allows important optical devices and subsystems that have been impractical to implement using existing components to be readily achieved with this new, bi-directional device.
  • This new class of devices includes wavelength selective optical switches, programmable wavelength routers, WDM multiwavelength sources and WDM fiber amplifiers.
  • the grating assisted mode couplers can be fabricated by a fused fiber coupler approach or a planar waveguide approach.
  • a passive, grating assisted mode coupler redirects optical energy at a particular, constant center wavelength from one fiber to another. For many applications, it is desirable to change the center wavelength of the grating assisted mode coupler dynamically.
  • the optical properties of the coupler waist can be varied e.g., either the index of refraction or physical shape.
  • the expression for the change in Bragg wavelength of a grating arising from a change in the optical properties is given by:
  • This tunability can be achieved by physically straining or heating the coupler waist, or by subjecting the coupling region to an external electric field. Because the waist is extremely narrow (typically 15 ⁇ m or less), a strain can be readily induced by pulling on one end of the coupler waist. Strain tuning has the predominant effect of changing the grating period by an amount ⁇ g . A relatively small contribution to the Bragg wavelength detuning arises from index changes ⁇ n eff , due to the elastooptic effect. Therefore, the detuning of the Bragg wavelength under an applied strain is approximately given by:
  • ⁇ ⁇ r agg 2 ⁇ g ⁇ L n eff .
  • This strain may be induced by applying an electrical signal 44 to a movable mount 14 attached to one end of the coupler waist 34, as illustrated in FIG. 4. Strain is induced in the coupler waist 34 by a moving platform 14. The platform 14 may be actuated by a piezoelectric material which elongates or contracts in response to an electrical signal 44. The other end of the coupler is attached to a fixed mount 24.
  • An alternate method of tuning the grating assisted mode coupler is to vary the external temperature. Approximately 0.1 nm of tuning is achieved for every 10 °C temperature change. Alternately, if the grating assisted mode coupler displays a significant index of refraction change at the coupler waist in response to an optical or electric field, then electrical tuning of the grating assisted mode coupler center wavelength may be achieved through the electrooptic effect. Strain induced tuning is best suited for grating assisted mode couplers fabricated from fused fiber couplers, while field tuning can be implemented readily in a planar waveguide implementation of the grating assisted mode coupler.
  • Optical switches can be used to dynamically route information packets from one location to another or to re-configure fiber optical communications networks. These switches are typically based on electrooptic or thermooptic modulation of a directional coupler, Y-branch waveguide or Mach-Zehnder interferometer, and can achieve a modulation bandwidth in excess of 10 Ghz. They are commercially available from United Photonics Technology and Akzo-Nobel, for example. An acoustic optical switch based on a fused asymmetric coupler has been described by Birks et al., Optics Letters Vol. 21 May 1996 (pp. 722-724). Relatively slow (10 ms) mechanical switches are also readily available. However, these switches typically do not allow only one of many wavelengths traveling along an individual fiber to be switched, as is desirable for wavelength routing in WDM networks. That is, these switches are not wavelength selective.
  • the grating assisted mode coupler enables a wavelength selective switch to be fabricated with extremely low loss.
  • FIG. 5 schematically illustrates such a device.
  • the optical switch 62 can be practically realized by combining a low loss, grating assisted mode coupler 22 with a standard, wavelength insensitive optical switch 12.
  • the grating assisted mode coupler 22 routes the channel at ⁇ ], for example, from the input port 32 into the drop port 102 attached to the input 92 of a standard optical switch.
  • the signal at ⁇ i entering the switch is routed between the output fibers one 42 and two 72, without disturbing the channels at other wavelengths.
  • the electric input signal 2 determines the state of the optical switch. All other wavelengths not equal to ⁇ ] travel directly from the input port 32 to the throughput port 52.
  • wavelength insensitive switch is numerous and commercially important.
  • One obvious advantage is its inherent simplicity.
  • multiple channels at different wavelengths need to be switched independently. If several inevitably lossy optical switches are cascaded, one for each wavelength, the losses accumulate quickly. Therefore, the low loss nature of our device allows wavelengths to be extracted and then added to an optical fiber in a transparent manner. This can isolate lossy elements from the other signals (at other wavelengths) in the fiber. For example, FIG. 5 illustrates that each wavelength travels through only a single optical switch, dramatically reducing the loss per channel.
  • Erbium doped fiber amplifiers display a sufficiently broad gain spectrum to enable multiple WDM channels to be amplified simultaneously within a single fiber.
  • a device to amplify only a single wavelength while remaining transparent to all other wavelengths is needed.
  • the Erbium doped fiber can be fusion spliced between the add and drop ports of the grating assisted mode coupler, for example.
  • a standard WDM coupler can be inserted into the add/drop loop to couple in 980 nm light from a AlGaAs pump laser, for example.
  • the electrical input 3 adjusts the optical gain (determined by the pump laser power) so that the signal at the wavelength ⁇ i is amplified to the desired level.
  • the active element 13 of FIG. 6 is an optical modulator.
  • a grating assisted mode coupler 23 can be used to redirect unmodulated optical energy at a particular wavelength into a standard, wavelength insensitive optical modulator 13 and retum a modulated signal at this particular wavelength back onto the original fiber with extremely low loss. The is achieved by attaching the drop and add ports of an individual, grating assisted mode coupler to the input and output ports, respectively, of a standard optical modulator.
  • This active device 63 is transparent to all other wavelengths, eliminating the undesirable loss associated with modulating multiple wavelength channels.
  • the optical modulators are commercially available from United Photonics Technology, for example.
  • EXAMPLE 5 WAVELENGTH SELECTIVE SWITCH BASED ON A TUNABLE, GRATING ASSISTED MODE COUPLER
  • An all-fiber, wavelength selective switch 77 can be alternately formed by combining a tunable grating assisted mode coupler 27 with a fixed wavelength grating assisted mode coupler 7.
  • This device is expected to display extremely low loss and a fast switching time. Such a device is illustrated in FIG 7. Tuning is achieved by tensioning the coupler waist. For example, an applied strain of only 0.1% is sufficient to de-tune the Bragg peak 107 1 nm from ⁇ i + ⁇ to ⁇ j. In this state, the Bragg wavelengths of the reflectivity peaks 87 and 97 of the two couplers coincide, so that the second grating assisted mode coupler switches light from the switch input 57 at wavelength ⁇ j into the switch output 47.
  • the switch is bi ⁇ directional, and its all-fiber construction leads to an extremely low loss device.
  • the time response to apply tension to the waist is essentially the time for the piezoelectric actuator to expand or contract and launch a longitudinal acoustic wave down the fiber waist. This time is approximately 10 ⁇ s.
  • Suitable piezoelectric actuators and controllers are available from Burleigh, Inc., and Polytec P.L.
  • mode locked lasers emit light at a series of discrete wavelengths, and these discrete wavelengths can form the basis of a WDM light source [D.
  • the wavelength components of the mode locked pulse train must be externally modulated independently. This can be achieved with low loss by using multiple narrow bandwidth, grating assisted mode couplers.
  • a standard channel spacing for WDM is 100 GHz. This frequency spacicng corresponds to a mode locked laser cavity length of 500 ⁇ m to 1.5 mm.
  • an external cavity semiconductor laser may be the preferred mode locked laser source.
  • the EDFA gain window is approximately 30 nm around 1550 nm. This corresponds to approximately 37 independent wavelength channels with a 0.8 nm channel spacing that can be readily accessed and independently modulated.
  • an optical device to separate the individual wavelengths in a low loss manner does not exist.
  • the grating assisted mode couplers described herein provide a novel method of demultiplexing this optical signal into its wavelength constituents, enabling each wavelength to be externally modulated (and/or amplified), before being multiplexed back onto the output fiber.
  • FIG. 8 illustrates the WDM transmitter subsystem according to this invention.
  • a train of mode locked pulses 36 is generated by a single mode locked laser 26 (e.g., a semiconductor laser) and coupled into an optical fiber or planar waveguide.
  • a wavelength locking system 46 consisting of one or more grating assisted mode couplers used to route the signals at one or more particular wavelengths into one or more detectors. Two detectors are commonly used. The difference of the electrical signals from these detectors is then used as an error signal, which is feed back to a piezoelectric mounted mirror 26 or heater (to change the cavity length and or optical index of refraction), which stabilizes the laser to a particular set of discrete wavelengths.
  • the multi-wavelength laser output next travels through a series of grating assisted mode couplers 76 that route each wavelength channel through an independent optical modulator 56 before returning each wavelength channel to the main waveguidel6 by the original grating assisted mode couplers 76.
  • each wavelength channel may be passed through an optical amplifier 6.
  • an optical amplifier may be placed in series with each optical modulator 56, 66. This individually amplifies each wavelength channel.
  • This implementation of a WDM multi-wavelength transmitter has the inherent advantage of producing a series of precisely spaced wavelengths that are automatically and precisely locked to an exte al reference by monitoring only one of the output wavelengths.
  • the low loss of the grating assisted mode couplers enable them to perform several tasks: separating the various wavelengths for modulation, recombining them in the output fiber, and stabilizing the wavelengths of the laser emission.
  • This laser transmitter realization is also well suiited to a planar waveguide fabrication approach because of the relative ease and simplicity of integrating the various components on a substrate.
  • EXAMPLE 7 BROADLY TUNABLE ADD/DROP
  • a broadly tunable add/drop device 78 can be realized by using a vernier type effect [Z. M. Chuang et al., IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, Vol. 5, October 1993 (pp. 1219-1221, Z. M. Chuang et al., LEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, Vol. 29, April 1993 (pp. 1071-1080)] in a grating assisted mode coupler, as illustrated in FIG. 9. This is achieved by joining the output of one grating assisted mode coupler to the input of another.
  • the first grating assisted mode coupler 8 has multiple gratings recorded in its waist, each at a slightly different wavelength, preferably equal to the standard WDM wavelength channels.
  • This mode coupler is static and attached to a tunable grating assisted mode coupler 28.
  • the tunable grating assisted mode coupler also has multiple gratings recorded in its waist, each at a slightly different wavelength.
  • This set of gratings are at slightly different wavelengths with a slightly different wavelength spacing between adjacent channels than the set of wavelengths of the static grating assisted mode coupler.
  • This second mode coupler is then tuned by an external signal 18 to bring one of its Bragg wavelengths in coincidence with one of the Bragg wavelengths of the first coupler.
  • each wavelength channel in the sequence become matched one at a time to the static grating assisted mode coupler.
  • the final wavelength channel in the sequence may be in excess of 10 nm away from the first wavelength channel, a much larger wavelength departure than that achieved by direct tuning (about 1 nm).
  • the vernier type effect has the advantage of increasing the practical wavelength tuning range.
  • EXAMPLE 8 RECONFIGURABLE, WAVELENGTH SELECTIVE ROUTER #1
  • FIG. 10 illustrates an eight channel programmable router 5 constructed from eight wavelength selective optical switches 45.
  • the wavelength selective optical switches 45 correspond to those devices described in EXAMPLE 4.
  • each wavelength selective optical switch itself consists of a static grating assisted mode coupler in tandem with a dynamic grating assisted mode coupler. Since individual grating assisted mode couplers exhibit extremely low loss, the complete device should exhibit a correspondingly low loss.
  • Light at each wavelength channel can be independently and dynamically routed from the input fiber 15 to either of two output fibers 35, 25 by adjusting the electrical inputs 55 to each optical switch.
  • EXAMPLE 9 RECONFIGURABLE, WAVELENGTH SELECTIVE ROUTER #2
  • An alternate n channel programmable router can be constructed from n wavelength selective optical switches, as described in EXAMPLE 2, and n grating assisted mode couplers.
  • Each wavelength selective optical switch itself consists of a static grating assisted mode coupler in tandem with a standard wavelength insensitive optical switch.
  • the drop outputs of the optical switches are each connected to a grating assisted mode coupler at the same wavelength, to direct each individual drop channel of a particular wavelength back onto the multiple wavelength output fiber.
  • the wavelength selective optical fiber devices disclosed herein have a variety of applications.
  • a coupler is used to add or drop optical signals for communication via a common transmission path.
  • a device is used to achieve narrowband optical switching.
  • a tunable, grating assisted mode coupler is described.
  • a number of couplers are used to produce a multi-wavelength laser source.
  • the several devices are combined to form a programmable wavelength selective router.
  • a coupler is used to produce a wavelength selective optical amplifier.
  • a coupler is used to produce a wavelength selective optical modulator.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne des dispositifs et des sous-systèmes sélectifs en longueurs d'ondes ayant diverses applications dans le domaine des communications optiques. Les dispositifs et les sous-systèmes en question sont équipés de coupleurs (9) à réseau de diffraction en mode bidirectionnel. La grande efficacité d'insertion-extraction et les faibles pertes de ce type de coupleur permettent de fabriquer des éléments sélectifs en longueurs d'ondes à faible perte tels que, par exemple: interrupteurs (62), amplificateurs (63), routeurs (5) et sources optiques. En modifiant les propriétés optiques de la zone d'interaction du coupleur, on peut régler en longueur d'onde le coupleur (23) considéré. On décrit par ailleurs un routeur (5) programmable sélectifs en longueurs d'ondes doté de plusieurs coupleurs de ce type.
EP96939482A 1995-10-27 1996-10-25 Dispositifs optiques selectifs en longueurs d'ondes Withdrawn EP0857314A4 (fr)

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US591595P 1995-10-27 1995-10-27
US5915P 1995-10-27
US08/703,357 US5805751A (en) 1995-08-29 1996-08-26 Wavelength selective optical couplers
PCT/US1996/016819 WO1997015851A1 (fr) 1995-10-27 1996-10-25 Dispositifs optiques selectifs en longueurs d'ondes
2003-12-03

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US6389199B1 (en) * 1999-02-19 2002-05-14 Corning Incorporated Tunable optical add/drop multiplexer
JP2002504712A (ja) * 1998-02-20 2002-02-12 コーニング インコーポレイテッド チューニングが可能な光分岐／挿入デバイス
US6088495A (en) * 1998-04-21 2000-07-11 Technion Research & Development Foundation Ltd. Intermediate-state-assisted optical coupler
SE520951C2 (sv) 1998-06-17 2003-09-16 Ericsson Telefon Ab L M Multivåglängdsselektiv switch för switchning och omdirigering av optiska våglängder
US6826343B2 (en) 2001-03-16 2004-11-30 Cidra Corporation Multi-core waveguide
AU2002357724A1 (en) * 2001-11-14 2003-05-26 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Tunable optical add/drop multiplexer with multi-function optical amplifiers
US7031571B2 (en) 2003-03-21 2006-04-18 Her Majesty The Queen In Right Of Canada, As Represented By The Minister Of Industry Through The Communications Research Centre Canada Bragg grating and method of producing a Bragg grating using an ultrafast laser
US7689087B2 (en) 2003-03-21 2010-03-30 Her Majesty The Queen In Right Of Canada, As Represented By The Minister Of Industry, Through The Communications Research Centre Canada Method of changing the birefringence of an optical waveguide by laser modification of the cladding
EP1462831B1 (fr) * 2003-03-21 2008-05-14 Her Majesty in Right of Canada as Represented by the Minister of Industry Réseau de Bragg et méthode de fabrication d'un réseau de Bragg utilisant un laser ultra-rapide
US8272236B2 (en) 2008-06-18 2012-09-25 Her Majesty The Queen In Right Of Canada, As Represented By The Minister Of Industry, Through The Communications Research Centre Canada High temperature stable fiber grating sensor and method for producing same
JP6708338B2 (ja) * 2015-10-21 2020-06-10 国立研究開発法人産業技術総合研究所 波長選択スイッチ

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EP0279520A2 (fr) * 1987-01-21 1988-08-24 Kokusai Denshin Denwa Kabushiki Kaisha Commutateur à guides d'ondes optiques
EP0475016A2 (fr) * 1990-08-24 1992-03-18 Hitachi, Ltd. Réseau pour signaux optiques multiplexés en l'ongueur d'onde
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CA2233327C (fr) 2003-06-17
AU7664596A (en) 1997-05-15
EP0857314A4 (fr) 1999-03-24

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