EP0852326A1 - Weapon battery, specially for anti-aircraft fire units - Google Patents

Weapon battery, specially for anti-aircraft fire units Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0852326A1
EP0852326A1 EP97112897A EP97112897A EP0852326A1 EP 0852326 A1 EP0852326 A1 EP 0852326A1 EP 97112897 A EP97112897 A EP 97112897A EP 97112897 A EP97112897 A EP 97112897A EP 0852326 A1 EP0852326 A1 EP 0852326A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
data
battery according
fire
target
directors
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Granted
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EP97112897A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0852326B1 (en
Inventor
Heinz Piccolruaz
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Rheinmetall Air Defence AG
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Oerlikon Contraves AG
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Publication of EP0852326A1 publication Critical patent/EP0852326A1/en
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41WEAPONS
    • F41GWEAPON SIGHTS; AIMING
    • F41G3/00Aiming or laying means
    • F41G3/04Aiming or laying means for dispersing fire from a battery ; for controlling spread of shots; for coordinating fire from spaced weapons
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41WEAPONS
    • F41GWEAPON SIGHTS; AIMING
    • F41G5/00Elevating or traversing control systems for guns
    • F41G5/08Ground-based tracking-systems for aerial targets

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a weapon battery, in particular for flab fire units, wherein each fire unit has at least one sensor for recording target data, one Director for the calculation of the trajectory of a target and at least one effector for the combat target.
  • EP-B-0 551 667 discloses a weapon battery consisting of several guided missile launching stations.
  • the missile launching stations hereinafter also called fire units, have means for detecting a target and are connected to a central unit.
  • Each fire unit sends data relating to the position and speed of the currently pursued target to the central unit via the connections. This data is sent back by radio to all fire units immediately after receipt by the central unit.
  • Each fire unit contains a computerized control device that has a target sensor and tracker. The first sensor, which detects a specific target, communicates this to the other fire units, which are then locked out of the target's treatment, but continue to pursue it. This action is subject to a higher-level control algorithm, with the necessary calculations being carried out by the fire units.
  • the disadvantages of the weapon battery described above are based on the fact that the Fire units exchange their target messages via the central unit, so that at their Failure the whole system is shut down. In addition, the transfer of data be disturbed by radio. Furthermore, it is disadvantageous that a certain Cannot fight target at the same time with more than one fire unit.
  • Guided missiles are also suitable for longer operating distances and flying heights than barrel weapons.
  • barrel weapons are quick to defend against thanks to their short reaction time
  • Low-flying aircraft superior to guided missiles So that a low-flying aircraft can be used in rough terrain cannot sneak up unnoticed, the coordination of the fire units is special here valuable.
  • the above-mentioned network has the disadvantage that the data is transmitted from the sensors the data network flows to the directors, but not in the opposite direction. This is it is not possible for a sensor that has already detected a target to be another sensor can help to understand this goal as well. Nor is it possible for the directors can coordinate their operations because the one director cannot know which Target is fought by the other director. So it can happen that one target out of several Throwers are fought while another remains unmolested.
  • the invention has for its object a weapon battery of the type mentioned propose that does not have the disadvantages mentioned above and not only steering but also uses tube weapons, the latter tube weapons especially for the defense against Low-flying aircraft are suitable.
  • the combat plan is independent of each director calculated by the other directors from the available data, whereby at the calculation also includes information about the position and usability of all fire units be taken into account.
  • the proposed triangulative measurement of the target by passive sensors is especially cheap and effective because the target is not through electronic countermeasures can protect against it.
  • Another advantage over the prior art is that the use of unprocessed measurements instead of pre-processed estimates.
  • 1 denotes a sensor which measures the position and possibly also the radial speed of a target.
  • the sensor 1 can be a search sensor that measures many targets imprecisely or a follow-up sensor that measures a single target precisely. However, it can also be both.
  • the sensor 1 is connected to a director 2 who calculates and extrapolates the trajectory of a target and decides on the use of the sensor 1 and an effector 3, 4 , the effector 3 ( FIG. 1a ) being a thrower and the effector 4 ( Fig.1b ) is a gun.
  • the parts 1, 2, 3 and 4 are preferably far apart.
  • the director 2 is permanently manned because he does not emit radiation from active measuring devices or projectiles and can therefore be camouflaged better than sensor 1 and effector 3, 4 .
  • the spatial spacing protects the sensor 1 from the vibrations, the smoke and the heat of the effector 3, 4 .
  • FIG. 2 four sensors 5 are connected to two directors 7 via a data network 6 . 8 effectors in the form of throwers are designated, each effector 8 communicates with each director 7 in conjunction.
  • the mode of operation of this weapon battery is briefly described above in the prior art.
  • fire units are provided, each of which is formed from a sensor 10 , a director 11 and a launcher 12 .
  • the fire units are connected to one another via a central unit 13 .
  • the operation of this weapon battery is described above in the prior art.
  • each consisting of a director 24 and at least one sensor 25 and at least a first effector 26, or at least a second effector 27 are designated 20, 21, 22 and 23 four fire units exist.
  • the first fire unit 20 has a further effector in the form of the second effector 27 and the second fire unit 21 has a first effector 26 .
  • the third fire unit 22 has a second sensor 25
  • the fourth fire unit 23 has a further sensor 28 .
  • the directors 24 are connected directly and bidirectionally to their associated sensors 25 and can use them optimally, for example with the help of information from other sensors. Some of these sensors can be positioned upstream in such a way that they do not primarily serve to use the effectors 26, 27 , but rather to pre-warn and instruct the other sensors.
  • the directors 24 of the fire units 20, 21, 22, 23 are directly and preferably bidirectionally connected to one another by a ring structure 29 .
  • each fire unit 20, 21, 22, 23 forwards the data it acquires or receives to the next fire unit 20, 21, 22, 23 .
  • Each director 24 communicates with each other so that each of its sensors 25 can work with each other.
  • a sensor that has not yet detected a target can be instructed by another sensor that has already detected it.
  • two sensors which are pursuing the same target purely passively, to determine the distance of the target by triangulation without the target being warned by the reception of active radiation. If the target were to protect themselves by emitting interference signals, these interference signals would only improve the accuracy of the passive measurement.
  • FIG. 5a and 5b are indicated at 30 a representing a target aircraft with 31, 32 has two sensors, which can be either equal to or as shown be unequal.
  • a first and a second ellipse 33, 34 represent areas of the passive sensors 31 , 32 , in which one of the two suspects the target, as long as one sensor does not yet know what the other knows.
  • the ellipses 31, 32 are actually much slimmer than shown in Fig . 5b , because the angle information is usually much more accurate than the distance information in passive measurement.
  • a third, smaller ellipse 35 represents the area in which both sensors 31, 32 suspect the target when they work together.
  • the cooperation can consist, for example, of the sensors 31, 32 feeding their raw measurement data into a Kalman filter, which is provided, for example, in at least one director 24 .
  • a Kalman filter which is provided, for example, in at least one director 24 .
  • the weapon battery described with reference to FIGS. 4, 5a and 5b works as follows: on the basis of the information available, a combat plan is created which defines which target is fired at by which effector from which time when (for example, tube weapon 26 of the first fire unit 20 ) .
  • the combat plan is designed and continuously updated through a multi-dimensional and iterative optimization in such a way that the expected total combat success of all fire units is and remains maximum, taking into account the target change times and the limits of the ammunition stores, etc.
  • This expected combat success can, for example, be defined as an expected value the number of kills or as the survival probability of the protected object or as a weighted average of both. In contrast to the prior art mentioned first, this does not preclude the same target from being fought by more than one fire unit at the same time.
  • Each director 24 independently of the other directors, calculates the air situation and combat plan based on the information available. This also includes information about the position and usability of all fire units 20, 21, 22, 23 . Normally, all information will be available to all directors 24 so that all directors 24 can calculate and execute the same battle plan. This democratic coordination is efficient and only becomes weakly sub-optional if some information is not available to all directors 24 due to the failure of individual data connections.

Abstract

The weapon battery has a number of individual weapon locations (20,21,22,23), each provided with at least one sensor (25) for detecting target data, coupled to a director for calculating the target flight path and an effector (26) for destruction of the target. The directors of the individual weapon locations are coupled together for direct exchange of the target data, to allow coordinated firing at the target according to a calculated firing plan.

Description

Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft eine Waffenbatterie, insbesondere für Flab-Feuereinheiten, wobei jede Feuereinheit mindestens einen Sensor zur Erfassung von Zieldaten, einen Direktor für die Berechnung der Flugbahn eines Zieles und mindestens einen Effektor für die Bekämpfung des Zieles aufweist.The present invention relates to a weapon battery, in particular for flab fire units, wherein each fire unit has at least one sensor for recording target data, one Director for the calculation of the trajectory of a target and at least one effector for the Combat target.

Mit der EP-B- 0 551 667 ist eine aus mehreren Lenkwaffen-Abschussstationen bestehende Waffenbatterie bekannt geworden. Die Lenkwaffen-Abschussstationen, im folgenden auch Feuereinheiten genannt, weisen Mittel zur Erfassung eines Zieles auf und sind mit einer Zentraleinheit verbunden. Jede Feuereinheit sendet über die Verbindungen Daten, welche die Position und Geschwindigkeit des momentan verfolgten Zieles betreffen, an die Zentral-einheit. Diese Daten werden von der Zentraleinheit unmittelbar nach Empfang über Funk an alle Feuereinheiten zurückgesendet. Jede Feuereinheit enthält eine computerisierte Steuerungseinrichtung, die einen Zielsensor und -verfolger aufweist. Der erste Sensor, der ein bestimmtes Ziel feststellt, teilt dies den anderen Feuereinheiten mit, die daraufhin von der Behandlung des Zieles ausgesperrt werden, jedoch fortfahren, es weiter zu verfolgen. Diese Aktion ist einem übergeordneten Steuerungsalgorithmus unterworfen, wobei die dazu erforderlichen Berechnungen von den Feuereinheiten durchgeführt werden. EP-B-0 551 667 discloses a weapon battery consisting of several guided missile launching stations. The missile launching stations, hereinafter also called fire units, have means for detecting a target and are connected to a central unit. Each fire unit sends data relating to the position and speed of the currently pursued target to the central unit via the connections. This data is sent back by radio to all fire units immediately after receipt by the central unit. Each fire unit contains a computerized control device that has a target sensor and tracker. The first sensor, which detects a specific target, communicates this to the other fire units, which are then locked out of the target's treatment, but continue to pursue it. This action is subject to a higher-level control algorithm, with the necessary calculations being carried out by the fire units.

Die Nachteile der vorstehend beschriebenen Waffenbatterie beruhen darauf, dass die Feuereinheiten ihre Zielmeldungen über die Zentraleinheit austauschen, so dass bei deren Ausfall das ganze System lahmgelegt wird. Ausserdem kann die Uebertragung der Daten durch Funk gestört werden. Weiterhin ist es als nachteilig anzusehen, dass ein bestimmtes Ziel gleichzeitig nicht durch mehr als eine Feuereinheit bekämpft werden kann.The disadvantages of the weapon battery described above are based on the fact that the Fire units exchange their target messages via the central unit, so that at their Failure the whole system is shut down. In addition, the transfer of data be disturbed by radio. Furthermore, it is disadvantageous that a certain Cannot fight target at the same time with more than one fire unit.

Lenkwaffen eignen sich übrigens für grössere Einsatzdistanzen und Flughöhen als Rohrwaffen. Umgekehrt sind Rohrwaffen dank ihrer kleinen Reaktionszeit bei der Abwehr von Tieffliegern den Lenkwaffen überlegen. Damit sich ein Tiefflieger auch in rauhem Gelände nicht unbemerkt anschleichen kann, ist hier die Koordination der Feuereinheiten besonders wertvoll.Guided missiles are also suitable for longer operating distances and flying heights than barrel weapons. Conversely, barrel weapons are quick to defend against thanks to their short reaction time Low-flying aircraft superior to guided missiles. So that a low-flying aircraft can be used in rough terrain cannot sneak up unnoticed, the coordination of the fire units is special here valuable.

Bei einem weiteren durch die EP-A- 0 431 892 bekannt gewordenen Netzwerk von Lenkwaffen-Abschussstationen sind mehrere Sensoren für die Erfassung von Zieldaten vorgesehen. Diese Zieldaten werden einem Datennetz zugeführt, welches die Daten zu einem integrierten Bild der Zielaktivitäten kombiniert. Dieses Bild wird zwei Direktoren zugeleitet, die vier Effektoren in Form von Werfern steuern.In a further network of guided missile launching stations known from EP-A-0 431 892 , several sensors are provided for the acquisition of target data. This target data is fed to a data network, which combines the data to form an integrated image of the target activities. This image is sent to two directors who control four effectors in the form of launchers.

Vorstehend genanntes Netzwerk hat den Nachteil, dass die Daten von den Sensoren über das Datennetz zu den Direktoren fliessen, nicht aber in umgekehrter Richtung. Dadurch ist es nicht möglich, dass ein Sensor, der ein Ziel bereits erfasst hat, einem anderen Sensor helfen kann, dieses Ziel ebenfalls zu erfassen. Ebenso wenig ist es möglich, dass die Direktoren ihren Einsatz koordinieren können, da der eine Direktor nicht wissen kann, welches Ziel vom anderen Direktor bekämpft wird. So kann es passieren, dass ein Ziel von mehreren Werfern bekämpft wird, während ein anderes unbehelligt bleibt.The above-mentioned network has the disadvantage that the data is transmitted from the sensors the data network flows to the directors, but not in the opposite direction. This is it is not possible for a sensor that has already detected a target to be another sensor can help to understand this goal as well. Nor is it possible for the directors can coordinate their operations because the one director cannot know which Target is fought by the other director. So it can happen that one target out of several Throwers are fought while another remains unmolested.

Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, eine Waffenbatterie der eingangs genannten Art vorzuschlagen, die vorstehend erwähnte Nachteile nicht aufweist und nicht nur Lenk- sondern auch Rohrwaffen einsetzt, welch letztere Rohrwaffen besonders für die Abwehr von Tieffliegern geiegnet sind.The invention has for its object a weapon battery of the type mentioned propose that does not have the disadvantages mentioned above and not only steering but also uses tube weapons, the latter tube weapons especially for the defense against Low-flying aircraft are suitable.

Diese Aufgabe wird durch die im Patentanspruch 1 angegebene Erfindung gelöst. Hierbei sind die Direktoren der Feuereinheiten direkt miteinander verbunden, so dass die von einem Sensor einer Feuereinheit erfassten Daten eines Zieles direkt den anderen Feuereinheiten zugeleitet werden. Aus den zur Verfügung stehenden Daten wird für alle Effektoren aller Feuereinheiten ein optimaler Kampfplan errechnet, mittels welchem der Einsatz der Effektoren koordiniert wird.This object is achieved by the invention specified in claim 1. Here the directors of the fire units are directly connected, so that of one Fire unit sensor captured target data directly from other fire units be forwarded. The data available becomes all for all effectors Fire units calculated an optimal combat plan, by means of which the use of the effectors is coordinated.

Gemäss Weiterbildungen der Erfindung wird der Kampfplan von jedem Direktor unabhängig von den anderen Direktoren aus den zur Verfügung stehenden Daten berechnet, wobei bei der Berechnung auch Informationen über die Position und Einsatzfähigkeit aller Feuereinheiten berücksichtigt werden.According to further developments of the invention, the combat plan is independent of each director calculated by the other directors from the available data, whereby at the calculation also includes information about the position and usability of all fire units be taken into account.

Die mit der Erfindung erzielten Vorteile sind darin zu sehen, dass das gleiche Ziel gleichzeitig von mehr als einer Feuereinheit bekämpft werden kann, wobei jedoch die Möglichkeit besteht, ein weiteres gleichzeitig vorhandenes Ziel durch eine andere Feuereinheit zu bekämpfen. Da die erfindungsgemäss informatisch vernetzten Flab-Feuereinheiten zusammen mit den vorgelagerten Sensoren ein genügend grosses Gebiet abdecken, können angreifende Tiefflieger leichter entdeckt werden. Dadurch ist es möglich, billige Flab-Feuereinheiten mit grösserer Reaktionszeit einzusetzen.The advantages achieved with the invention can be seen in the fact that the same goal at the same time can be fought by more than one fire unit, but the possibility exists to fight another target present at the same time by another fire unit. Since the flab fire units networked together in accordance with the invention in an informative manner Attackers can cover a sufficiently large area with the upstream sensors Low-flying aircraft can be discovered more easily. This makes it possible to get cheap flab fire units use with longer reaction times.

Die vorgeschlagene triangulatorische Vermessung des Zieles durch passive Sensoren ist besonders billig und wirksam, da das Ziel sich nicht durch elektronische Abwehrmassnahmen dagegen schützen kann.The proposed triangulative measurement of the target by passive sensors is especially cheap and effective because the target is not through electronic countermeasures can protect against it.

Ein weiterer Vorteil gegenüber dem Stand der Technik liegt darin, dass die Verwendung von unverarbeiteten Messwerten anstatt von vorverarbeiteten Schätzwerten vorgeschlagen wird.Another advantage over the prior art is that the use of unprocessed measurements instead of pre-processed estimates.

Durch die dauernde Nachführung des Kampfplanes bleibt dieser aktuell, auch dann, wenn sich die Gefechtslage ändert.Due to the constant updating of the combat plan, it remains up to date, even if the battle situation changes.

Im folgenden wird die Erfindung anhand von Ausführungsbeispielen im Zusammenhang mit den Zeichnungen näher erläutert. Es zeigen:

Fig.1a
Eine schematische Darstellung einer Feuereinheit mit Lenkwaffen gemäss allgemeinem Stand der Technik,
Fig.1b
eine schematische Darstellung einer Feuereinheit mit Rohrwaffen gemäss allgemeinem Stand der Technik,
Fig.2
eine schematische Darstellung einer Waffenbatterie gemäss der vorstehend genannten EP-A- 0 431 892 ,
Fig.3
eine schematische Darstellung einer Waffenbatterie gemäss der vorstehend genannten EP-B- 0 551 667 ,
Fig.4
eine schematische Darstellung der erfindungsgemässen Waffenbatterie, und
Fig.5a,5b
eine schematische Darstellung einer triangulatorischen Vermessung eines Zieles.
The invention is explained in more detail below on the basis of exemplary embodiments in conjunction with the drawings. Show it:
Fig.1a
A schematic representation of a fire unit with guided missiles according to the general state of the art,
Fig.1b
1 shows a schematic illustration of a fire unit with tube weapons according to the general prior art,
Fig. 2
a schematic representation of a weapon battery according to the aforementioned EP-A-0 431 892 ,
Fig. 3
a schematic representation of a weapon battery according to the aforementioned EP-B-0 551 667 ,
Fig. 4
a schematic representation of the weapon battery according to the invention, and
Fig.5a, 5b
a schematic representation of a triangulatory measurement of a target.

In den Fig.1a und 1b ist mit 1 ein Sensor bezeichnet, der die Position und eventuell auch die Radialgeschwindigkeit eines Zieles vermisst. Der Sensor 1 kann ein Suchsensor sein, der viele Ziele ungenau vermisst oder ein Folgesensor, der ein einziges Ziel genau vermisst. Er kann jedoch auch beides sein. Der Sensor 1 steht mit einem Direktor 2 in Verbindung, der die Flugbahn eines Zieles berechnet und extrapoliert und über den Einsatz des Sensors 1 und eines Effektors 3, 4 entscheidet, wobei der Effektor 3 (Fig.1a) ein Werfer und der Effektor 4 (Fig.1b) ein Geschütz ist. Damit eine aus dem Sensor 1, dem Direktor 2 und dem Effektor 3 bzw. 4 bestehende Feuereinheit möglichst wenig verwundbar ist, liegen die Teile 1, 2, 3 bzw. 4 vorzugsweise weit voneinander entfernt. Ausserdem ist vorzugsweise nur der Direktor 2 dauernd bemannt, denn er sendet weder Strahlung aktiver Messmittel noch Geschosse aus und kann deshalb besser getarnt werden als Sensor 1 und Effektor 3, 4. Weiterhin schützt die räumliche Distanzierung den Sensor 1 vor den Erschütterungen, dem Rauch und der Hitze des Effektors 3, 4. 1a and 1b , 1 denotes a sensor which measures the position and possibly also the radial speed of a target. The sensor 1 can be a search sensor that measures many targets imprecisely or a follow-up sensor that measures a single target precisely. However, it can also be both. The sensor 1 is connected to a director 2 who calculates and extrapolates the trajectory of a target and decides on the use of the sensor 1 and an effector 3, 4 , the effector 3 ( FIG. 1a ) being a thrower and the effector 4 ( Fig.1b ) is a gun. In order that a fire unit consisting of the sensor 1 , the director 2 and the effector 3 or 4 is as little as possible vulnerable, the parts 1, 2, 3 and 4 are preferably far apart. In addition, preferably only the director 2 is permanently manned because he does not emit radiation from active measuring devices or projectiles and can therefore be camouflaged better than sensor 1 and effector 3, 4 . Furthermore, the spatial spacing protects the sensor 1 from the vibrations, the smoke and the heat of the effector 3, 4 .

Gemäss Fig.2 sind vier Sensoren 5 über ein Datennetz 6 mit zwei Direktoren 7 verbunden. Mit 8 sind Effektoren in Form von Werfern bezeichnet, wobei jeder Effektor 8 mit jedem Direktor 7 in Verbindung steht. Die Funktionsweise dieser Waffenbatterie ist vorstehend kurz im Stand der Technik beschrieben.According to FIG. 2 , four sensors 5 are connected to two directors 7 via a data network 6 . 8 effectors in the form of throwers are designated, each effector 8 communicates with each director 7 in conjunction. The mode of operation of this weapon battery is briefly described above in the prior art.

Nach Fig.3 sind vier Feuereinheiten vorgesehen, die je aus einem Sensor 10, einem Direktor 11 und einem Werfer 12 gebildet sind. Die Feuereinheiten stehen über eine Zentraleinheit 13 miteinander in Verbindung. Die Funktionsweise dieser Waffenbatterie ist vorstehend im Stand der Technik beschrieben. According to Figure 3 , four fire units are provided, each of which is formed from a sensor 10 , a director 11 and a launcher 12 . The fire units are connected to one another via a central unit 13 . The operation of this weapon battery is described above in the prior art.

In der Fig.4 sind mit 20, 21, 22 und 23 vier Feuereinheiten bezeichnet, die je aus einem Direktor 24 und mindestens einem Sensor 25 und mindestens einem ersten Effektor 26 oder mindestens einem zweiten Effektor 27 bestehen. Im gewählten Beispiel weist die erste Feuereinheit 20 noch einen weiteren Effektor in Form des zweiten Effektors 27 und die zweite Feuereinheit 21 einen ersten Effektor 26 auf. Die dritte Feuereinheit 22 besitzt einen zweiten Sensor 25, während die vierte Feuereinheit 23 einen weiteren Sensor 28 aufweist. Die Direktoren 24 sind direkt und bidirektional mit ihren zugehörigen Sensoren 25 verbunden und können diese optimal einsetzen, beispielsweise mit Hilfe von Informationen von andern Sensoren. Dabei kann ein Teil dieser Sensoren so weit vorgelagert sein, dass er primär nicht dem Einsatz der Effektoren 26, 27 dient, sondern der Vorwarnung und Einweisung der übrigen Sensoren. Die Direktoren 24 der Feuereinheiten 20, 21, 22, 23 sind direkt und vorzugsweise bidirektional durch eine Ring-Struktur 29 miteinander verbunden. Bei der Ring-Struktur 29 leitet jede Feuereinheit 20, 21, 22, 23 die Daten, die sie erfasst oder empfängt, jeweils an die nächste Feuereinheit 20, 21, 22, 23 weiter.In Figure 4 each consisting of a director 24 and at least one sensor 25 and at least a first effector 26, or at least a second effector 27 are designated 20, 21, 22 and 23 four fire units exist. In the selected example, the first fire unit 20 has a further effector in the form of the second effector 27 and the second fire unit 21 has a first effector 26 . The third fire unit 22 has a second sensor 25 , while the fourth fire unit 23 has a further sensor 28 . The directors 24 are connected directly and bidirectionally to their associated sensors 25 and can use them optimally, for example with the help of information from other sensors. Some of these sensors can be positioned upstream in such a way that they do not primarily serve to use the effectors 26, 27 , but rather to pre-warn and instruct the other sensors. The directors 24 of the fire units 20, 21, 22, 23 are directly and preferably bidirectionally connected to one another by a ring structure 29 . In the ring structure 29 , each fire unit 20, 21, 22, 23 forwards the data it acquires or receives to the next fire unit 20, 21, 22, 23 .

Es ist jedoch auch möglich, nur einen Teil der Direktoren durch eine Ring-Struktur miteinander zu verbinden. Ausser der Ring-Struktur sind noch andere, vorzugsweise stärker vernetzte Strukturen, wie beispielsweise ein Datenbus oder ein Funknetz, welche beide die gleiche Struktur haben, denkbar. Dies bedeutet, dass die von einer Feuereinheit gesendeten Daten gleichzeitig von allen anderen Feuereinheiten empfangen werden können. Je stärker also eine Struktur vernetzt ist, desto geringer sind sowohl die Zeitverluste bei der Uebertragung der Daten als auch die Folgen eines Ausfalls einer einzelnen Verbindung.However, it is also possible to link only some of the directors through a ring structure connect to. In addition to the ring structure, there are others, preferably more cross-linked ones Structures, such as a data bus or a radio network, both of which have the same structure, conceivable. This means that those sent from a fire unit Data can be received from all other fire units simultaneously. The stronger So if a structure is networked, the less time is wasted in the transmission the data as well as the consequences of a single link failure.

Jeder Direktor 24 kommuniziert mit jedem anderen, so dass auch jeder seiner Sensoren 25 mit jedem anderen zusammen arbeiten kann. Auf diese Weise kann ein Sensor, der ein Ziel noch nicht erfasst hat, von einem anderen Sensor, der es bereits erfasst hat, eingewiesen werden. Dadurch ist es auch möglich, dass zwei Sensoren, die das gleiche Ziel rein passiv verfolgen, durch Triangulation die Distanz des Zieles bestimmen können, ohne dass das Ziel durch den Empfang aktiver Strahlung gewarnt wird. Falls das Ziel sich durch Ausstrahlung von Störsignalen schützen würde, würden diese Störsignale nur die Genauigkeit der passiven Vermessung verbessern.Each director 24 communicates with each other so that each of its sensors 25 can work with each other. In this way, a sensor that has not yet detected a target can be instructed by another sensor that has already detected it. As a result, it is also possible for two sensors, which are pursuing the same target purely passively, to determine the distance of the target by triangulation without the target being warned by the reception of active radiation. If the target were to protect themselves by emitting interference signals, these interference signals would only improve the accuracy of the passive measurement.

In den Fig.5a und 5b sind mit 30 ein ein Ziel darstellendes Flugzeug und mit 31, 32 zwei Sensoren bezeichnet, die entweder gleich oder wie dargestellt ungleich sein können. Eine erste und eine zweite Ellipse 33, 34 stellen Bereiche der passiv arbeitenden Sensoren 31, 32 dar, in welchen je einer der beiden das Ziel vermutet, solange der eine Sensor noch nicht weiss, was der andere weiss. Die Ellipsen 31, 32 sind in Wirklichkeit viel schlanker, als in Fig.5b dargestellt, denn die Winkel-Information ist bei passiver Vermessung meistens viel genauer als die Distanz-Information. Eine dritte, kleinere Ellipse 35 stellt den Bereich dar, in welchem beide Sensoren 31, 32 das Ziel vermuten, wenn sie zusammenarbeiten. Die Zusammenarbeit kann in diesem Fall oder auch in anderen Fällen beispielsweise darin bestehen, dass die Sensoren 31, 32 ihre rohen Messdaten in ein Kalman-Filter einspeisen, das z.B. in mindestens einem Direktor 24 vorgesehen ist. Diese Methode ermöglicht, dass beliebig viele Sensoren zusammenarbeiten können, wenn über die Datenverbindungen unverarbeitete Messdaten (rohe Messdaten) mit weissem Messrauschen ausgetauscht werden.In the Figure 5a and 5b are indicated at 30 a representing a target aircraft with 31, 32 has two sensors, which can be either equal to or as shown be unequal. A first and a second ellipse 33, 34 represent areas of the passive sensors 31 , 32 , in which one of the two suspects the target, as long as one sensor does not yet know what the other knows. The ellipses 31, 32 are actually much slimmer than shown in Fig . 5b , because the angle information is usually much more accurate than the distance information in passive measurement. A third, smaller ellipse 35 represents the area in which both sensors 31, 32 suspect the target when they work together. In this case or in other cases, the cooperation can consist, for example, of the sensors 31, 32 feeding their raw measurement data into a Kalman filter, which is provided, for example, in at least one director 24 . This method enables any number of sensors to work together if unprocessed measurement data (raw measurement data) with white measurement noise is exchanged via the data connections.

Die anhand der Fig. 4, 5a und 5b beschriebene Waffenbatterie arbeitet wie folgt: Aufgrund der vorliegenden Informationen wird ein Kampfplan erstellt, welcher definiert, welches Ziel von wann bis wann von welchem Effektor welcher Feuereinheit beschossen wird (beispielsweise Rohrwaffe 26 der ersten Feuereinheit 20). Der Kampfplan wird durch eine vieldimensionale und iterative Optimierung derart entworfen und dauernd nachgeführt, dass der voraussichtliche gesamte Kampferfolg aller Feuereinheiten maximal wird und bleibt, dies unter Berücksichtigung der Zielwechsel-Zeiten und der Begrenzungen der Munitionsvorräte usw. Dieser voraussichtliche Kampferfolg kann beispielsweise definiert sein als Erwartungswert der Zahl der Abschüsse oder als Ueberlebenswahrscheinlichkeit des Schutzobjekts oder als gewichtetes Mittel von beiden. Das schliesst im Gegensatz zum zuerst genannten Stand der Technik nicht aus, dass das gleiche Ziel gleichzeitig von mehr als einer Feuereinheit bekämpft wird.The weapon battery described with reference to FIGS. 4, 5a and 5b works as follows: on the basis of the information available, a combat plan is created which defines which target is fired at by which effector from which time when (for example, tube weapon 26 of the first fire unit 20 ) . The combat plan is designed and continuously updated through a multi-dimensional and iterative optimization in such a way that the expected total combat success of all fire units is and remains maximum, taking into account the target change times and the limits of the ammunition stores, etc. This expected combat success can, for example, be defined as an expected value the number of kills or as the survival probability of the protected object or as a weighted average of both. In contrast to the prior art mentioned first, this does not preclude the same target from being fought by more than one fire unit at the same time.

Für die erwähnte Optimierung sind verschiedene Verfahren bekannt wie beispielsweise Quasi-Newton (Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno oder Davidson-Fletcher-Powell), minimale Fehlerquadrate (Gauss-Newton oder Levenberg-Marquardt) sowie Simplex (Nelder-Mead). Sie können allerdings keine harten Randbedingungen wie z. B. die Begrenzung des Munitionsvorrats verarbeiten. Optimierungsverfahren für harte Randbedingungen sind theoretisch und numerisch wesentlich anspruchsvoller. Deshalb wird die harte Randbedingung durch eine weiche Randbedingung dadurch angenähert, dass beispielsweise der Munitionsverbrauch durch einen Abzug am Kampferfolg "bestraft" wird, und zwar umso härter, je kleiner der Munitionsvorrat geworden ist. Various methods are known for the optimization mentioned, for example Quasi-Newton (Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno or Davidson-Fletcher-Powell), minimal Error squares (Gauss-Newton or Levenberg-Marquardt) and Simplex (Nelder-Mead). However, you cannot use hard constraints such as B. the limitation of Process ammunition stock. Optimization methods for hard boundary conditions are theoretical and numerically much more demanding. That is why the hard boundary condition approximated by a soft boundary condition that, for example, the ammunition consumption is "punished" by a deduction from the battle success, and the harder the more the ammunition stock has become smaller.

Jeder Direktor 24 berechnet unabhängig von den anderen Direktoren die Luftlage und den Kampfplan aufgrund der zur Verfügung stehenden Informationen. Dazu gehören auch Informationen über die Position und Einsatzfähigkeit aller Feuereinheiten 20, 21, 22, 23. Normalerweise werden allen Direktoren 24 alle Informationen zur Verfügung stehen, so dass alle Direktoren 24 den gleichen Kampfplan berechnen und ausführen können. Diese demokratische Koordination ist effizient und wird nur schwach suboptional, wenn infolge Ausfalls einzelner Datenverbindungen einige Informationen nicht allen Direktoren 24 zur Verfügung stehen.Each director 24 , independently of the other directors, calculates the air situation and combat plan based on the information available. This also includes information about the position and usability of all fire units 20, 21, 22, 23 . Normally, all information will be available to all directors 24 so that all directors 24 can calculate and execute the same battle plan. This democratic coordination is efficient and only becomes weakly sub-optional if some information is not available to all directors 24 due to the failure of individual data connections.

Claims (14)

Waffenbatterie, insbesondere für Flab-Feuereinheiten, wobei jede Feuereinheit (20, 21, 22, 23) mindestens einen Sensor (25) zur Erfassung von Zieldaten, einen Direktor (24) für die Berechnung der Flugbahn und mindestens einen Effektor (26) für die Bekämpfung des Zieles aufweist und wobei der Sensor (25) und der Effektor (26) mit dem Direktor (24) in Verbindung steht,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass
die Direktoren (24) der Feuereinheiten (20, 21, 22, 23) direkt miteinander verbunden sind, so dass die von einer Feuereinheit erfassten Daten eines Zieles direkt den anderen Feuereinheiten zugeleitet werden, und dass aus den zur Verfügung stehenden Daten für alle Effektoren (26, 27) aller Feuereinheiten (20, 21, 22, 23) ein Kampfplan berechnet wird, mittels welchen der Einsatz der Effektoren (26, 27) koordiniert wird.
Gun battery, in particular for flab fire units, each fire unit ( 20, 21, 22, 23 ) at least one sensor ( 25 ) for recording target data, a director ( 24 ) for calculating the flight path and at least one effector ( 26 ) for the Combating the target and wherein the sensor ( 25 ) and the effector ( 26 ) is connected to the director ( 24 ),
characterized in that
the directors ( 24 ) of the fire units ( 20, 21, 22, 23 ) are directly connected to one another, so that the data of a target acquired by one fire unit are fed directly to the other fire units, and that from the data available for all effectors ( 26, 27 ) of all fire units ( 20, 21, 22, 23 ) a combat plan is calculated, by means of which the use of the effectors ( 26, 27 ) is coordinated.
Waffenbatterie nach Anspruch 1,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass
die Direktoren (24) der Feuereinheiten (20, 21, 22, 23) über eine Ring-Struktur (29) miteinander verbunden sind, wobei jede Feuereinheit die Daten, die sie erfasst oder empfängt, jeweils an die nächste Feuereinheit weiterleitet.
Gun battery according to claim 1 ,
characterized in that
the directors ( 24 ) of the fire units ( 20, 21, 22, 23 ) are connected to one another via a ring structure ( 29 ), each fire unit forwarding the data it detects or receives to the next fire unit.
Waffenbatterie nach Anspruch 1,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass
die Direktoren (24) der Feuereinheiten (20, 21, 22, 23) über eine Bus-Struktur oder ein Funknetz miteinander verbunden sind, wobei die von einer Feuereinheit gesendeten Daten gleichzeitig von allen anderen Feuereinheiten empfangen werden.
Gun battery according to claim 1 ,
characterized in that
the directors ( 2 4) of the fire units ( 20, 21, 22, 23 ) are connected to one another via a bus structure or a radio network, the data sent by one fire unit being received by all other fire units simultaneously.
Waffenbatterie nach Anspuch 1,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass
die Daten zwischen den Direktoren (24) der Feuereinheiten (20, 21, 22, 23) bidirektional ausgetauscht werden.
Gun battery according to claim 1 ,
characterized in that
the data between the directors ( 24 ) of the fire units ( 20, 21, 22, 23 ) are exchanged bidirectionally.
Waffenbatterie nach Anspruch 1,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass
die Daten zwischen den Direktoren (24) und den zugeordneten Sensoren (25) bidirektional ausgetauscht werden, so dass ein Direktor (24) von mindestens einem seiner Sensoren (25) Daten empfängt und ihm von anderen Sensoren empfangene Daten zusendet.
Gun battery according to claim 1 ,
characterized in that
the data is exchanged bidirectionally between the directors ( 24 ) and the associated sensors ( 25 ), so that a director ( 24 ) receives data from at least one of its sensors ( 25 ) and sends data received from other sensors to it.
Waffenbatterie nach Anspruch 4 und 5,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass
die Sensoren (25) bzw. Direktoren (24) rohe Messdaten austauschen.
Gun battery according to claim 4 and 5 ,
characterized in that
the sensors ( 25 ) or directors ( 24 ) exchange raw measurement data.
Waffenbatterie nach Anspruch 1,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass
mindestens einer der Effektoren der Feuereinheiten (20, 21, 22, 23) eine Rohrwaffe ist.
Gun battery according to claim 1 ,
characterized in that
at least one of the effectors of the fire units ( 20, 21, 22, 23 ) is a barrel weapon.
Waffenbatterie nach Anspruch 1,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass
mindestens zwei passiv arbeitende oder zu passiver Funktion schaltbare Sensoren (31, 32) vorgesehen sind, die das Ziel (30) triangulatorisch vermessen, falls sie passiv arbeiten.
Gun battery according to claim 1 ,
characterized in that
at least two sensors ( 31, 32 ) that work passively or can be switched to a passive function are provided, which measure the target ( 30 ) triangulatively if they work passively.
Waffenbatterie nach Anspruch 1,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass
ein Teil der Sensoren (25) als vorgelagerte Sensoren eingesetzt sind, die der frühzeitigen Erfassung des Zieles, der Vorwarnung und der Einweisung der übrigen Sensoren dienen.
Gun battery according to claim 1 ,
characterized in that
some of the sensors ( 25 ) are used as upstream sensors, which serve for the early detection of the target, the prewarning and the instruction of the other sensors.
Waffenbatterie nach Anspruch 1,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass
nur die Direktoren (24) dauernd bemannt sind.
Gun battery according to claim 1 ,
characterized in that
only the directors ( 24 ) are permanently manned.
Waffenbatterie nach Anspruch 1,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass
der Kampfplan von jedem Direktor (24) unabhängig von den anderen Direktoren aufgrund der ihm zur Verfügung stehenden Daten errechnet wird.
Gun battery according to claim 1 ,
characterized in that
the combat plan of each director ( 24 ) is calculated independently of the other directors based on the data available to him.
Waffenbatterie nach Anspruch 11,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass
bei der Berechnung des Kampfplanes Informationen über die Position und Einsatzfähigkeit aller Feuereinheiten (20, 21, 22, 23) berücksichtigt werden.
Gun battery according to claim 11 ,
characterized in that
When calculating the combat plan, information about the position and operational capability of all fire units ( 20, 21, 22, 23 ) is taken into account.
Waffenbatterie nach Anspruch 12,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass
bei der Berechnung des Kampfplanes Zielwechselzeiten und die Begrenzungen der Munitionsvorräte berücksichtigt werden.
Gun battery according to claim 12 ,
characterized in that
target change times and the limits of the ammunition stores are taken into account when calculating the combat plan.
Waffenbatterie nach Anspruch 13,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass
der Kampfplan durch iterative Berechnung mit den jeweils neuesten Daten ständig nachgeführt wird.
Gun battery according to claim 13 ,
characterized in that
the battle plan is continuously updated using iterative calculation with the latest data.
EP19970112897 1996-12-09 1997-07-26 Weapon battery for anti-aircraft fire units Expired - Lifetime EP0852326B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

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CH301096 1996-12-09
CH301096 1996-12-09
CH3010/96 1996-12-09

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EP0977003A1 (en) * 1998-07-31 2000-02-02 Oerlikon Contraves Ag Method for combating at least one aerial target by means of a fire group, fire group comprising at least two fire units and use of the fire group
FR2837955A1 (en) * 2002-03-29 2003-10-03 Giat Ind Sa BATTLEFIELD INFORMATION PROCESSING SYSTEM
EP1450125A1 (en) * 2003-02-12 2004-08-25 Oerlikon Contraves Ag Method and device for fighting against a target
FR2873221A1 (en) * 2004-07-16 2006-01-20 Dcn Sa Strategic information processing and managing system for combat platform e.g. submarine, has structures stacking layers of interfaceable software modules and selected in corresponding library of software modules
FR2879730A1 (en) * 2004-12-21 2006-06-23 Giat Ind Sa Weapon system`s rallying controlling method for firing platform, involves automatically controlling rallying of weapon systems of firing platforms from detected target`s coordinates provided by one of firing platform that is remote
WO2006126966A2 (en) * 2005-05-25 2006-11-30 Bae Systems Bofors Ab System and process for displaying a target
CN102706217A (en) * 2012-04-17 2012-10-03 北京理工大学 Method for controlling attack angle and attack time of multiple missiles
CN102980449A (en) * 2012-12-25 2013-03-20 北京理工大学 Method for controlling coordinated operation of multiple missiles
EP2482026B1 (en) 2011-01-26 2018-05-02 Diehl Defence GmbH & Co. KG Method for defending against an attack by a missile

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EP0977003A1 (en) * 1998-07-31 2000-02-02 Oerlikon Contraves Ag Method for combating at least one aerial target by means of a fire group, fire group comprising at least two fire units and use of the fire group
US6467388B1 (en) 1998-07-31 2002-10-22 Oerlikon Contraves Ag Method for engaging at least one aerial target by means of a firing group, firing group of at least two firing units, and utilization of the firing group
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EP1450125A1 (en) * 2003-02-12 2004-08-25 Oerlikon Contraves Ag Method and device for fighting against a target
FR2873221A1 (en) * 2004-07-16 2006-01-20 Dcn Sa Strategic information processing and managing system for combat platform e.g. submarine, has structures stacking layers of interfaceable software modules and selected in corresponding library of software modules
FR2879730A1 (en) * 2004-12-21 2006-06-23 Giat Ind Sa Weapon system`s rallying controlling method for firing platform, involves automatically controlling rallying of weapon systems of firing platforms from detected target`s coordinates provided by one of firing platform that is remote
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WO2006126966A2 (en) * 2005-05-25 2006-11-30 Bae Systems Bofors Ab System and process for displaying a target
WO2006126966A3 (en) * 2005-05-25 2007-09-20 Bae Systems Bofors Ab System and process for displaying a target
GB2440882A (en) * 2005-05-25 2008-02-13 Bae Systems Bofors Ab System and process for displaying a target
GB2440882B (en) * 2005-05-25 2008-11-19 Bae Systems Bofors Ab System and process for displaying a target
US8624781B2 (en) 2005-05-25 2014-01-07 Bae Systems Bofors Ab System and process for displaying a target
EP2482026B1 (en) 2011-01-26 2018-05-02 Diehl Defence GmbH & Co. KG Method for defending against an attack by a missile
CN102706217A (en) * 2012-04-17 2012-10-03 北京理工大学 Method for controlling attack angle and attack time of multiple missiles
CN102706217B (en) * 2012-04-17 2014-07-02 北京理工大学 Method for controlling attack angle and attack time of multiple missiles
CN102980449A (en) * 2012-12-25 2013-03-20 北京理工大学 Method for controlling coordinated operation of multiple missiles

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