EP0842381B1 - Process and system for starting a flow steam generator - Google Patents

Process and system for starting a flow steam generator Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0842381B1
EP0842381B1 EP96924761A EP96924761A EP0842381B1 EP 0842381 B1 EP0842381 B1 EP 0842381B1 EP 96924761 A EP96924761 A EP 96924761A EP 96924761 A EP96924761 A EP 96924761A EP 0842381 B1 EP0842381 B1 EP 0842381B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
evaporator
evaporator tubes
water
feed
flow
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EP96924761A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0842381A1 (en
Inventor
Rudolf Kral
Joachim Franke
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Siemens AG
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Siemens AG
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F22—STEAM GENERATION
    • F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
    • F22B35/00—Control systems for steam boilers
    • F22B35/06—Control systems for steam boilers for steam boilers of forced-flow type
    • F22B35/14—Control systems for steam boilers for steam boilers of forced-flow type during the starting-up periods, i.e. during the periods between the lighting of the furnaces and the attainment of the normal operating temperature of the steam boilers

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for starting a Continuous steam generator with a number of burners for a fossil fuel combustion chamber, whose gastight surrounding wall is at least approximately vertical extending evaporator tubes is formed, through which the feed water flows from bottom to top. It also relates to a start-up system for implementation of the procedure.
  • the heating leads from the gastight surrounding wall of a combustion chamber forming vertically arranged tubes of an evaporator to a complete Evaporation of the flow medium in the evaporator tubes in one pass.
  • a circulation current is superimposed during start-up. Thereby should be due to correspondingly high speeds in the pipes these are safely cooled.
  • The is from continuous flow and superimposed circulating current existing minimum current with vertically arranged pipes in the surrounding walls the combustion chamber between 25% and 50% of the full load flow. This means that the steam generator load only when starting must be increased to at least 25% to 50% before the Efficient continuous operation with its high efficiency Steam outlet temperatures is reached.
  • the invention is therefore based on the object of a method to start up a continuous steam generator in which Start-up losses, especially due to excess removal Water, are largely avoided. This is said to be one suitable starting system for carrying out the method simple means can be achieved.
  • this object is achieved according to the invention solved in that the ratio of fuel flow to Feed water flow and before starting the water level in the Evaporator tubes can be set so that the feed water when passing through the evaporator completely evaporates so that no more water at the evaporator outlet is available.
  • the invention is based on the consideration that before Approach, i.e. before the first burner fired, the water level is driven to a defined height in the evaporator.
  • the water level in the evaporator tubes should on the one hand be high enough to adequately cool the evaporator tubes to ensure.
  • the water level in the evaporator tubes should not be too high for training one during the start-up process downstream of the start of evaporation to avoid resulting water clogging. While the starting process, i.e.
  • the (first) or each burner should then be per unit time amount of feed water to be supplied depending on the Amount of fuel supplied to burners per unit of time with the Aim to be set that even without a separator no water downstream in the evaporator Superheater heating surfaces.
  • the level of water i.e. the water level in the evaporator tubes
  • Differential pressure can be derived. Therefore, it becomes more convenient Continuing education for both identification and recruitment the water level in the evaporator tubes the pressure difference, preferably between the evaporator outlet and the evaporator inlet, determined.
  • the gastight surrounding wall evaporator tubes running at least approximately vertically has, the feed water side from bottom to top are flowable, the stated object is inventively solved by an adjustment device before starting of the continuous steam generator the water level in the evaporator tubes and when starting the continuous steam generator that Ratio of fuel flow to feed water flow like this sets that the feed water as it passes through the evaporator tubes completely evaporated.
  • the setting or control variable is expediently the evaporator throughput, i.e. the amount of the evaporator on the medium side feed water supplied per unit of time.
  • the adjustment device is therefore conveniently associated with an actuator and a flow sensor, which in a feed water pipe leading the evaporator are switched.
  • the setting device with an actuator and a flow sensor connected in one to the or each burner leading fuel line are switched.
  • the setting device is connected to an actuator, the one connected to the evaporator on the inlet side Drain line for drainage is switched.
  • the setting device is connected to means for determination the water level in the evaporator. Both for identification as well as to adjust the water level in the evaporator expediently at least two arranged along the evaporator Pressure sensors provided.
  • a connecting line between evaporator outlet and evaporator inlet provided in which a fitting, e.g. a check valve, to avoid backflow to the evaporator outlet, is switched.
  • the evaporator outlet can be connected via the connecting line any water present at the evaporator inlet are supplied if the existing pressure conditions allow it. Otherwise, this water can have a discharge line connected to the connecting line is discharged become.
  • the advantages achieved with the invention are in particular in that only by adjusting the ratio of Fuel flow to feed water flow already during start-up the live steam temperature to the required value can be set or regulated since there is no defined one Evaporation end point there more. With a start-up system with separating device would be held there due to the Evaporation end the live steam temperature accordingly the ratio of evaporator to superheater heating area inevitably adjust when starting, so that a regulation the fresh steam temperature to the required value is not possible during start-up.
  • FIG. 1 An embodiment of the invention is based on a Drawing explained in more detail.
  • the figure shows schematically a continuous steam generator with vertical throttle cable and with an adjustment device of a start-up system.
  • the vertical throttle cable of the steam generator 1 according to FIG. 1 with rectangular cross section is formed by a surrounding wall 2, at the bottom of the throttle cable into a funnel-shaped Floor 3 merges.
  • Evaporator tubes 4 of the surrounding wall 2 are gas-tightly connected on their long sides, e.g. welded.
  • the bottom 3 includes a not shown Discharge opening 3a for ashes.
  • the lower area of the Surrounding wall 2 forms the one with a number of burners 5 provided combustion chamber 6 of the once-through steam generator 1.
  • the medium side i.e. of feed water or a water / water-steam mixture, parallel from bottom to top - or in the case of evaporator tube groups one behind the other - evaporator tubes flowed through 4 of the surrounding wall 2 are with their entry ends to an inlet header 8 and with its outlet ends connected to an outlet header 10.
  • the entry collector 8 and the outlet collector 10 are located outside the throttle cable and are e.g. each by an annular Tube formed.
  • the inlet header 8 is via a line 12 and one Collector 14 with the output of a high pressure preheater or Economizers 15 connected.
  • the heating surface of the economizer 15 is in a room above the combustion chamber 6 Surrounding wall 2 arranged.
  • the economizer 15 is on the input side via a collector 16 and a feed water line 18 connected to a heat exchanger 20 heated by steam D, connected to the pressure side of a feed water pump 22 is.
  • the suction side of the feed water pump 22 is in unspecified manner via a capacitor connected to a steam turbine and thus in its water-steam cycle switched.
  • the outlet header 10 is via a connecting line 24 and a branch line 26 with an inlet header 27 one High pressure superheater 28 connected within the containment wall 2 between the economizer 15 and the combustion chamber 6 is arranged.
  • the high pressure superheater 28 is during the Operation on the output side via a collector 30 with a high-pressure part connected to the steam turbine.
  • an intermediate superheater 32 is provided which Collector 34, 36 between the high pressure part and a medium pressure part the steam turbine is switched.
  • the Economizer 15, the high pressure superheater 28 and the reheater 32 are in the so-called convection or bulkhead heating surfaces Convection train of the once-through steam generator 1.
  • connection line 24 From the outlet collector 10 of the surrounding wall 2 of the convection train of the steam generator 1 to the lower-lying inlet header 27 of the high pressure superheater 28 guided connection line 24 is vertical up to the level of the entry collector 8, i.e. of the evaporator inlet, continued.
  • connection line 24 In the connecting line 24 is connected to a check valve 40.
  • drainage lines 42, 44 On both sides of the check valve 40 are on the connecting line 24 drainage lines 42, 44 connected, switched into the drainage valves 46 and 48, respectively are.
  • Feed water S In the feed water line 18 are in the direction of flow Feed water S behind the heat exchanger 20, a first valve 50 and a first flow sensor 52 switched.
  • the Flow sensor 52 is used to determine the per unit time amount of feed water led through the feed water line 18 S and thus to determine the feed water flow.
  • the led per unit of time via the feed water line 18 The amount of feed water S corresponds to that from the evaporator tubes 4 feed water volume supplied to existing evaporators and thus the evaporator throughput.
  • a second flow sensor 54 is in a fuel line 56 switched, the partial lines 58 in the burner 5 opens.
  • a second valve is in the fuel line 56 60 for setting the or each burner 5 per unit time supplied amount of fuel B and thus for adjustment of the fuel flow switched.
  • fuel B can Oil, gas or coal can be used.
  • the flow sensors 52 and 54 are connected via signal lines 62 and 64 to a controller module 66 as an adjusting device.
  • Another signal line 68 connected to the controller module 66 is connected via measuring lines 70 and 72 to pressure sensors 74 and 76, respectively, which are provided for measuring the pressure p E at the evaporator inlet and the pressure p A at the evaporator outlet.
  • the controller module 66 is also connected to the valves 50, 60 and 48 via control lines 78, 80 and 82.
  • the controller module 66 and the flow sensors 52, 54 and the valves 50 and 60 used to adjust the amount of feed water S and adjust the amount of fuel B are components of a start-up system 84 for starting the steam generator 1.
  • Other components of the start-up system 84 are Pressure sensors 74, 76 connected to controller module 66 via signal line 68 and valve 48 connected to controller module 66 via control line 82 for dewatering from the lower evaporator part.
  • the start-up system 84 is used to adjust the ratio of fuel flow to feed water flow with the aim that the feed water S evaporates completely as it passes through the evaporator tubes 4, so that there is no more water at the evaporator outlet, ie at the outlet header 10.
  • the water level H in the evaporator tubes 4 is raised to a defined height H min before starting in the evaporator, which is just above the burner 5. This is done, for example, by replenishing feed water S by means of the feed water pump 22 or by dewatering from the lower evaporator part via the drainage line 44.
  • the water level H in the evaporator tubes 4, ie the water level is set by means of a differential pressure measurement above the evaporator.
  • the differential pressure .DELTA.p A, E is fed to the controller module 66 via the signal line 68 as a measured value, which results from the difference between the pressures p A and p E measured by the pressure sensors 74 and 76 at the evaporator outlet or at the evaporator inlet.
  • the controller module 66 via the signal line 62 the measured by means of the flow sensor 52 current value of the amount of the evaporator, i.e. the evaporator tubes 4, feed water S supplied per unit of time transmitted.
  • This the controller block 66 from the flow sensor 52 supplied value corresponds to the current feed water flow and thus the evaporator throughput.
  • the level, i.e. the water level H, at time "fire ON" and the ratio of fuel flow to feed water flow chosen such that at the outlet header 10 pure steam is present so that no water in the superheater heating surface 28 flows.
  • the branch line 26 from the connecting line 24 is in Entry height of the superheater heating surface 28 is arranged. Thereby any water present in the outlet collector 10 flow past this branch to the superheater heating surface 28 and in the lower part of the vertical connecting line 24 collect. From there, this water can either discharged via the drain valve 46 or the inlet collector 8 of the evaporator are supplied. Alternatively, you can this possibly existing water between the line 12 between the economizer 15 and the inlet header 8 of the evaporator be fed. The check valve 40 backflow to the outlet header 10 is prevented.

Description

Die Erfindung bezieht sich auf ein Verfahren zum Anfahren eines Durchlaufdampferzeugers mit einer eine Anzahl von Brennern für einen fossilen Brennstoff aufweisenden Brennkammer, deren gasdichte Umfassungswand aus mindestens annähernd vertikal verlaufend angeordneten Verdampferrohren gebildet ist, die speisewasserseitig von unten nach oben durchströmt werden. Sie bezieht sich weiter auf ein Anfahrsystem zur Durchführung des Verfahrens.The invention relates to a method for starting a Continuous steam generator with a number of burners for a fossil fuel combustion chamber, whose gastight surrounding wall is at least approximately vertical extending evaporator tubes is formed, through which the feed water flows from bottom to top. It also relates to a start-up system for implementation of the procedure.

In einem Durchlaufdampferzeuger führt die Beheizung von die gasdichte Umfassungswand einer Brennkammer bildenden vertikal angeordneten Rohren eines Verdampfers zu einer vollständigen Verdampfung des Strömungsmediums in den Verdampferrohren in einem Durchgang. Üblicherweise wird dem Durchlaufstrom des Verdampfers - und häufig auch einem im Durchlaufdampferzeuger angeordneten rauchgas-beheizten Vorwärmer oder Economizer - während des Anfahrens ein Umlaufstrom überlagert. Dadurch sollen durch entsprechend hohe Geschwindigkeiten in den Rohren diese sicher gekühlt werden. Dabei beträgt der aus Durchlaufstrom und überlagertem Umlaufstrom bestehende Mindeststrom bei vertikal angeordneten Rohren in den Umfassungswänden der Brennkammer zwischen 25% und 50% des Vollaststroms. Dies bedeutet, daß beim Anfahren die Dampferzeugerlast erst auf mindestens 25% bis 50% gesteigert werden muß, bevor der wirkungsgradmäßig günstige Durchlaufbetrieb mit seinen hohen Dampfaustrittstemperaturen erreicht wird.In a continuous steam generator, the heating leads from the gastight surrounding wall of a combustion chamber forming vertically arranged tubes of an evaporator to a complete Evaporation of the flow medium in the evaporator tubes in one pass. Usually the flow of the Evaporator - and often one in the once-through steam generator arranged smoke gas heated preheater or economizer - a circulation current is superimposed during start-up. Thereby should be due to correspondingly high speeds in the pipes these are safely cooled. The is from continuous flow and superimposed circulating current existing minimum current with vertically arranged pipes in the surrounding walls the combustion chamber between 25% and 50% of the full load flow. This means that the steam generator load only when starting must be increased to at least 25% to 50% before the Efficient continuous operation with its high efficiency Steam outlet temperatures is reached.

Wie aus der Europäischen Patentschrift 0 054 601 Bl bekannt ist, wird daher üblicherweise zum Anfahren und in einem unter einer bestimmten Grenzlast von 50% der Vollast liegenden Lastbereich die Menge des von einer Speisepumpe zu fördernden Strömungsmediums vorzugsweise konstant gehalten. Dabei ist der Förderstrom der Speisepumpe gleich dem Verdampferdurchsatz. Bei dieser Betriebsweise sind die mit dem Zünden eines ersten Brenners des Durchlaufdampferzeugers beginnenden und mit Erreichen des Durchlaufbetriebs mit seinen hohen Dampftemperaturen endenden Anfahrzeiten sehr lang. Dies hat verhältnismäßig hohe Anfahrverluste zur Folge, da deren Höhe wesentlich von den Anfahrzeiten beeinflußt wird.As known from European Patent 0 054 601 Bl is therefore usually used for starting off and in an under a certain limit load of 50% of the full load Load range is the amount of water to be pumped by a feed pump Flow medium preferably kept constant. It is the flow of the feed pump is equal to the evaporator throughput. In this mode of operation, the one with the ignition first burner of the once-through steam generator and when continuous operation with its high steam temperatures is reached approach times very long. This has been proportionate high start-up losses as their height is significant is influenced by the start times.

Hohe Anfahrverluste ergeben sich auch durch einen Wasserüberschuß. Dieser entsteht einerseits durch einen im Vergleich zur zugeführten Wärme hohen Wassermassenstrom und zum anderen durch den sogenannten Wasserausstoß. Dieser wiederum entsteht, wenn die Verdampfung in der Mitte des Verdampfers beginnt und die stromabwärts vorhandene Wassermenge (Wasserpfropfen) ausschiebt. Daher ist in einem Durchlaufdampferzeuger üblicherweise eine Abscheideeinrichtung vorgesehen, aus der überschüssiges Wasser abgezogen und entweder mittels einer Umwälzpumpe wieder dem Verdampfer zugeführt oder verworfen wird. In dieser Abscheideeinrichtung ist somit während des Anfahrens das Ende der Verdampfung festgelegt. in Anfahrsystem mit einer derartigen Abscheideeinrichtung sowie dabei zusätzlich erforderlichem Trenngefäß, Ventilen und einer Umwälzpumpe erfordert bei hohem technischen Aufwand hohe Investitionskosten, die mit einer gewünschten Realisierung hoher und höchster Dampfdrücke stark zunehmen.High start-up losses also result from excess water. On the one hand, this arises from a comparison to the heat supplied high water mass flow and on the other through the so-called water emission. This in turn arises when evaporation starts in the middle of the evaporator and the amount of water downstream (Water plug). Therefore, in a once-through steam generator usually a separating device is provided, withdrawn from the excess water and either fed back to the evaporator by means of a circulation pump or is discarded. In this separator is thus the end of evaporation is set during start-up. in start-up system with such a separator as well as additionally required separation vessel, valves and a circulation pump requires a great deal of technical effort high investment costs with a desired realization high and highest vapor pressures increase sharply.

Der Erfindung liegt daher die Aufgabe zugrunde, ein Verfahren zum Anfahren eines Durchlaufdampferzeugers anzugeben, bei dem Anfahrverluste, insbesondere durch Abführen überschüssigen Wassers, weitestgehend vermieden sind. Dies soll bei einem zur Durchführung des Verfahrens geeigneten Anfahrsystem mit einfachen Mitteln erreicht werden.The invention is therefore based on the object of a method to start up a continuous steam generator in which Start-up losses, especially due to excess removal Water, are largely avoided. This is said to be one suitable starting system for carrying out the method simple means can be achieved.

Bezuglich des Verfahrens wird diese Aufgabe erfindungsgemäß dadurch gelöst, daß das Verhältnis von Brennstoffstrom zu Speisewasserstrom und vor dem Anfahren der Wasserstand in den Verdampferrohren derart eingestellt werden, daß das Speisewasser beim Durchlauf durch den Verdampfer vollständig verdampft, so daß am Verdampferaustritt kein Wasser mehr vorhanden ist.With regard to the method, this object is achieved according to the invention solved in that the ratio of fuel flow to Feed water flow and before starting the water level in the Evaporator tubes can be set so that the feed water when passing through the evaporator completely evaporates so that no more water at the evaporator outlet is available.

Die Erfindung geht dabei von der Überlegung aus, daß vor dem Anfahren, d.h. vor Feuerung des ersten Brenners, der Wasserstand im Verdampfer auf eine definierte Höhe gefahren wird. Dabei soll der Wasserstand in den Verdampferrohren einerseits hoch genug sein, um eine ausreichende Kühlung der Verdampferrohre zu gewährleisten. Andererseits darf der Wasserstand in den Verdampferrohren nicht zu hoch sein, um die Ausbildung eines während des Anfahrvorgangs stromabwärts des Verdampfungsbeginns entstehenden Wasserpfropfens zu vermeiden. Während des Anfahrvorgangs, d.h. zum Zeitpunkt der Feuerung des (ersten) oder jedes Brenners, soll dann die pro Zeiteinheit zuzuführende Speisewassermenge in Abhängigkeit von der den Brennern pro Zeiteinheit zugeführten Brennstoffmenge mit dem Ziel eingestellt werden, daß auch ohne Abscheideeinrichtung kein Wasser in dem Verdampfer dampfseitig nachgeschaltete Überhitzerheizflächen gelangt.The invention is based on the consideration that before Approach, i.e. before the first burner fired, the water level is driven to a defined height in the evaporator. The water level in the evaporator tubes should on the one hand be high enough to adequately cool the evaporator tubes to ensure. On the other hand, the water level in the evaporator tubes should not be too high for training one during the start-up process downstream of the start of evaporation to avoid resulting water clogging. While the starting process, i.e. at the time of firing the (first) or each burner should then be per unit time amount of feed water to be supplied depending on the Amount of fuel supplied to burners per unit of time with the Aim to be set that even without a separator no water downstream in the evaporator Superheater heating surfaces.

Das Niveau des Wassers, d.h. der Wasserstand in den Verdampferrohren, kann aus dem sich über dem Verdampfer einstellenden Differenzdruck abgeleitet werden. Daher wird in zweckmäßiger Weiterbildung sowohl zur Ermittlung als auch zur Einstellung des Wasserstandes in den Verdampferrohren die Druckdifferenz, vorzugsweise zwischen Verdampferaustritt und Verdampfereintritt, ermittelt.The level of water, i.e. the water level in the evaporator tubes, can be found in the above the evaporator Differential pressure can be derived. Therefore, it becomes more convenient Continuing education for both identification and recruitment the water level in the evaporator tubes the pressure difference, preferably between the evaporator outlet and the evaporator inlet, determined.

Bezüglich des Anfahrsystems für einen Durchlaufdampferzeuger mit einer eine Anzahl von Brennern für einen fossilen Brennstoff aufweisenden Brennkammer, deren gasdichte Umfassungswand mindestens annähernd vertikal verlaufende Verdampferrohre aufweist, die speisewasserseitig von unten nach oben durchströmbar sind, wird die genannte Aufgabe erfindungsgemäß gelöst durch eine Einstelleinrichtung, die vor dem Anfahren des Durchlaufdampferzeugers den Wasserstand in den Verdampferrohren und beim Anfahren des Durchlaufdampferzeugers das Verhältnis von Brennstoffstrom zu Speisewasserstrom derart einstellt, daß das Speisewasser beim Durchlauf durch die Verdampferrohre vollständig verdampft. Regarding the start-up system for a once-through steam generator with a number of burners for a fossil fuel Combustion chamber, the gastight surrounding wall evaporator tubes running at least approximately vertically has, the feed water side from bottom to top are flowable, the stated object is inventively solved by an adjustment device before starting of the continuous steam generator the water level in the evaporator tubes and when starting the continuous steam generator that Ratio of fuel flow to feed water flow like this sets that the feed water as it passes through the evaporator tubes completely evaporated.

Die Einstell- oder Regelgröße ist zweckmäßigerweise der Verdampferdurchsatz, d.h. die Menge des dem Verdampfer mediumseitig pro Zeiteinheit zugeführten Speisewassers. Die Einstelleinrichtung ist daher zweckmäßigerweise verbunden mit einem Stellglied und einem Durchflußmeßfühler, die in eine in den Verdampfer führende Speisewasserleitung geschaltet sind. Weiter ist die Einstelleinrichtung mit einem Stellglied und einem Durchflußmeßfühler verbunden, die in eine an den oder jeden Brenner führende Brennstoffleitung geschaltet sind. Ferner ist die Einstelleinrichtung verbunden mit einem Stellglied, das in eine mit dem Verdampfer eingangsseitig verbundene Ablaßleitung zur Entwässerung geschaltet ist. Außerdem ist die Einstelleinrichtung verbunden mit Mitteln zur Ermittlung des Wasserstandes im Verdampfer. Sowohl zur Ermittlung als auch zur Einstellung des Wasserstandes im Verdampfer sind zweckmäßigerweise mindestens zwei entlang des Verdampfers angeordnete Drucksensoren vorgesehen.The setting or control variable is expediently the evaporator throughput, i.e. the amount of the evaporator on the medium side feed water supplied per unit of time. The adjustment device is therefore conveniently associated with an actuator and a flow sensor, which in a feed water pipe leading the evaporator are switched. Next is the setting device with an actuator and a flow sensor connected in one to the or each burner leading fuel line are switched. Furthermore, the setting device is connected to an actuator, the one connected to the evaporator on the inlet side Drain line for drainage is switched. Moreover the setting device is connected to means for determination the water level in the evaporator. Both for identification as well as to adjust the water level in the evaporator expediently at least two arranged along the evaporator Pressure sensors provided.

In vorteilhafter Ausgestaltung ist außerdem eine Verbindungsleitung zwischen Verdampferaustritt und Verdampfereintritt vorgesehen, in die eine Armatur, z.B. eine Rückschlagklappe, zur Vermeidung einer Rückströmung zum Verdampferaustritt hin, geschaltet ist. Über die Verbindungsleitung kann am Verdampferaustritt eventuell vorhandenes Wasser dem Verdampfereintritt zugeführt werden, wenn die vorhandenen Druckverhältnisse es erlauben. Andernfalls kann dieses Wasser über eine an die Verbindungsleitung angeschlossene Abströmleitung abgeführt werden.In an advantageous embodiment, there is also a connecting line between evaporator outlet and evaporator inlet provided in which a fitting, e.g. a check valve, to avoid backflow to the evaporator outlet, is switched. The evaporator outlet can be connected via the connecting line any water present at the evaporator inlet are supplied if the existing pressure conditions allow it. Otherwise, this water can have a discharge line connected to the connecting line is discharged become.

Die mit der Erfindung erzielten Vorteile bestehen insbesondere darin, daß allein durch Verstellen des Verhältnisses von Brennstoffstrom zu Speisewasserstrom bereits während des Anfahrens die Frischdampftemperatur auf den erforderlichen Wert eingestellt oder geregelt werden kann, da es keinen definierten Verdampfungsendpunkt mehr gibt. Bei einem Anfahrsystem mit Abscheideeinrichtung würde sich aufgrund des dort festgehaltenen Verdampfungsendes die Frischdampftemperatur entsprechend dem Verhältnis von Verdampfer- zu Überhitzerheizfläche beim Anfahren zwangsläufig einstellen, so daß eine Einregelung der Frischdampftemperatur auf den erforderlichen Wert während des Anfahrens nicht möglich ist.The advantages achieved with the invention are in particular in that only by adjusting the ratio of Fuel flow to feed water flow already during start-up the live steam temperature to the required value can be set or regulated since there is no defined one Evaporation end point there more. With a start-up system with separating device would be held there due to the Evaporation end the live steam temperature accordingly the ratio of evaporator to superheater heating area inevitably adjust when starting, so that a regulation the fresh steam temperature to the required value is not possible during start-up.

Ein Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung wird anhand einer Zeichnung näher erläutert. Darin zeigt die Figur schematisch einen Durchlaufdampferzeuger mit vertikalem Gaszug und mit einer Einstelleinrichtung eines Anfahrsystems.An embodiment of the invention is based on a Drawing explained in more detail. The figure shows schematically a continuous steam generator with vertical throttle cable and with an adjustment device of a start-up system.

Der vertikale Gaszug des Dampferzeugers 1 gemäß Figur 1 mit rechteckigem Querschnitt ist durch eine Umfassungswand 2 gebildet, die am Unterende des Gaszugs in einen trichterförmigen Boden 3 übergeht. Verdampferrohre 4 der Umfassungswand 2 sind an ihren Längsseiten gasdicht miteinander verbunden, z.B. verschweißt. Der Boden 3 umfaßt eine nicht näher dargestellte Austragsöffnung 3a für Asche. Der untere Bereich der Umfassungswand 2 bildet die mit einer Anzahl von Brennern 5 versehene Brennkammer 6 des Durchlaufdampferzeugers 1.The vertical throttle cable of the steam generator 1 according to FIG. 1 with rectangular cross section is formed by a surrounding wall 2, at the bottom of the throttle cable into a funnel-shaped Floor 3 merges. Evaporator tubes 4 of the surrounding wall 2 are gas-tightly connected on their long sides, e.g. welded. The bottom 3 includes a not shown Discharge opening 3a for ashes. The lower area of the Surrounding wall 2 forms the one with a number of burners 5 provided combustion chamber 6 of the once-through steam generator 1.

Die mediumseitig, d.h. von Speisewasser oder einem Wasser/Wasser-Dampf-Gemisch, von unten nach oben parallel - oder bei Verdampferrohrgruppen hintereinander - durchströmten Verdampferrohre 4 der Umfassungswand 2 sind mit ihren Eintrittsenden an einen Eintrittssammler 8 und mit ihren Austrittsenden an einen Austrittssammler 10 angeschlossen. Der Eintrittssammler 8 und der Austrittssammler 10 befinden sich außerhalb des Gaszugs und sind z.B. jeweils durch ein ringförmiges Rohr gebildet.The medium side, i.e. of feed water or a water / water-steam mixture, parallel from bottom to top - or in the case of evaporator tube groups one behind the other - evaporator tubes flowed through 4 of the surrounding wall 2 are with their entry ends to an inlet header 8 and with its outlet ends connected to an outlet header 10. The entry collector 8 and the outlet collector 10 are located outside the throttle cable and are e.g. each by an annular Tube formed.

Der Eintrittssammler 8 ist über eine Leitung 12 und einen Sammler 14 mit dem Ausgang eines Hochdruck-Vorwärmers oder Economizers 15 verbunden. Die Heizfläche des Economizers 15 ist in einem oberhalb der Brennkammer 6 liegenden Raum der Umfassungswand 2 angeordnet. Der Economizer 15 ist eingangsseitig über einen Sammler 16 und eine Speisewasserleitung 18 mit einem mittels Dampf D beheizten Wärmetauscher 20 verbunden, der an die Druckseite einer Speisewasserpumpe 22 angeschlossen ist. Die Saugseite der Speisewasserpumpe 22 ist in nicht näher dargestellter Art und Weise über einen Kondensator mit einer Dampfturbine verbunden und somit in deren Wasser-Dampf-Kreislauf geschaltet.The inlet header 8 is via a line 12 and one Collector 14 with the output of a high pressure preheater or Economizers 15 connected. The heating surface of the economizer 15 is in a room above the combustion chamber 6 Surrounding wall 2 arranged. The economizer 15 is on the input side via a collector 16 and a feed water line 18 connected to a heat exchanger 20 heated by steam D, connected to the pressure side of a feed water pump 22 is. The suction side of the feed water pump 22 is in unspecified manner via a capacitor connected to a steam turbine and thus in its water-steam cycle switched.

Der Austrittssammler 10 ist über eine Verbindungsleitung 24 und eine Abzweigleitung 26 mit einem Eintrittssammler 27 eines Hochdruck-Überhitzers 28 verbunden, der innerhalb der Umfassungswand 2 zwischen dem Economizer 15 und der Brennkammer 6 angeordnet ist. Der Hochdruck-Überhitzer 28 ist während des Betriebs ausgangsseitig über einen Sammler 30 mit einem Hochdruckteil der Dampfturbine verbunden. Zwischen dem HochdruckÜberhitzer 28 und dem Economizer 15 ist innerhalb der Umfassungswand 2 ein Zwischenüberhitzer 32 vorgesehen, der über Sammler 34, 36 zwischen den Hochdruckteil und einen Mitteldruckteil der Dampfturbine geschaltet ist. Der Economizer 15, der Hochdruck-Überhitzer 28 und der Zwischenüberhitzer 32 liegen als Konvektions- oder Schottheizflächen im sogenannten Konvektionszug des Durchlaufdampferzeugers 1.The outlet header 10 is via a connecting line 24 and a branch line 26 with an inlet header 27 one High pressure superheater 28 connected within the containment wall 2 between the economizer 15 and the combustion chamber 6 is arranged. The high pressure superheater 28 is during the Operation on the output side via a collector 30 with a high-pressure part connected to the steam turbine. Between the high pressure superheater 28 and the economizer 15 is within the perimeter wall 2, an intermediate superheater 32 is provided which Collector 34, 36 between the high pressure part and a medium pressure part the steam turbine is switched. The Economizer 15, the high pressure superheater 28 and the reheater 32 are in the so-called convection or bulkhead heating surfaces Convection train of the once-through steam generator 1.

Die vom Austrittssammler 10 der Umfassungswand 2 des Konvektionszuges des Dampferzeugers 1 zum tiefer liegenden Eintrittssammler 27 des Hochdruck-Überhitzers 28 geführte Verbindungsleitung 24 ist senkrecht bis in Höhe des Eintrittssammlers 8, d.h. des Verdampfereintritts, weitergeführt. In die Verbindungsleitung 24 ist eine Rückschlagklappe 40 geschaltet. Auf beiden Seiten der Rückschlagklappe 40 sind an die Verbindungsleitung 24 Entwässerungsleitungen 42, 44 angeschlossen, in die Entwasserungsventile 46 bzw. 48 geschaltet sind.From the outlet collector 10 of the surrounding wall 2 of the convection train of the steam generator 1 to the lower-lying inlet header 27 of the high pressure superheater 28 guided connection line 24 is vertical up to the level of the entry collector 8, i.e. of the evaporator inlet, continued. In the connecting line 24 is connected to a check valve 40. On both sides of the check valve 40 are on the connecting line 24 drainage lines 42, 44 connected, switched into the drainage valves 46 and 48, respectively are.

In die Speisewasserleitung 18 sind in Strömungsrichtung des Speisewassers S hinter dem Wärmetauscher 20 ein erstes Ventil 50 und ein erster Durchflußmeßfühler 52 geschaltet. Der Durchflußmeßfühler 52 dient zur Ermittlung der pro Zeiteinheit über die Speisewasserleitung 18 geführten Menge an Speisewasser S und somit zur Ermittlung des Speisewasserstroms. Die pro Zeiteinheit über die Speisewasserleitung 18 geführte Menge des Speisewassers S entspricht der dem aus den Verdampferrohren 4 bestehenden Verdampfer zugeführten Speisewassermenge und somit dem Verdampferdurchsatz.In the feed water line 18 are in the direction of flow Feed water S behind the heat exchanger 20, a first valve 50 and a first flow sensor 52 switched. The Flow sensor 52 is used to determine the per unit time amount of feed water led through the feed water line 18 S and thus to determine the feed water flow. The led per unit of time via the feed water line 18 The amount of feed water S corresponds to that from the evaporator tubes 4 feed water volume supplied to existing evaporators and thus the evaporator throughput.

Ein zweiter Durchflußmeßfühler 54 ist in eine Brennstoffleitung 56 geschaltet, die über Teilleitungen 58 in die Brenner 5 mündet. In die Brennstoffleitung 56 ist ein zweites Ventil 60 zur Einstellung der dem oder jedem Brenner 5 pro Zeiteinheit zugeführten Menge an Brennstoff B und somit zur Einstellung des Brennstoffstroms geschaltet. Als Brennstoff B kann Öl, Gas oder Kohle eingesetzt werden.A second flow sensor 54 is in a fuel line 56 switched, the partial lines 58 in the burner 5 opens. A second valve is in the fuel line 56 60 for setting the or each burner 5 per unit time supplied amount of fuel B and thus for adjustment of the fuel flow switched. As fuel B can Oil, gas or coal can be used.

Die Durchflußmeßfühler 52 und 54 sind über Signalleitungen 62 bzw. 64 mit einem Reglerbaustein 66 als Einstelleinrichtung verbunden. Eine weitere mit dem Reglerbaustein 66 verbundene Signalleitung 68 ist über Meßleitungen 70 und 72 mit Drucksensoren 74 bzw. 76 verbunden, die zur Messung des Drucks pE am Verdampfereintritt bzw. des Drucks pA am Verdampferaustritt vorgesehen sind. Der Reglerbaustein 66 ist außerdem über Steuerleitungen 78, 80 und 82 mit den Ventilen 50, 60 bzw. 48 verbunden. Der Reglerbaustein 66 und die Durchflußmeßfühler 52, 54 sowie die zur Einstellung der Menge des Speisewassers S und zur Einstellung der Menge des Brennstoffs B dienenden Ventile 50 bzw. 60 sind Bestandteile eines Anfahrsystems 84 zum Anfahren des Durdhlaufdampferzeugers 1. Weitere Bestandteile des Anfahrsystems 84 sind die über die Signalleitung 68 mit dem Reglerbaustein 66 verbundenen Drucksensoren 74, 76 sowie das über die Steuerleitung 82 mit dem Reglerbaustein 66 verbundene Ventil 48 zum Entwässern aus dem unteren Verdampferteil.The flow sensors 52 and 54 are connected via signal lines 62 and 64 to a controller module 66 as an adjusting device. Another signal line 68 connected to the controller module 66 is connected via measuring lines 70 and 72 to pressure sensors 74 and 76, respectively, which are provided for measuring the pressure p E at the evaporator inlet and the pressure p A at the evaporator outlet. The controller module 66 is also connected to the valves 50, 60 and 48 via control lines 78, 80 and 82. The controller module 66 and the flow sensors 52, 54 and the valves 50 and 60 used to adjust the amount of feed water S and adjust the amount of fuel B are components of a start-up system 84 for starting the steam generator 1. Other components of the start-up system 84 are Pressure sensors 74, 76 connected to controller module 66 via signal line 68 and valve 48 connected to controller module 66 via control line 82 for dewatering from the lower evaporator part.

Das Anfahrsystem 84 dient zum Einstellen des Verhältnisses von Brennstoffstrom zu Speisewasserstrom mit dem Ziel, daß das Speisewasser S während des Durchlauf durch die Verdampferrohre 4 vollständig verdampft, so daß am Verdampferaustritt, d.h. am Austrittssammler 10, kein Wasser mehr vorhanden ist. Dabei wird der Wasserstand H in den Verdampferrohren 4 vor dem Anfahren im Verdampfer auf eine definierte Höhe Hmin gefahren, die kurz oberhalb der Brenner 5 liegt. Dies erfolgt z.B. durch Nachspeisen von Speisewasser S mittels der Speisewasserpumpe 22 oder durch Entwässern aus dem unteren Verdampferteil über die Entwässerungsleitung 44. Der Wasserstand H in den Verdampferrohren 4, d.h. das Wasserniveau, wird mittels einer Differenzdruckmessung über dem Verdampfer eingestellt. Dazu wird dem Reglerbaustein 66 über die Signalleitung 68 der Differenzdruck ΔpA,E als Meßwert zugeführt, der sich aus der Differenz zwischen den mittels der Drucksensoren 74 und 76 gemessenen Drücken pA und pE am Verdampferaustritt bzw. am Verdampfereintritt ergibt.The start-up system 84 is used to adjust the ratio of fuel flow to feed water flow with the aim that the feed water S evaporates completely as it passes through the evaporator tubes 4, so that there is no more water at the evaporator outlet, ie at the outlet header 10. In this case, the water level H in the evaporator tubes 4 is raised to a defined height H min before starting in the evaporator, which is just above the burner 5. This is done, for example, by replenishing feed water S by means of the feed water pump 22 or by dewatering from the lower evaporator part via the drainage line 44. The water level H in the evaporator tubes 4, ie the water level, is set by means of a differential pressure measurement above the evaporator. For this purpose, the differential pressure .DELTA.p A, E is fed to the controller module 66 via the signal line 68 as a measured value, which results from the difference between the pressures p A and p E measured by the pressure sensors 74 and 76 at the evaporator outlet or at the evaporator inlet.

Der Wasserstand H in den Verdampferrohren 4 wird dabei zwischen den beiden Grenzwerten Hmax und Hmin gehalten, wobei Hmin = H SB + L · Ps · F und Hmax = HKHF - Tmin · vWS ist.
Dabei sind:

HSB
die Höhe (Oberkante) des höchsten Brenners, der mit der Startfeuerleistung in Betrieb ist;
L
die Flammenlänge L bei Vollast des Brenners;
PS
die relative Startfeuerleistung des Brenners;
F
ein Anpassungsfaktor, der empirisch zu ca. 0,5 bis 2 ermittelt wurde;
HKHF
die Höhe, in der die Konvektions- oder Schottheizflächen mit enger Teilung (< 400 mm) beginnen;
Tmin
die Zeit (3 bis 10 Minuten) zum Füllen des Speichers, d.h. der Verdampferrohre bis zum Wasserstand H, mit der Geschwindigkeit vW,S;
vWS
die Wassergeschwindigkeit in den Verdampferrohren beim Start des Speisewasserstroms zum Zeitpunkt des Zündens des ersten Brenners.
The water level H in the evaporator tubes 4 is kept between the two limit values H max and H min , whereby H min = H SB + L P s · F and H Max = H KHF - T min · V WS is.
Here are:
H SB
the height (top edge) of the highest burner that is in operation with the starting firing rate;
L
the flame length L at full burner load;
P S
the relative starting firing rate of the burner;
F
an adjustment factor that has been empirically determined to be approximately 0.5 to 2;
H KHF
the height at which the convection or bulkhead heating surfaces begin with a narrow pitch (<400 mm);
T min
the time (3 to 10 minutes) for filling the store, ie the evaporator tubes to water level H, at the speed v W, S ;
v WS
the water speed in the evaporator tubes at the start of the feed water flow at the time the first burner is ignited.

Zur Einstellung des Verhältnisses von Brennstoffstrom zu Speisewasserstrom wird dem Reglerbaustein 66 über die Signalleitung 62 der mittels des Durchflußmeßfühlers 52 gemessene aktuelle Wert derMenge des dem Verdampfer, d.h. den Verdampferrohren 4, pro Zeiteinheit zugeführten Speisewassers S übermittelt. Dieser dem Reglerbaustein 66 von dem Durchflußmeßfühler 52 zugeführte Wert entspricht dem aktuellen Speisewasserstrom und damit dem Verdampferdurchsatz. Außerdem wird dem Reglerbaustein 66 über die Signalleitung 64 der mittels des Durchflußmeßfühlers 54 zum aktuellen Zeitpunkt gemessene Wert der Menge des den Brennern 5 zugeführten Brennstoffs B übermittelt. Dabei wird das Niveau, d.h. der Wasserstand H, zum Zeitpunkt "Feuer EIN" und das Verhältnis von Brennstoffstrom zu Speisewasserstrom derart gewählt, daß am Austrittssammler 10 reiner Dampf vorhanden ist, so daß kein Wasser in die Überhitzer-Heizfläche 28 strömt.To set the ratio of fuel flow to Feed water flow is the controller module 66 via the signal line 62 the measured by means of the flow sensor 52 current value of the amount of the evaporator, i.e. the evaporator tubes 4, feed water S supplied per unit of time transmitted. This the controller block 66 from the flow sensor 52 supplied value corresponds to the current feed water flow and thus the evaporator throughput. Besides, will the controller block 66 via the signal line 64 by means of of the flow sensor 54 measured at the current time Value of the amount of fuel B supplied to the burners 5 transmitted. The level, i.e. the water level H, at time "fire ON" and the ratio of fuel flow to feed water flow chosen such that at the outlet header 10 pure steam is present so that no water in the superheater heating surface 28 flows.

Die Abzweigleitung 26 von der Verbindungsleitung 24 ist in Eintrittshöhe der Überhitzer-Heizfläche 28 angeordnet. Dadurch wird im Austrittssammler 10 eventuell vorhandenes Wasser an diesem Abzweig zur Überhitzer-Heizfläche 28 vorbeiströmen und sich im unteren Teil der senkrechten Verbindungsleitung 24 sammeln. Von dort aus kann dieses Wasser entweder über das Entwässerungsventil 46 abgeführt oder dem Eintrittssammler 8 des Verdampfers zugeführt werden. Alternativ kann dies eventuell vorhandene Wasser auch der Leitung 12 zwischen dem Economizer 15 und dem Eintrittssammler 8 des Verdampfers zugeführt werden. Dabei wird durch die Rückschlagklappe 40 eine Rückströmung zum Austrittssammler 10 verhindert.The branch line 26 from the connecting line 24 is in Entry height of the superheater heating surface 28 is arranged. Thereby any water present in the outlet collector 10 flow past this branch to the superheater heating surface 28 and in the lower part of the vertical connecting line 24 collect. From there, this water can either discharged via the drain valve 46 or the inlet collector 8 of the evaporator are supplied. Alternatively, you can this possibly existing water between the line 12 between the economizer 15 and the inlet header 8 of the evaporator be fed. The check valve 40 backflow to the outlet header 10 is prevented.

Claims (7)

  1. Method for starting up a continuous-flow steam generator having a combustion chamber (6) which possesses a number of burners (5) for a fossil fuel (B) and the gas-tight containment wall (2) of which is formed from at least approximately vertically arranged evaporator tubes (4), through which the flow passes from the bottom upwards on the feed-water side, characterized in that the ratio of the fuel stream to the feed-water stream and before starting up, the water level (H) in the evaporator tubes (4) are set in such a way that the feed water (S) evaporates completely during passage through the evaporator tubes (4).
  2. Method according to Claim 1, characterized in that the water level (H) in the evaporator tubes (4) is set to a height (Hmin, Hmax) provided above the burners (5).
  3. Method according to Claim 1 or 2, characterized in that, in order to set the water level (H) in the evaporator tubes (4), the pressure difference (
    Figure 00130001
    PA,E) along the evaporator tubes (4) is determined.
  4. Start-up system for a continuous-flow steam generator having a combustion chamber (6) which possesses a number of burners (5) for a fossil fuel (B) and the gas-tight containment wall (2) of which has at least approximately vertically extending evaporator tubes (4), through which the flow can pass from the bottom upwards on the feed-water side, characterized by a setting device (66) which, before starting up of the continuous-flow steam generator, sets the water level (H) in the evaporator tubes (4), and during the starting up of the continuous-flow steam generator sets the ratio of the fuel stream to the feed water in such a way that the feed water (S) evaporates completely during passage through the evaporator tubes (4).
  5. Start-up system according to Claim 4, characterized in that the setting device (66) is connected to a first actuator (50) and a first throughflow-measuring sensor (52) which are connected into a feed-water conduit (18) leading into the evaporator tubes (4), to a second actuator (60) and a second throughflow-measuring sensor (54) which are connected into a fuel conduit (56) leading to the or each burner (5), to a third actuator (48) connected into a drain conduit (44) connected to the evaporator tubes (4) on the inlet side, and to means (70, 74, 76) for determining the water level (H) in the evaporator tubes (4).
  6. Start-up system according to Claim 5, characterized in that at least two pressure sensors (74, 76) arranged along the evaporator tubes (4) are provided as means for determining the water level (H) in the evaporator tubes (4).
  7. Start-up system according to one of Claims 4 to 6, characterized by, between the evaporator outlet (10) and evaporator inlet (8), a connecting conduit (24), into which a fitting (40) is connected for avoiding a backflow towards the evaporator outlet (10) and to which a flow-off conduit (42) is connected.
EP96924761A 1995-08-02 1996-07-19 Process and system for starting a flow steam generator Expired - Lifetime EP0842381B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19528438 1995-08-02
DE19528438A DE19528438C2 (en) 1995-08-02 1995-08-02 Method and system for starting a once-through steam generator
PCT/DE1996/001343 WO1997005425A1 (en) 1995-08-02 1996-07-19 Process and system for starting a flow steam generator

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EP0842381A1 EP0842381A1 (en) 1998-05-20
EP0842381B1 true EP0842381B1 (en) 2000-01-12

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JP (1) JPH11510241A (en)
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WO (1) WO1997005425A1 (en)

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EP2065641A3 (en) * 2007-11-28 2010-06-09 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Method for operating a continuous flow steam generator and once-through steam generator
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DE59604183D1 (en) 2000-02-17
IN189235B (en) 2003-01-11
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WO1997005425A1 (en) 1997-02-13
DE19528438C2 (en) 1998-01-22
JPH11510241A (en) 1999-09-07
DE19528438A1 (en) 1997-02-06

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