EP0804451A1 - Marqueur du cancer des poumons - Google Patents

Marqueur du cancer des poumons

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Publication number
EP0804451A1
EP0804451A1 EP95930093A EP95930093A EP0804451A1 EP 0804451 A1 EP0804451 A1 EP 0804451A1 EP 95930093 A EP95930093 A EP 95930093A EP 95930093 A EP95930093 A EP 95930093A EP 0804451 A1 EP0804451 A1 EP 0804451A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
seq
leu
acid sequence
ser
amino acid
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EP95930093A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP0804451A4 (fr
Inventor
Richard M. Torczynski
Arthur P. Bollon
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Exegenics Inc
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Cytoclonal Pharmaceutics Inc
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Publication of EP0804451A1 publication Critical patent/EP0804451A1/fr
Publication of EP0804451A4 publication Critical patent/EP0804451A4/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/46—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates
    • C07K14/47—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates from mammals
    • C07K14/4701—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates from mammals not used
    • C07K14/4748—Tumour specific antigens; Tumour rejection antigen precursors [TRAP], e.g. MAGE
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
    • C12N9/88—Lyases (4.)
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides

Definitions

  • the invention relates to genes and proteins specific for certain cancers and methods for their detection.
  • Lung cancer is the most common form of cancer in the world. Estimates for the year 1985 indicate that there were about 900,000 cases of lung cancer worldwide. (Parkin, et al., "Estimates of the worldwide incidence of eighteen major cancers in 1985," Int J Cancer 1993; 54:594-606). For the United States alone, 1993 projections placed the number of new lung cancer cases at 170,000, with a mortality of about 88%. (Boring, et al., "Cancer statistics," CA Cancer J Clin 1993; 43:7-26).
  • breast cancer Although the occurrence of breast cancer is slightly more common in the United States, lung cancer is second behind prostate cancer for males and third behind breast and colorectal cancers for women. Yet, lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer deaths.
  • the World Health Organization classifies lung cancer into four major histological types: (1) squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) , (2) adenocarcinoma, (3) large cell carcinoma, and (4) small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) .
  • SCC squamous cell carcinoma
  • SCLC small cell lung carcinoma
  • MAbs for lung cancer were first developed to distinguish NSCLC from SCLC.
  • Mulshine, et al. "Monoclonal antibodies that distinguish nonsmall-cell from small-cell lung cancer,” J Immunol 1983; 121:497-502).
  • the identity of the cell surface antigen with which a particular antibody reacts is not known, or has not been well characterized.
  • Scott, et al. "Early lung cancer detection using monoclonal antibodies," In: Lung Cancer. Edited by J.A. Roth, J.D. Cox, and W.K. Hong. Boston: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1993) .
  • MAbs have been used in the immunocytochemical staining of sputum samples to predict the progression of lung cancer.
  • Tockman, et al. "Sensitive and specific monoclonal antibody recognition of human lung cancer antigen on preserved sputum cells: a new approach to early lung cancer detection," J Clin Oncol 1988; 6:1685-1693.
  • two MAbs were utilized, 624H12 which binds a glycolipid antigen expressed in SCLC and 703D4 which is directed to a protein antigen of NSCLC.
  • 624H12 which binds a glycolipid antigen expressed in SCLC
  • 703D4 which is directed to a protein antigen of NSCLC.
  • two-thirds showed positive reactivity with either the SCLC or the NSCLC MAb.
  • Carcinoembryonic antigen is a frequently studied tumor marker of cancer including lung cancer.
  • Squamous cell carcinoma antigen is another established serum marker.
  • serum antigens for lung cancer include antigens recognized by MAbs 5E8, 5C7, and 1F10, the combination of which distinguishes between patients with lung cancer from those without.
  • MAbs 5E8, 5C7, and 1F10 the combination of which distinguishes between patients with lung cancer from those without.
  • 5E8, 5C7 and 1F10 were more sensitive, specific and accurate for identifying NSCLC when compared to results from a combination of the CEA and squamous cell carcinoma antigen tests.
  • Serum CA 125 Serum CA 125, initially described as an ovarian cancer-associated antigen, has been investigated for its use as a prognostic factor in NSCLC.
  • Diez, et al. "Prognostic significance of serum CA 125 antigen assay in patients with non-small cell lung cancer," Cancer 1994; 73:136876).
  • the study determined that the preoperative serum level of CA 125 antigen is inversely correlated with survival and tumor relapse in NSCLC.
  • MAb applications none has yet emerged that has changed clinical practice.
  • MAbs alone may not be the answer to early detection because there has only been moderate success with immunologic reagents for paraffin-embedded tissue.
  • lung cancer may express features that cannot be differentiated by antibodies; for example, chromosomal deletions, gene amplification, or translocation and alteration in enzymatic activity.
  • cytogenetic and molecular techniques may provide powerful tools for screening, diagnosis, management and ultimately treatment of lung cancer.
  • An example of a lung cancer antigen that has been cloned is the adenocarcinoma-associated antigen.
  • This antigen recognized by KS1/4 MAb, is an epithelial malignancy/epithelial tissue glycoprotein from the human lung adenocarcinoma cell line UCLA-P3. (Strand, et al., "Molecular cloning and characterization of a human adenocarcinoma/epithelial cell surface antigen complementary DNA," Cancer Res 1989; 49:314-317). The antigen has been found on all adenocarcinoma cells tested and in various corresponding normal epithelial cells.
  • Northern blot analysis indicated that transcription of the adenocarcinoma-associated antigen was detected in RNA isolated from normal colon but not in RNA isolated from normal lung, prostate, or liver. Therefore identification of adenocarcinoma-associated antigen in lung cells may prove to be diagnostic for adenocarcinoma.
  • NCA nonspecific crossreacting antigen
  • lung cancer cells fall into three different types according to their CEA and/or NCA expression by Northern blot analysis. Specifically, lung cancers expressed both CEA and NCA mRNA, only NCA mRNA, or neither mRNA.
  • CEA-related mRNA expression was always accompanied by NCA mRNA expression and there were no cases of CEA mRNA expression alone.
  • the separate assessment of CEA and NCA expression in lung cancers may be important in determining the prognosis of lung cancers because the antigens have been described as cell-cell adhesion molecules and may play a role in cancer metastasis.
  • si tu hybridization Another method to detect the presence of an antigen gene or its mRNA in specific cells or to localize an antigen gene to a specific locus on a chromosome is in si tu hybridization.
  • si tu hybridization uses nucleic acid probes that recognize either repetitive sequences on a chromosome or sequences along the whole chromosome length or chromosome segments. By tagging the probes with radioisotopes or color detection systems, chromosome regions can be identified within the cell. Investigations using in si tu hybridization have demonstrated numerical chromosomal abnormalities in samples from human tumors, including bladder, neuroectodermal, breast, gastric and lung cancer tumors.
  • FISH Fluorescence in si tu hybridization
  • FISH Fluorescence In situ hybridization
  • oncogenes are activated by mutation and lead to deregulated cellular growth.
  • genes code for proteins that function as growth factors, growth factor receptors, signal transducing proteins and nuclear proteins involved in transcriptional regulation. Amplification, mutation, and translocations have been documented in many different cancer cells and have been shown to lead to gene activation or overexpression.
  • the ras family of oncogenes comprises a group of membrane associated GTP-binding proteins thought to be involved in signal transduction. Mutations within the ras oncogenes, resulting in sustained growth stimulation, have been identified in 15 to 30% of human NSCLC. (Birrer, et al., "Application of molecular genetics to the early diagnosis and screening of lung cancer," Cancer 1992; 52suppl; 2658s-2664s) . Patients with tumors containing ras mutations had decreased survival compared with patients whose tumors had no ras mutations.
  • PCR Polymerase chain reaction
  • This group codes for membrane-associated tyrosine kinase proteins and contains erjb Bl , the gene coding for the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor, and erb B2 (also called Her-2/neu) .
  • the erjb Bl gene has been found to be amplified in NSCLC (up to 20% of squamous cell tumors) , while the EGF receptor has been shown to be overexpressed in many NSCLC cells (approximately 90% of squamous cell tumors, 20 to 75% of adenocarcinomas, and rarely in large cell or undifferentiated tumors) .
  • a third family of dominant oncogenes involved in lung cancer is the myc family. These genes encode nuclear phosphoproteins, which have potent effects on cell growth and which function as transcriptional regulators. Unlike ras genes, which are activated by point mutations in lung cancer cells, the myc genes are activated by overexpression of the cellular myc genes, either by gene amplification or by rearrangements, each ultimately leading to increased levels of myc protein. Amplification of the normal myc genes is seen frequently in SCLC and rarely in NSCLC.
  • Tumor suppressor genes function normally to suppress cellular proliferation, and since they are recessive oncogenes, mutations or deletions must occur in both alleles of these genes before transformation occurs.
  • a phosphoprotein p53 which is encoded by a gene located on chromosome 17p, suppresses transformation in its wild-type state. While in its mutant state, p53 acts as a dominant oncogene. p53 functions in DNA binding and transcription activation. Mutations of p53 have been found in many human cancers including colon, breast, brain and lung cancer cells. (Birrer, et al.. Cancer Res .
  • a lung cancer marker antigen specific for NSCLC, has now been found, sequenced, and cloned.
  • the antigen is useful in methods for detection of non-small cell lung cancer and for potential production of antibodies and probes for treatment compositions.
  • FIGURE 1 depicts the alignment of the amino acid sequence of HCAVIII with previously described carbonic anhydrases. conserveed amino acids are shown in bold.
  • the invention concerns a lung cancer antigen (HCAVIII) gene specific for non-small cell lung cancer.
  • HCAVIII lung cancer antigen
  • the invention relates to a substantially purified nucleic acid (SEQ ID NO:l) encoding the pre-protein sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:2.
  • the invention relates to cDNAs which encode the mature form of the protein (SEQ ID NO:4), or a truncated form of the protein lacking the transmembrane domain (SEQ ID NO:13 and SEQ ID NO:15), or a protein in which one or more of the amino acids in the phosphorylation region have been altered to affect that function, an example of which is shown in SEQ ID NO:18.
  • proteins encoded by the cDNA of SEQ ID NO:l, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:14, and SEQ ID NO:17 are provided.
  • the invention relates to a recombinant DNA clone for HCAVIII.
  • expression vectors for HCAVIII and modifications thereof are an object.
  • the invention further relates to methods of detecting lung cancer.
  • an in si tu hybridization technique is provided.
  • a fluorescence in situ hybridization technique is provided.
  • an ELISA assay is provided.
  • detection of carbonic anhydrase activity which correlates with lung cancer antigen is provided. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
  • HCAVIII cell surface protein
  • the HCAVIII cDNA in the vector pLC56 has been sequenced and characterized including the entire coding region and substantially all of the upstream and downstream non-translated regions.
  • the cDNA in pLC56 was sequenced on both strands from exonuclease Ill-generated deletions and subsequent subcloning into M13 vectors or directly from the cloning vectors using the di-deoxy method and a SEQUENASE ® Version 2.0 kit (U.S.
  • SEQ ID N0:1 represents the cDNA encoding HCAVIII and a presumed signal peptide.
  • SEQ ID NO:2 represents the signal peptide (amino acid residues -29 to -1) followed by the mature protein (amino acid residues 1 to 325) .
  • a protein of about 354 amino acids is encoded with the predictive size of 39448 daltons.
  • a hydrophilicity plot (MacVector software, Kodak/IBI Technologies) of this protein provided strong evidence of a leader peptide at the N-terminus and a membrane-spanning segment near the C-terminus.
  • the membrane-spanning segment provides evidence that this protein is membrane bound, as also predicted by its positive selection with panning methodology (See Watson, et al. , Recombinant DNA, 2nd ed., pp. 115-116, 1992).
  • the cleavage site of the signal as predicted by von Heijne von Heijne, Gunnar, Nucleic Acids Res 1986; 14:4683-4690
  • SEQ ID NO:3 corresponds approximately to the coding region of the mature polypeptide.
  • the subsequent "mature" protein is proposed to be 325 amino acids, initiating with serine, and of a calculated 36401 daltons and a pi of 6.42 (SEQ ID NO: ).
  • SEQ ID NO:5 a cDNA encoding HCAVIII and a portion of the 5' and 3' nontranslated regions, has substantial identity with SEQ ID NO:l (positions 1-1104 of SEQ ID NO:l are identical to positions 85-1188 of SEQ ID NO:5).
  • the encoded protein is listed in SEQ ID NO: 6 and is identical with SEQ ID NO:2. Homology searches of NCBI BlastN against SEQ ID NO:5 showed these gene sequences have not been previously identified.
  • SEQ ID NO:7 represents additional cDNA sequences of the 3' nontranslated region of the HCAVIII gene located downstream from the sequences depicted in SEQ ID NO:5.
  • This protein is identified as a carbonic anhydrase (CA) based on the conservation of amino acids at positions critical for the binding of Zn +2 , and the catalysis of C0 2 , as well as numerous other conserved amino acids (see Fig. 1) .
  • CA carbonic anhydrase
  • the protein is 34 to 64 amino acids longer (at the C-terminus) than any previously reported carbonic anhydrase by virtue of the membrane-spanning region also found in HCAIV and an additional approximate 30 amino acids contained in the cytoplasmic side of the cell and apparently missing in other human CA isoforms.
  • this intracellular domain contains a phosphorylation site recognized by protein kinase C and other kinases, as defined by the motif "Arg-Arg-Lys-Ser” (SEQ ID NO:8 and SEQ ID NO:9) (amino acid residues 1-4 in SEQ ID NO: 9 and amino acid residues 299-302 in SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:4 and SEQ ID NO: 6) .
  • this motif is found only in HCAVIII, and at a functionally significant site, i.e., within the cytosol. A surface cleft essential for enzymatic function present on other carbonic anhydrases is conserved for this protein, suggesting that this protein will also confer enzymatic activity.
  • N-glycosylation sites Five possible N-glycosylation sites are predicted by the primary amino acid sequence and the motif "Asn-Xaa-Ser (Thr)", beginning at amino acid residues -2, 51, 133, 151, and 202 in SEQ ID NO:2, respectively.
  • HCAVIII is expressed at a much higher level in a non- small cell lung cancer cell line (A549) than in normal lung tissue, other normal tissues, and other tumor cell lines which makes it useful in distinguishing this disease. This is clearly demonstrated in Table 1. Data for this table was obtained as follows. Total cellular RNA was isolated from the indicated actively growing cell lines as described by Chirgwin, et al., "Isolation of biologically active ribonucleic acid from sources enriched in ribonuclease, " Biochemistry 1979; 18:5294-5299. RNA samples were fractionated over a 1% agarose-formaldehyde gel and transferred to a nylon membrane (Qiagen, Chatsworth, CA) by capillary action.
  • the hybridization probe was generated from a 1 kilobase pair BstXI restriction fragment isolated from pLC56, a plasmid harboring the HCAVIII gene in its initial isolation. This fragment was radiolabeled with 32 P using a PRIME-IT® Random Primer Labeling Kit obtained from Stratagene, La Jolla, CA. A membrane containing RNA derived from healthy human tissue was purchased from Clonetech Laboratories, Inc., Palo Alto, CA. RNA blots were hybridized in a standard cocktail containing 32 P-labeled probe at 42°C overnight then exposed to X-ray film. The same blots were subsequently, upon removal of the probe, rehybridized with a second 32 P-labeled DNA from ⁇ -actin to serve as a positive control for integrity of the blotted RNA.
  • NORMAL TISSUE heart nd brain 4.5 IX 2 placenta 4.5 IX lung nd liver nd skeletal muscle nd kidney 4.5 100X pancreas 4.5 10X
  • probes are made corresponding to sequences of the cDNA shown in SEQ ID NO:3, which are complimentary to the mRNA for HCAVIII.
  • These probes can be radioactively or non-radioactively labeled in a number of ways well known to the art.
  • the probes can be made of various lengths. Such factors as stringency and GC content may influence the desired probe length for particular applications.
  • the probes correspond to a length of 10-986 nucleotides from SEQ ID NO:3.
  • the labeled probes can then be bound to detect the presence or absence of mRNA encoding the HCAVIII in biopsy material through in si tu hybridization.
  • the mRNA is expected to be associated with the presence of non-small cell tumors and to be a marker for the precancerous condition as well.
  • si tu hybridization provides a specificity to the target tissue that is not obtainable in Northern, PCR or other probe-driven technologies.
  • si tu hybridization permits localization of signal in mixed-tissue specimens commonly found in most tumors and is compatible with many histologic staining procedures.
  • This technique is comprised of three basic components: first is the preparation of the tissue sample provided by the pathologist to permit successful hybridization to the probe. Second is the preparation of the hybridization probe, typically a RNA complementary to the mRNA of the gene of interest (i.e., antisense RNA).
  • RNA probes are preferred over DNA probes for in si tu hybridizations mainly because background hybridization of the probe to irrelevant nucleic acids or nonspecific attachment to cell debris or subcellular organelles can be eliminated with RNAse treatment post-hybridization.
  • Third is the hybridization and post-hybridization detection.
  • the RNA transcript probe has been radiolabeled by the incorporation of 3 P or 35 S nucleotides to permit subsequent detection of the probed specimen by autoradiography or quantitation of silver grains following treatment with autoradiographic emulsion. Nonradioactive detection systems have also been developed.
  • biotinylated nucleotides can be substituted for the radioactive nucleotide in the RNA probe preparation, permitting visualization of the probed sample by immunocytochemistry-derived techniques.
  • Example 1 describes in si tu hybridization procedures using RNA probes derived from the HCAVIII gene.
  • Example 2 provides exemplary fluorescent in si tu (FISH) hybridization procedures.
  • the cDNA for HCAVIII (SEQ ID NO:3) is currently in an expression vector which is be used to generate the protein in E. coli .
  • This expression system described in Example 3 produces HCAVIII to be used as an antigen for the generation of antibodies (Example 4) for use in an ELISA assay to detect shed HCAVIII in body fluids as described in Example 5.
  • the methods for production of antibodies and ELISA type assays are well known in the art. Exemplary methods and components of these procedures have been chosen and developed and are described in Examples 4 and 5.
  • E. coli The expression and purification of foreign proteins in E. coli is often problematic. On occasion, the protein is expressed at high levels but is deposited within the cell as an insoluble, denatured form termed an inclusion body. These bodies are often observed when the foreign protein contains a hydrophobic domain, such as found in the membrane spanning segment of HCAVIII.
  • the DNA sequences encoding the membrane spanning segment of HCAVIII are deleted.
  • the protein expressed in E. coli from this engineered plasmid is now in a soluble and native form within the cell, permitting a rapid and less harsh purification.
  • the ELISA test to measure HCAVIII shed into body fluids as described in Example 5 relies on the recombinant protein produced from E. coli .
  • the shed antigen is a membrane-bound receptor that was released from the membrane spanning segment anchoring it to the cell. Consequently, the recombinant HCAVIII engineered to remove the membrane spanning segment is a more accurate representation of the putative HCAVIII shed antigen found in specimens and may prove to be the preferred antigen for polyclonal antisera and monoclonal antibody production as described for the development of an ELISA test.
  • a first plasmid is constructed by cleaving pLC56 with the restriction enzyme Tthlll I, followed by treatment with T ⁇ -DNA polymerase and dGTP, dATP, dTTP and dCTP, and finally with alkaline phosphatase to remove 5'-terminal phosphates.
  • the DNA sample is then purified by phenol/chloroform extraction and ethanol precipitation.
  • the sample is digested with the restriction endonuclease BspEl, then the fragments are resolved by agarose gel electrophoresis to permit the isolation of a 267 base pair fragment.
  • a second plasmid described previously for expression of the HCAVIII mature protein (SEQ ID N0:4), is cleaved with EcoRI and BspEl followed by alkaline phosphatase treatment and purification by phenol/chloroform extraction and ethanol precipitation.
  • Two oligonucleotides are synthesized, being 5'-TGAGTCGACG (SEQ ID NO:10) and 5'-AATTCGTCGACTCA (SEQ ID NO:11), that complement each other and upon annealing, provide a termination codon (TGA) and sequence complementary to EcoRI cleaved DNA.
  • the two oligonucleotides, the 267 base pair fragment, and the BspEI/EcoRI cleaved plasmid will be combined in a ligation reaction, and the resultant plasmid which contains the truncated DNA sequence (SEQ ID NO:12) is used to transform competent E. coli .
  • the resulting truncated protein (SEQ ID NO:13) is 271 amino acids as determined by SDS polyacrylamide electrophoresis and of a size consistent with other HCA's but lacking the membrane spanning segment and the intracellular domain.
  • a second plasmid encoding a HCAVIII truncated protein (SEQ ID NO:14) lacking the membrane spanning segment and intracellular domain was created as described above, except that restriction enzyme Pie I was substituted for Tthlll I, resulting in a gel purified DNA fragment of 276 base pairs. Upon expression in E.coli, the resulting protein is now 274 amino acids (SEQ ID NO:15).
  • Changes to amino acids other than "Gly” may be realized by alterations to the oligonucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:16) used to encode the selected residue.
  • Other modifications to alter the serine phosphorylation site would utilize the described technology to modify either both "Arg” residues located within SEQ ID NO:9 or amino acid residues 299 and 300 of SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:4 and SEQ ID NO:6. Since "Arg" residues contain a net positive charge, the substituted amino acids would preferably be "Lys" or "His,” also positively charged amino acids.
  • An exemplary plasmid is produced in which the "Ser” codon (amino acid residue 4 of SEQ ID NO:9; amino acid residue 302 in SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO: and SEQ ID NO: 6), is converted to a "Gly” codon using an in vi tro mutagenesis technique described in Example 3 and previously recited in Kunkel, Thomas, "Rapid and efficient site-specific mutagenesis without phenotypic selection, " Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1985; 82:488-492, and the oligonucleotide 5'- CTTTTTTGATACCCTTCCTTCTGAA (SEQ ID NO:16) (located in SEQ ID NO:l at the base pairs 1010-1034 with 1022 as the mutagenized base pair) .
  • the DNA sequences containing the HCAVIII gene engineered for production of the mature protein and mutagenized codon is released from the mutagenesis vector by BamHI and EcoRI restriction endonucleases and ligated into pGEX4Tl cleaved with the same enzymes, and the resultant plasmid is used to transform competent E. coli .
  • the codon mutagenesis is confirmed by DNA sequence analysis, and the protein is expressed and purified from E. coli as described in Example 3.
  • the DNA sequence of the altered plasmid as shown in SEQ ID NO:17 differs from the gene encoding the mature protein (SEQ ID NO:3) in that the nucleotide 1022 is changed from “A” to "G”, and the protein sequence (SEQ ID NO:18) expressed by the altered plasmid is identical to the mature protein (SEQ ID NO:4) except that amino acid residue 302 is changed from "Ser” to "Gly.”
  • Another way to detect the presence of increased HCAVIII could be to assay for levels of carbonic anhydrase activity in biopsy materials as described in Example 6.
  • primers are made complimentary to the HCAVIII cDNA (SEQ ID NO:3) for detecting expression of the gene. PCR amplification of cDNA from lung biopsy cells would indicate the presence of the same non-small cell lung carcinoma. Due to the non-small cell lung cancer specificity of
  • HCAVIII and the gene encoding the protein antibodies specific for HCAVIII would also exhibit non-small cell lung cancer specificity which can be employed for diagnostic detection of HCAVIII in body fluids such as serum or urine or HCAVIII containing cells.
  • Targeting of cancer therapeutic drugs to HCAVIII containing cells can also be developed using HCAVIII specific antibodies.
  • the genetic expression of the gene encoding HCAVIII could be modulated by drugs or anti-sense technology resulting in an alteration of the cancer state of the HCAVIII containing cells.
  • Example 1 In Situ Hybridization using RNA Probes Derived from the HCAVIII Gene Tissue samples are treated with 4% paraformaldehyde (or equivalent fixative) , dehydrated in sequential ethanol solutions of increasing concentrations (e.g., 70%, 95% and 100%) with a final xylene incubation (see Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, pp. 14.01-14.3 and
  • tissue is embedded in molten paraffin, molded in a casting block and can be stored at room temperature.
  • Tissue slices typically 8 ⁇ thick, are prepared with a microtome, dried onto gelatin-treated glass slides and stored at -20°C.
  • DNA sequences from the HCAVIII gene are subcloned into a plasmid engineered for production of RNA probes.
  • a 776 bp DNA fragment is released from a pLC56 plasmid following BamHI/AccI digestion, where the BamHI site has been created by in vitro mutagenesis (see E. coli expression below) .
  • This fragment is ligated into pGEM-2 (Pro ega Biotec, Madison, WI) that was cleaved with BamHI and Accl and transformed into competent E. coli .
  • This constructed plasmid contains the T7 RNA polymerase promoter downstream of the Accl restriction site and hence can drive transcription of the antisense HCAVIII sequences defined by the BamHI/AccI fragment.
  • an in vitro transcription reaction composed of transcription buffer (40 M Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 6 M MgCl 2 , 2 mM spermidine, 10 mM NaCl, 10 mM dithiothreitol, 1 U/ul ribonuclease inhibitor) , linearized plasmid, 10 mM GTP, 10 mM ATP, 10 mM CTP, 100 ⁇ Ci of ( 35 S)UTP, and T7 RNA polymerase is incubated at 37°C.
  • transcription buffer 40 M Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 6 M M MgCl 2 , 2 mM spermidine, 10 mM NaCl, 10 mM dithiothreitol, 1 U/ul ribonu
  • RNA copies of the gene are produced that then are used as a hybridization probe.
  • the reaction is terminated by the addition of DNAase, and the synthesized RNA is recovered from unincorporated nucleotides by phenol/chloroform extraction and sequential ethanol precipitations in the presence of 2.5 M ammonium acetate.
  • the slides containing fixed, sectioned tissues are rehydrated in decreasing concentration of ethanol (100%, 70% and 50%), followed by sequential treatments with 0.2 N HC1, 2X SSC (where 20X SSC is 3 M NaCl and 0.3 M sodium citrate) at 70°C to deparaffinate the sample , phosphate buffered saline (PBS) , fixation in 4% paraformaldehyde and PBS wash.
  • PBS phosphate buffered saline
  • the slides are blocked to prevent nonspecific binding by the sequential additions of PBS/lOmM dithiothreitol (45°C) , 10 mM dithiothreitol/0.19% iodoacetamide/0.12% N-ethylmaleimide and PBS wash.
  • the slides are equilibrated in 0.1M triethylamine, pH 8.0, followed by treatment in 0.1M triethylamine/0.25% acetic anhydride and 0.1 M triethylamine/0.5% acetic anhydride and washed in 2X SSC.
  • the slides are then dehydrated in increasing concentrations of ethanol (50%, 70% and 100%) and stored at -80°C.
  • a hybridization mix is prepared by combining 50% deionized formamide, 0.3 M NaCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 1 mM EDTA, IX Denhardt's solution (0.02% Ficoll 400, 0.02% polyvinylpyrrolidone, 0.02% bovine serum albumin (BSA) ) , 500 ⁇ g/ml yeast tRNA, 500 ⁇ g/ml poly(A), 50 mM dithiothreitol, 10% polyethyleneglycol 6000 and the 35 S- labeled RNA probe. This solution is placed on the fixed, blocked tissue slides which are then incubated at 45°C in a moist chamber for 0.5 to 3 hours.
  • the slides are washed to remove unbound probe in 50% formamide, 2X SSC, 20 mM 2- mercaptoethanol (55°C), followed by 50% formamide, 2X SSC, 20 mM 2-mercaptoethanol and 0.5% Triton-X 100 (50°C) and finally in 2X SSC/20 mM 2-mercaptoethanol (room temperature) .
  • the slides are treated with 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0/0.3 M NaCl/40 ⁇ g/ml RNase A/2 ⁇ g/ml RNAse Tl (37°C) to reduce levels of unbound RNA probe.
  • the slides are washed in formamide/SSC buffers at 50°C, room temperature and then dehydrated in increasing ethanol concentrations containing 0.3 M ammonium acetate, and one final 100% ethanol wash.
  • the slides are then exposed to X-ray film followed by emulsion autoradiography to detect silver grains.
  • Test tissue samples are compared to matched controls derived from normal lung tissue.
  • Evidence of elevated transcription of the HCAVIII gene in test tissue compared to normal tissue, as determined by autoradiography (X-ray film) or alternatively by the quantitation of silver grains following emulsion autoradiography would provide evidence of a positive diagnosis for lung cancer.
  • FISH Fluorescent In situ Hybridization
  • a geno ic clone to the HCAVIII gene (SEQ ID NO:l) is isolated using a PCR primer pair which have been identified from the pLC56 cDNA sequence. This primer pair is located in putative exon 6 of the pLC56 gene, and they are identified as Probe Exon 6A (5'-ACATTGAAGAGCTGCTTCCGG- 3'; SEQ ID NO:19) and Probe Exon 6B (5'- AATTTGCACGGGGTTTCGG-3' ; SEQ ID NO:20). The genomic clone of HCAVIII is then identified as a PCR product of about
  • the DNA probe comprising the genomic clone of HCAVIII plus flanking sequences is labeled in a random primer reaction with digoxigenin-11-dUTP (Boehringer Mannheim Biochemicals, Indianapolis, IN) by combining the DNA with dNTP(-TTP, final 0.05 mM), digoxigenin-11-dUTP/dTTP (0.0125 mM and 0.0375 mM, final), 10 mM 2-mercaptoethanol, 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 10 mM MgCl 2 , 20 U of DNA polymerase I and 1 ng/ml DNAase.
  • digoxigenin-11-dUTP Boehringer Mannheim Biochemicals, Indianapolis, IN
  • the reaction is incubated at 15°C for two hours, and then terminated by adding EDTA to a final concentration of 10 mM.
  • the labeled DNA probe is further purified by gel filtration chromatography. It is apparent to those skilled in the art that other suitable substrates such as biotin-11-dUTP can be substituted for digoxigenin-11-dUTP in the procedure above.
  • a hybridization mix is prepared by combining 50% deionized formamide, 0.3 M NaCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 1 mM EDTA, IX Denhardt's solution (0.02% Ficoll 400, 0.02% polyvmylpyrrolidone, and 0.02% bovine serum albumin), 500 ⁇ g/ml yeast tRNA, 500 ⁇ g/ml poly(A), 50 mM dithiothreitol, 10% polyethyleneglycol 6000, and the labeled DNA probe.
  • the hybridized digoxigenin-labeled probe is detected by adding a mixture of sheep anti-digoxigenin antibody (Boehringer Mannheim) diluted in 0.1 M sodium phosphate, pH 8.0, 5% nonfat dry milk, and 0.02% sodium azide, followed by the addition of fluorescein-conjugated rabbit anti-sheep IG for detection.
  • the slides are then washed in PBS, mounted in Vectashield (Vector Laboratories, Inc., Burlinga e, CA) , and viewed by fluorescent microscopy.
  • Hybridization signals are enumerated in tumor derived tissue and then compared to normal tissue. Normal tissue displays two distinct hybridization signal characteristics of a diploid state. Enumeration over the rate of two hybridization signals/cell is considered significant.
  • E. coli expression is often performed in E. coli when an immunogen or large amounts of protein are desired, as in the development of a diagnostic kit.
  • a preferred system for E. coli expression has been described (Smith, et al., "Single-step purification of polypeptides expressed in Escheri chia coli as fusions with glutathione- s-transferase, " Gene 1988; 67:31-40) whereby glutathione transferase is expressed with amino acids representing the cloned protein of interest attached to the carboxyl- terminus.
  • the fusion protein can then be purified via affinity chromatography and the protein of interest fused to glutathione transferase released by digestion with the protease thrombin or alternatively the fusion protein is released intact from the affinity column by competing levels of free glutathione.
  • HCAVIII protein SEQ ID NO:4 of this invention in E. coli using the above described technology
  • an expression plasmid was produced fused to the glutathione transferase gene in frame with the HCAVIII gene (SEQ ID NO:l) to produce a fusion protein.
  • the fusion gene/expression plasmid was assembled from nucleic acids derived from the following sources.
  • the expression plasmid pGEX4Tl (Pharmacia, Piscataway, NJ) was cleaved in the polycloning region with the restriction endonucleases BamHI and EcoRI to permit insertion of the HCAVIII gene.
  • an oligonucleotide was synthesized, being 5'-GTCCACTTGGATCCGTTCACTGG-3 , (SEQ ID O:22).
  • Kunkel Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1985; 82:488-492
  • a BamHI restriction site was created without altering the amino acid codons of the original protein.
  • the created BamHI site was situated in correct reading frame and proximity to the predicted cleavage site separating the signal peptide from the mature protein.
  • the DNA sequences encoding the mature protein were released from the mutagenesis vector as a
  • BamHI/EcoRI fragment where the EcoRI site originates from a polycloning region of the DNA sequencing vector pUC19 found downstream of the HCAVIII gene.
  • IX T 4 ligase buffer 50 mM Tris-HCl, 10 mM MgCl 2 , 20 mM dithiothreitol, 1 mM ATP, 50 ⁇ g/ml BSA, final pH 7.5
  • the ligated DNA was used to transform a suitable strain of E. coli such as XL-1 Blue (Stratagene) .
  • the recovered plasmid is sequenced to confirm the expected DNA sequence.
  • Protein expression is induced in E. coli with the chemical isopropyl ⁇ -thiogalactoside, and the fusion protein is released by cell lysis, followed by denaturation and resolubilization of the fusion protein with 8 M urea/ 20 mM Tris.Cl (pH 8.5) /10 mM dithiothreitol, dialysis and protein renaturation, and finally binding to an affinity column composed of glutathione-agarose (Sigma, St.
  • HCAVIII protein is suitable as an immunogen for polyclonal or monoclonal antibody production and for usage in an ELISA kit as a internal standard and positive control.
  • Carbonic anhydrase enzyme activity (as described in Example 6) was measured for E.coli-derived HCAVIII and HCAVIII-truncated form (SEQ ID NO:15) and compared to commercially obtained human carbonic anhydrase II (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.).
  • the resulting anti-HCAVIII serum titer was compared to preimmune sera of the same rabbits and determined to be 1000 to 2000-fold greater, hence suitable as a reagent for indirect ELISA (Example 5) .
  • Rabbit antibody was partially purified by precipitation with ammonium sulfate (50%, final) followed by dialysis and fractionation by preparative DEAE-HPLC.
  • mice are immunized with either the purified HCAVIII protein or a glutathione/HCAVIII fusion protein. Following cell fusion, selection for hybrid cells and subcloning, hybridomas are screened for a positive antibody against whole A549 cells or purified HCAVIII protein using an indirect ELISA assay as described for the ELISA kit (see Example 5) .
  • An indirect ELISA screening assay for HCAVIII protein (SEQ ID NO:4) has been designed to detect and monitor the HCAVIII protein in body fluids including but not limited to serum and other biological fluids such as sputum or bronchial effluxion at effective levels necessary for sensitive but accurate determinations. It is intended to aid in the early diagnosis of non-small cell lung cancer, for which there currently is no effective treatment. An early-detection, accurate, non-invasive assay for non- small cell lung cancer would be of great benefit in the management of this disease.
  • the immunochemicals used in this procedure were rabbit anti-human HCAVIII antibody (purified IgG, IgM) produced according to the procedure given in Example 4, mouse anti-human HCAVIII (monoclonal) also produced according to the procedure given in Example 4, and goat anti-Rabbit IgG/peroxidase conjugate.
  • the HCAVIII protein standard and internal positive control were produced as described in Example 3 for expression in E. coli .
  • Substrate components include 1 M H 2 S0 4 stored at room temperature and 3' , 5, 5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) (Sigma Chemical Co.) used as a peroxidase substrate and stored at room temperature in the dark to prevent exposure to light.
  • TMB 5'-tetramethylbenzidine
  • Several buffers, diluents, and blocking agents were used in the procedure. Note that no sodium azide preservative was used in any of the buffers. This was done to avoid any possible interference from the azide with the peroxidase conjug
  • Phosphate buffered saline was prepared by adding 32.0 g sodium chloride, 0.8 g potassium phosphate, monobasic, 0.8 g potassium chloride, and 4.6 g sodium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous, to 3.2 L deionized water and mixing to dissolve. After bringing the solution to 4 L with deionized water and mixing, the pH was about 7.2. The buffer can be stored at 4°C for a maximum of 3 weeks. Two bovine serum albumin solutions (BSA) were utilized as diluents. A 1% BSA solution in PBS, utilized as the second antibody/conjugate diluent, was prepared by adding 1 g BSA (bovine albumin.
  • BSA bovine serum albumin
  • the substrate buffer was phosphate-citrate/sodium per borate (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.) . All assays were performed in Immulon IV plates
  • the assay plates were coated with a monoclonal antibody against HCAVIII by adding 50 ul of a 10 ug/ml solution of antibody in PBS to each well of Immulon IV plates. The plates were covered and incubated overnight at room temperature. The antibody solution was removed and the wells rinsed three times with deionized water. Three-hundred microliters (300 ul) of the borate blocking buffer was added to each well and incubated at room temperature for thirty minutes. The buffer was removed, the wells rinsed three times with deionized water, and the plates air dried. The plates were then wrapped and stored at 4°C.
  • the standard E.coli-derived HCAVIII truncated protein (SEQ ID NO:15), was diluted to 32 ng/ml in PBS/0.025% BSA and two-fold serial dilutions were made in same. The samples were also diluted in PBS/0.025% BSA and 50 ul of standard or sample was applied to each well. The plates were incubated overnight, covered, at room temperature. The standard and sample solutions were removed from the wells and the wells were rinsed three times with deionized water. Three-hundred microliters (300 ul) borate blocking buffer was added to each well and incubated at room temperature for thirty minutes. The plates were rinsed again with deionized water and tapped (inverted) on paper towels to remove excess water.
  • the second antibody rabbit antisera to HCAVIII truncated protein (SEQ ID NO:15), was diluted to 1 ug/ml in PBS/1% BSA and 50 ul was added to each well. The plates were covered and incubated at room temperature two hours.
  • the antibody solution was removed from the wells which were then rinsed with deionized water three times. They were then blocked for ten minutes at room temperature with borate blocking buffer, rinsed again with deionied water three times, and tapped on paper towels.
  • the antibody conjugate, goat F(ab')2 x rabbit IgG & IgL-HPRO (Tago, Camarillo, CA. ) was diluted 1:16,000 in PBS/1%BSA and 50 ul was added to each well. The plates were covered and incubated at room temperature two hours.
  • the antibody conjugate solution was removed from the wells and they were rinsed with deionized water three times, blocked with three-hundred ul borate buffer at room temperature then minutes, rinsed three times with deionized water, and tapped on paper towels.
  • the substrate was prepared no more than fifteen minues before use by dissolving one capsule of phosphate-citrate/sodium perborate (Signma, St. Louis, Mo.) in 100 ml water. For each plate, one tablet of TMB was added to 10 ml of the phosphate-citrate/sodium perborate buffer and syringe filtered. One-hundred ul was added to each well and the plates were covered and incubated at room temperature in the dark for one hour.
  • Ice cold solutions of ITB (20 mM imidazole, 5 mM Tris, and 0.4 mM para-nitrophenol, pH 9.4-9.9) and Buffer A (25 mM triethanolamine, 59 mM H 2 S0 4 , and 1 mM benzamidine HCl) are prepared.
  • a homogenate is prepared by scraping with a cell scraper into 1-2 ml of Buffer A a monolayer of tissue cells cultured from a tissue sample taken from a biopsy. A portion of the sample is then boiled to inactivate CA. A tube is placed in an ice water bath.
  • a 10 x 75 mm glass tubes and rubber stopper with 16 gauge and 18 gauge needle ports is used; for the microassay, a 6 x 50 mm glass tubes and rubber stopper with 18 gauge needle port and 20 gauge needle with attached PE90 tubing.
  • the sample is added and along with ice cold water to a final volume of 500 ⁇ l for macroassay or 50 ⁇ l for microassay.
  • the tube is capped with a stopper and C0 2 at 150 ml/min (macro) or 100 ml/min (micro) is bubbled through the smaller needle port for 30 sec.
  • the time at which the solution in the tube becomes colorless is measured and recorded.
  • the tube may be momentarily removed from the bath and held in front of a white background to determine the color change. Comparison to a previously acidified sample may be used.
  • the procedure is repeated with the boiled sample.
  • the volume of sample that corresponds to approximately one enzyme unit is determined using the formula below.
  • V EU volume used x log2/log (boiled time/activated time)
  • One enzyme unit is the activity that halves the boiled control time.
  • the assay is repeated 1-3 times with the sample and boiled sample, using the adjusted volume of sample.
  • ADDRESSEE RICHARDS, MEDLOCK & ANDREWS
  • AGC ACT GCC AGC AAC AAG TCA GAA GGC CTC GCT GTC CTG GCT GTT CTC 432 Ser Thr Ala Ser Asn Lys Ser Glu Gly Leu Ala Val Leu Ala Val Leu 130 135 140
  • AGT GCC ACG CAG CTG CAC CTG CAC TGG GGG AAC CCG AAT GAC CCG CAC 502 Ser Ala Thr Gin Leu His Leu His Trp Gly Asn Pro Asn Asp Pro His 85 90 95 100
  • MOLECULE TYPE cDNA
  • HYPOTHETICAL NO
  • ANTI-SENSE NO
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
  • HYPOTHETICAL NO
  • ANTI-SENSE NO
  • SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION SEQ ID NO: 10: TGAGTCGACG 10
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
  • HYPOTHETICAL NO
  • ANTI-SENSE NO
  • AGC ACT GCC AGC AAC AAG TCA GAA GGC CTC GCT GTC CTG GCT GTT CTC 432 Ser Thr Ala Ser Asn Lys Ser Glu Gly Leu Ala Val Leu Ala Val Leu 130 135 140
  • AGC ACT GCC AGC AAC AAG TCA GAA GGC CTC GCT GTC CTG GCT GTT CTC 432 Ser Thr Ala Ser Asn Lys Ser Glu Gly Leu Ala Val Leu Ala Val Leu 130 135 140
  • MOLECULE TYPE CDNA (ill) HYPOTHETICAL: NO (IV) ANTI-SENSE: NO
  • AGC ACT GCC AGC AAC AAG TCA GAA GGC CTC GCT GTC CTG GCT GTT CTC 432 Ser Thr Ala Ser Asn Lys Ser Glu Gly Leu Ala Val Leu Ala Val Leu 130 135 140
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
  • TCTCCATTGC AACTCCCCTG TCTTGATAAA TGGGCTCTGT CTAAGCAGCG GGCAAGGTGA 1020
  • MOLECULE TYPE cDNA
  • HYPOTHETICAL NO
  • ANTI-SENSE NO

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Abstract

Cette invention se rapporte à une séquence d'acides nucléiques isolée et purifiée et à sa séquence d'acides aminés correspondante, qui codent pour une nouvelle protéine spécifique des cellules du cancer des poumons chez l'homme. Ce gène est exprimé dans ces cellules à un niveau beaucoup plus élevé que dans les cellules des poumons normales, dans d'autres tissus normaux et dans d'autres lignées de cellules tumorales ayant été testés. Cette invention se rapporte également à trois formes recombinées supplémentaires de ce gène et de cette protéine, où, dans les deux premiers cas, une région transmembranaire est retirée et, dans le troisième cas, un acide aminé est modifié par mutagénèse in vitro. Cette invention décrit également des sondes d'acides nucléiques servant à détecter des cellules du cancer des poumons dans une biopsie tissulaire et dans des fluides corporels, tels que le sérum, les crachats et les lavages bronchiques. Un procédé pour exprimer cet antigène dans une cellule hôte et son utilisation ultérieure comme immunogène dans la production d'anticorps pour des applications de test sont également décrits. Un test ELISA servant à mesurer les antigènes dégagés présents dans les échantillons d'un patient ainsi qu'un test enzymatique destiné à servir de mesure d'activité dans des spécimens sont également décrits.
EP95930093A 1994-07-19 1995-07-19 Marqueur du cancer des poumons Withdrawn EP0804451A4 (fr)

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US08/276,919 US5589579A (en) 1994-07-19 1994-07-19 Gene sequence and probe for a marker of non-small cell lung carinoma
US276919 1994-07-19
PCT/US1995/009145 WO1996002552A1 (fr) 1994-07-19 1995-07-19 Marqueur du cancer des poumons

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US5589579A (en) 1996-12-31
AU3359295A (en) 1996-02-16
JPH10503087A (ja) 1998-03-24
BR9508417A (pt) 1997-11-18
CA2195403A1 (fr) 1996-02-01
WO1996002552A1 (fr) 1996-02-01
US5773579A (en) 1998-06-30
MX9700502A (es) 1998-05-31
AU700915B2 (en) 1999-01-14
EP0804451A4 (fr) 1999-09-01

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