EP0774636A2 - Echangeur de chaleur, en particulier évaporateur - Google Patents

Echangeur de chaleur, en particulier évaporateur Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0774636A2
EP0774636A2 EP96117749A EP96117749A EP0774636A2 EP 0774636 A2 EP0774636 A2 EP 0774636A2 EP 96117749 A EP96117749 A EP 96117749A EP 96117749 A EP96117749 A EP 96117749A EP 0774636 A2 EP0774636 A2 EP 0774636A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
heat exchanger
disks
fixing
sheets
exchanger according
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP96117749A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0774636A3 (fr
Inventor
Thomas Dipl.-Ing. Bächner
Josef Kreutzer
Christoph Dipl.-Ing. Walter
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Mahle Behr GmbH and Co KG
Original Assignee
Behr GmbH and Co KG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Behr GmbH and Co KG filed Critical Behr GmbH and Co KG
Publication of EP0774636A2 publication Critical patent/EP0774636A2/fr
Publication of EP0774636A3 publication Critical patent/EP0774636A3/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D1/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators
    • F28D1/02—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid
    • F28D1/03—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with plate-like or laminated conduits
    • F28D1/0308—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with plate-like or laminated conduits the conduits being formed by paired plates touching each other
    • F28D1/0325—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with plate-like or laminated conduits the conduits being formed by paired plates touching each other the plates having lateral openings therein for circulation of the heat-exchange medium from one conduit to another
    • F28D1/0333—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with plate-like or laminated conduits the conduits being formed by paired plates touching each other the plates having lateral openings therein for circulation of the heat-exchange medium from one conduit to another the plates having integrated connecting members
    • F28D1/0341—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with plate-like or laminated conduits the conduits being formed by paired plates touching each other the plates having lateral openings therein for circulation of the heat-exchange medium from one conduit to another the plates having integrated connecting members with U-flow or serpentine-flow inside the conduits
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F9/00—Casings; Header boxes; Auxiliary supports for elements; Auxiliary members within casings
    • F28F9/02—Header boxes; End plates
    • F28F9/0246—Arrangements for connecting header boxes with flow lines
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B39/00—Evaporators; Condensers
    • F25B39/02—Evaporators
    • F25B39/022—Evaporators with plate-like or laminated elements
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D21/00—Heat-exchange apparatus not covered by any of the groups F28D1/00 - F28D20/00
    • F28D2021/0019—Other heat exchangers for particular applications; Heat exchange systems not otherwise provided for
    • F28D2021/008—Other heat exchangers for particular applications; Heat exchange systems not otherwise provided for for vehicles
    • F28D2021/0085—Evaporators
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F2265/00—Safety or protection arrangements; Arrangements for preventing malfunction
    • F28F2265/32—Safety or protection arrangements; Arrangements for preventing malfunction for limiting movements, e.g. stops, locking means
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S165/00—Heat exchange
    • Y10S165/454—Heat exchange having side-by-side conduits structure or conduit section
    • Y10S165/464—Conduits formed by joined pairs of matched plates
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S165/00—Heat exchange
    • Y10S165/454—Heat exchange having side-by-side conduits structure or conduit section
    • Y10S165/464—Conduits formed by joined pairs of matched plates
    • Y10S165/465—Manifold space formed in end portions of plates

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a heat exchanger, in particular a refrigerant evaporator of the type specified in the preamble of claim 1.
  • US-A-5,176,206 describes a heat exchanger which consists of a plurality of flat, tubular elements, the tubular elements each being formed from two embossed plates.
  • the tubular elements have the shape of disks, which are assembled to form a stack with the interposition of corrugated ribs, a side part being arranged at both ends of the stack.
  • the sheet metal plates from which the disks are made have, at one end of their longitudinal extent, features with openings arranged therein, the features being directed towards the respectively adjacent tube element, so that the successive disks are in contact with one another with their features.
  • the openings in the forms form passages to the cavity of the next disk in each case, so that a flow channel is formed for the fluid flowing through the heat exchanger.
  • the present invention has for its object to provide a heat exchanger of the type referred to in the preamble of claim 1, in which the manufacturing quality is improved despite simple disk configuration.
  • the heat exchanger can be manufactured more simply and therefore more cost-effectively with increased manufacturing quality, because no expensive fixing means have to be molded onto the sheets forming the disks, and also no clamping devices are required for fixing the stack of disks.
  • the openings are arranged outside the forms, but in the vicinity thereof.
  • the means for fixing are located outside the fluid-carrying heat exchange channels, i. H. no additional solder joints are created in the area of the channels.
  • the fact that the fixing means are arranged close to the features also has the advantage that these features and also the openings therein for connecting the cavities of the respective adjacent panes are surely congruent one above the other and thus the entire soldering area surrounding the openings is available. So that a uniform type of embossed sheets can be used when forming the stack of sheets for producing the heat exchanger consisting of disks, it is advantageous that the fixing openings lie in an axis of symmetry running in the longitudinal direction of the disks.
  • the first and last plate of a heat exchanger consisting of a plate stack are provided on both sides with corrugated fins, these outer corrugated fins being covered by a side part.
  • fixing openings are also provided in the side parts, which are congruent with the fixing openings of the disks.
  • the fixing openings of the sheets forming the disks and of the side parts preferably have a circular cross section, as does the fixing rod.
  • the fixing rod does not lead to a noticeable increase in the weight of the heat exchanger, it is expedient to leave it in the heat exchanger and to connect the fixing rod to the disks and the side parts in a cohesive manner during the soldering process. It is considered particularly advantageous here that the fixing openings are surrounded by passages formed from the material of the sheets, so that there is a sufficient soldering area between the fixing rod and the sheets. Such soldering between the sheets and the fixing rod leads to an increase in the strength of the heat exchanger and in particular to an increase in the bursting pressure. Since the sheets are stacked in pairs to form a disc, which are mirrored together, the passages of two sheets that form a disc are directed in opposite directions.
  • the sheets are made of solder-plated aluminum, so that the contact surfaces between the passages and the fixing rod made of aluminum wire provide a sufficient amount of solder.
  • the strength of the fixing rod can be dimensioned, it being considered advantageous that the fixing rod and, accordingly, also the fixing openings receiving it have a diameter of approximately 2 mm to 5 mm, preferably 3 mm.
  • a heat exchanger 1 which consists of a plurality of parallel plates 2, 2 ', 2''. These slices 2, 2 ', 2''are stacked, whereby a corrugated fin 5 is arranged between two successive disks 2, 2 ', 2''.
  • a side part 6 runs parallel to the outermost disc 2, the distance between the side part 6 and the outermost disc 2 being equal to the distance between two adjacent discs 2, 2 ', 2'', so that also between the side part 6 and the outermost one Disk 2 a corrugated fin 5 can be arranged.
  • Each of the disks 2, 2 ', 2'' is formed from two embossed sheets 3 which, due to their shape, enclose cavities between them which serve to guide a heat exchanger fluid, preferably a refrigerant of an air conditioning system.
  • the sheets 3 and 4 are of identical design and are placed mirror-inverted against each other, so that they have the same configuration on both flat sides.
  • the disks 2 have at the lower ends 11 only a bent sheet metal edge, but no additional features, so that the fluid channels formed in the cavities of the disks are deflected in the lower area of the disk.
  • the sheets 3 and 4 each of which forms a disk 2 have oppositely directed shapes 7 and 8, with each shape 7 of a disk 2 having a shape 8 of the subsequent disk 2 'or 2'' mutual investment comes. Openings are provided in these versions 7 and 8, all openings of the stacked panes 2 being congruent and creating a connection between the cavity of the respective pane 2 and the cavity of the adjacent pane 2 'and 2'', respectively. In this way, one or more collecting spaces are created by the large number of forms 7 and 8 of the stacked panes 2, the axis of a collecting space being designated by 10 in the exemplary embodiment in FIG. 1.
  • a fixing rod 13 runs orthogonally to the plane of the disc through the entire heat exchanger 1, one end 14 of the fixing rod 13 protruding through a cranked section 9 of the side part 6 onto the outside.
  • the cranked section 9 of the side part 6 lies against the shape 7 of the sheet 3 of the pane 2 and is tightly soldered to it in order to close off the collecting space formed in the upper end 12 of the panes 2, 2 ′, 2 ′′.
  • Fig. 2 shows the upper section with the end 12 of the embossed sheet 3 in an enlarged view.
  • This plate 3 is designed such that, in relation to an axis of symmetry 16 which runs in the longitudinal direction of the plate 3, mirror-image arrangements of features are present.
  • a plurality of wart-shaped elevations 22 are arranged in these shallow depressions 25, 25 ', which come to rest with wart-shaped elevations of the further sheet of the same pane and are connected to them in a materially-bonded manner. In this way, not only the flow within the cavities formed by the flat recesses 25, 25 'is influenced, but also tie rods are formed which prevent the disks from inflating due to the fluid pressure prevailing within the cavities.
  • FIG. 3 shows a section along the line III-III in FIG. 2. From this representation it can be seen that the lateral edges 24, 24 'and the central web 23 run in one plane and in this way serve as a contact surface 26 for a further sheet, which forms a disc together with the sheet 3.
  • the features 7 and 7 ', from which openings 15, 15' are punched out, are arranged between the central web 23 and the lateral edges 24, 24 '. These openings 15, 15 'are each surrounded by a contact surface 18, 18' running parallel to the wafer plane 26, which serves as a soldering surface when in contact with the next subsequent wafer.
  • a passage 19 is provided between the forms 7, 7 ', which surrounds the fixing opening shown in FIG. 2 and which protrudes from the sheet metal plane 26 in the same direction as the forms 7 and 7'.
  • FIG. 4 shows a section along the line IV-IV in FIG. 2.
  • the section runs through the axis of symmetry located fixing opening 17 which is surrounded by the passage 19.
  • Fig. 5 shows a section along the line V-V in Fig. 2, i. H. the section runs through the shape 7 of the sheet 3. From this illustration it can be seen that the flat recess 25 extends into the shape 7 and in this way a cavity connected to the collecting tube is formed within the disk by two sheets forming a disk. The passage 19 hidden in FIG. 5 is shown with dashed lines.
  • FIG. 6 shows a section of the side part 6 with the cranked section 9.
  • FIG. 7 shows a section along the line VII-VII in FIG. 6.
  • two bulges 20 are provided in the cranked section 9, which in the direction from the plane of the side part 6 are formed, which faces the adjacent plate of the heat exchanger. This is intended to cause the bulges 20 to protrude into the openings 15, 15 'of the outer disk when the heat exchanger is stacked from disks.
  • FIG. 8 shows an enlarged illustration of the detail VIII from FIG. 1.
  • the area adjacent to the end 12 of the disks 2 is broken open, so that the arrangement of the fixing rod 13 within the sheets 3 and 4 forming the disks 2 is visible.
  • the forms 7 and 8 of the disks 2, 2 ', 2' ' form a manifold 10' shown with dashed lines.
  • an opening and a connecting piece may be provided on the cranked section 9 of the side part 6 instead of the curvature 20.
  • the sheets 3 and 4 of the disks 2, 2', 2 '' each have the passages 19, 19 'pointing in opposite directions, which surround the fixing openings 17.
  • the fixing openings 17 and thus also the passages 19, 19 'of all sheets 3, 4 are aligned such that they lie congruently one above the other, as is the fixing opening 21 in the cranked section 9 of the side part 6.
  • a fixing rod 13 Through all the disks 2 of the stacked sheets 3, 4 and the side part 6 extends a fixing rod 13, the cross section of which is matched to the cross section of the fixing openings 17 and 21.
  • the length of the fixing rod 13 corresponds to the stack of the disks 2, only one end 14 of the fixing rod 13 being slightly different protrudes from the cranked section 9 of the side part 6.
  • Both the sheets 3, 4 and the side part 6 are preferably made of solder-plated aluminum, it being sufficient for the side part 6 to provide one-sided solder plating.
  • the sheets 3, 4, on the other hand, are solder-plated on both sides, since they have soldering surfaces on the mutual contact surfaces to form a disk and also on the contact surfaces for the next disk in each case, on which a corresponding solder supply is to be provided.
  • the fixing rod 13 expediently consists of an aluminum wire which is soldered to the metal sheets 3, 4 due to the solder plating inside the passages 19, 19 '.
  • the fixing rod not only has the effect of precisely aligning all the sheets, but also leads to an increase in the strength of the disks 2, 2 ', 2' 'in this area located between the collecting tubes 10'.
  • the cross section of the fixing openings and the fixing rod can be dimensioned according to the strength requirements, a diameter of approximately 2 mm to 5 mm being considered.
  • a cross section with a diameter of 3 mm is regarded as a particularly preferred embodiment.
  • a section of the heat exchanger is shown in perspective, on which a connecting pipe is fastened by soldering, this soldering taking place simultaneously with the soldering of the heat exchanger, that is to say a so-called complete soldering.
  • the heat exchanger 1 consists of disks 32, which are formed from sheets 33 and 34 joined together, and corrugated fins 35 arranged therebetween.
  • the side end of the heat exchanger forms a side part 36, one Includes cranked section 39, in which an opening is formed with a passage 40 surrounding it and oriented orthogonally to the plane of the side part.
  • the passage 40 points away from the adjacent pane 32.
  • the end of a connecting pipe 30 is soldered into the passage 40.
  • the sheets 33 and 34 are provided with features 37 and 38, the structure of the heat exchanger therefore essentially corresponds to the illustration already described in FIG. 1.
  • a fixing rod is also used in the subject of FIG. 9, but it is not in this illustration visible.
  • Fig. 10 is an enlarged view of a section through the side part 36 and the attached connecting tube 30.
  • the side part 36 comprises the cranked section 39, which is used to bear against the shape 37 of the sheet 33 shown in FIG. 9.
  • An opening 42 is provided in the cranked section 39, which is surrounded by the passage 40. This opening 42 overlaps with the opening 50 in the shape 37.
  • the side part 36 is provided with a solder plating, so that the passage 40 formed from the cranked section 39 has a sufficient amount of solder on its inner surface for soldering with a tapered section 29 of the connecting pipe 30.
  • the tapered section 29 can be produced, for example, by roller burnishing and has a cone 28 at its front end which serves as an insertion aid when inserting the connecting pipe into the passage.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)
EP96117749A 1995-11-18 1996-11-06 Echangeur de chaleur, en particulier évaporateur Withdrawn EP0774636A3 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19543149A DE19543149C2 (de) 1995-11-18 1995-11-18 Wärmetauscher, insbesondere Kältemittelverdampfer
DE19543149 1995-11-18

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0774636A2 true EP0774636A2 (fr) 1997-05-21
EP0774636A3 EP0774636A3 (fr) 1998-08-19

Family

ID=7777872

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP96117749A Withdrawn EP0774636A3 (fr) 1995-11-18 1996-11-06 Echangeur de chaleur, en particulier évaporateur

Country Status (4)

Country Link
US (1) US5896916A (fr)
EP (1) EP0774636A3 (fr)
JP (1) JPH09170893A (fr)
DE (1) DE19543149C2 (fr)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
AU698666B2 (en) * 1995-08-23 1998-11-05 F F Seeley Nominees Pty Ltd Cooler pad retention
EP1788339A3 (fr) * 2005-11-22 2013-05-01 Linde AG Echangeur de chaleur

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE19821095B4 (de) * 1998-05-12 2006-08-31 Behr Gmbh & Co. Kg Scheibenverdampfer
FR2788123B1 (fr) * 1998-12-30 2001-05-18 Valeo Climatisation Evaporateur, appareil de chauffage et/ou de climatisation et vehicule comportant un tel evaporateur
US6259657B1 (en) * 1999-06-28 2001-07-10 Robert S. Swinney Dictation system capable of processing audio information at a remote location
US6318455B1 (en) * 1999-07-14 2001-11-20 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. Heat exchanger
JP3911574B2 (ja) 2000-01-08 2007-05-09 漢拏空調株式会社 熱交換性能を向上させた積層型熱交換器用プレート及びこれを用いる熱交換器
DE10117400A1 (de) * 2001-04-06 2002-10-10 Behr Gmbh & Co Wärmeübertrager und diesen enthaltende Heizungs- oder Klimaanlage eines Kraftfahrzeuges
CA2420273A1 (fr) * 2003-02-27 2004-08-27 Peter Zurawel Plaques d'echangeur de chaleur et methode de fabrication
JP4213504B2 (ja) * 2003-04-18 2009-01-21 カルソニックカンセイ株式会社 蒸発器
US20060272801A1 (en) * 2003-04-28 2006-12-07 Showa Denko K.K Side plate for heat exchanger, heat exchanger and process for fabricating the heat exchanger
US6948909B2 (en) * 2003-09-16 2005-09-27 Modine Manufacturing Company Formed disk plate heat exchanger
JP4426328B2 (ja) * 2004-02-06 2010-03-03 サンデン株式会社 積層型熱交換器
JP2006010102A (ja) * 2004-06-22 2006-01-12 Sanden Corp 積層型熱交換器およびその製造方法
GB2422002A (en) * 2005-01-06 2006-07-12 Nelson Modular heat exchanger
KR20070108025A (ko) * 2006-05-04 2007-11-08 한라공조주식회사 증발기
FR2949554B1 (fr) * 2009-08-31 2012-08-31 Valeo Systemes Thermiques Echangeur thermique
CN102313470B (zh) * 2011-09-30 2013-11-27 茂名重力石化机械制造有限公司 一种铸造板翅空气预热器
DE102011090159A1 (de) * 2011-12-30 2013-07-04 Behr Gmbh & Co. Kg Wärmeübertrager
DE112013005225T5 (de) 2012-10-31 2015-08-06 Dana Canada Corporation Wärmetauscher aus gestapelten Platten mit nur einer Plattengestaltung

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US5176206A (en) 1990-06-05 1993-01-05 Zexel Corporation Laminate type heat exchanger

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5176206A (en) 1990-06-05 1993-01-05 Zexel Corporation Laminate type heat exchanger
US5086832A (en) 1990-09-26 1992-02-11 General Motors Corporation Mechanically interlocked multi tube heat exchanger core

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
AU698666B2 (en) * 1995-08-23 1998-11-05 F F Seeley Nominees Pty Ltd Cooler pad retention
EP1788339A3 (fr) * 2005-11-22 2013-05-01 Linde AG Echangeur de chaleur

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0774636A3 (fr) 1998-08-19
JPH09170893A (ja) 1997-06-30
DE19543149C2 (de) 2000-09-14
US5896916A (en) 1999-04-27
DE19543149A1 (de) 1997-05-22

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