EP0753870B1 - Automotive switching device, particularly for controlling stop lights - Google Patents
Automotive switching device, particularly for controlling stop lights Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0753870B1 EP0753870B1 EP96109891A EP96109891A EP0753870B1 EP 0753870 B1 EP0753870 B1 EP 0753870B1 EP 96109891 A EP96109891 A EP 96109891A EP 96109891 A EP96109891 A EP 96109891A EP 0753870 B1 EP0753870 B1 EP 0753870B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- contact
- switching device
- movable contact
- fixed
- blade
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 230000003213 activating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 6
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical group [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000006850 spacer group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 229910001369 Brass Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010951 brass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000013011 mating Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
- H01H1/00—Contacts
- H01H1/12—Contacts characterised by the manner in which co-operating contacts engage
- H01H1/14—Contacts characterised by the manner in which co-operating contacts engage by abutting
- H01H1/18—Contacts characterised by the manner in which co-operating contacts engage by abutting with subsequent sliding
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an automotive switching device, particularly for controlling stop lights.
- pushbutton switches are used on vehicles to detect the position of a vehicle member, e.g. the brake pedal, and generate a corresponding signal or command by closing an electric circuit comprising the switch.
- Such switches normally comprise a tubular casing housing a contact carrier and a so-called push-rod, which is movable between an extracted and a withdrawn position, depending on the position of the member being monitored.
- the contact carrier houses at least a fixed contact secured to the carrier itself, and a movable contact which is subjected to the contrary action of a spring and the push-rod.
- the push-rod When the push-rod is withdrawn by the member being monitored, it moves the movable contact away from the fixed contact to open the relative electric circuit; whereas, when the push-rod is no longer activated by the member being monitored, the unopposed spring pushes the movable contact against the fixed contact to close the electric circuit.
- the tubular casing For detecting the position of the brake pedal, the tubular casing is fitted to the vehicle body, the push-rod is extracted when the pedal is pressed and withdrawn when the pedal is released, and the pressure on the pedal and consequent closing of the circuit provide for supplying and so turning on the stop light connected to the electric circuit.
- the contact portions of the movable contact mating with the fixed contacts are made of noble material to obtain a low-resistivity connection and so reduce the resulting voltage drop.
- opening and closing of the contacts are normally accompanied by a voltaic arc, which results in combustion of minute portions of the contact portion material and also of powder on the contacts themselves, and in the formation and deposit of carbon residue between the contacts.
- Such residue increases the voltage drop between the contacts, even to the extent of preventing passage of the current when this is relatively low, say, about 100-200 mA, so that self-cleaning contacts capable of eliminating the carbon residue are desirable to ensure reliable closing of the electric circuit of the switch at all times and in all conditions.
- FR-A-2 520 926 discloses a switching device comprising a fixed contact and a movable contact, first actuating means for activating the movable contact and controlling a first away and approach movement of the movable contact in relation to the fixed contact, and second actuating means for controlling a movement of the movable contact in relation to the first fixed contact prior to the away movement and after the approach movement.
- an automotive switching device particularly for controlling stop lights, as defined in claim 1.
- Number 1 in Figure 1 indicates the push-button switching device according to the present invention.
- Device 1 comprises a casing 2 presenting a tubular portion 2a, and a cup-shaped portion 2b larger in diameter than tubular portion 2a and defining an end wall 7.
- Tubular portion 2a is surrounded coaxially by a cylindrical body 3, and houses in sliding manner a push-rod 4;
- cup-shaped portion 2b houses a cup-shaped contact carrier 5 5 presenting an end wall 8 and a small-diameter shank portion 9; and end wall 8 of contact carrier 5 faces end wall 7 of cup-shaped portion 2b.
- Cylindrical body 3 presents a number of external projections 6 defining seats for the fitment of device 1 to the vehicle body 10; and a projecting inner portion 11, which clicks inside one of a number of grooves 13 formed on the outside of tubular portion 2a to adjust - in known manner not described in detail - the position of push-rod 4 in relation to a brake pedal 34 in the released position.
- Contact carrier 5 presents two fixed contacts 15a, 15b, each comprising a metal blade presenting an L-shaped end facing end wall 7 and forming a respective contact portion 16a, 16b, and an end portion 17a, 17b for connecting device 1 in known manner to other components (supply, stop lamp - not shown) forming with device 1 an electric circuit 44.
- Fixed contacts 15a, 15b are preferably made of silver-plated brass; contact carrier 5 and casing 2 are fitted to each other by means of a snap-on connection 18; and end wall 7 presents two conical portions 20, 21 projecting from wall 7 inwards of contact carrier 5, and which are of different heights and form spacers between end wall 7 and respective contact portions 16a, 16b. More specifically, conical portion 20 of contact portion 16a is higher than conical portion 21.
- a movable contact 22 is positioned facing contact portions 16a, 16b of fixed contacts 15a, 15b, and comprises a substantially rectangular metal blade presenting two convex contact pads 23a, 23b aligned perfectly with contact portions 16a, 16b of fixed contacts 15a, 15b, and preferably made of Ag Sn 02 92/8 to ensure a low voltage drop.
- Contact pads 23a, 23b are located close to a longer side 26 of movable contact 22 ( Figure 2), and movable contact 22 is pressed against contact portions 16a, 16b of fixed contacts 15a, 15b by a coil spring 25 compressed between movable contact 22. and end wall 8 of contact carrier 5.
- End wall 8 presents projections 27, 28 for ensuring correct axial positioning of a first end of spring 25; and movable contact 22 presents a projection 29 ( Figure 3) for axially positioning the other end of spring 25.
- the longer side 31 opposite longer side 26 of movable contact 22 presents a projection 30 for the purpose described below, and which is preferably formed by turning down a portion of movable contact 22 itself.
- Push-rod 4 comprises a rod presenting an enlarged first end 4a and an enlarged second end 4b; first end 4a faces cup-shaped portion 2b of casing 2, and presents a front surface 47 cooperating with projection 30 to open movable contact 22; second end 4b projects partly from the opposite end of tubular portion 2a of casing 2, and is activated in known manner by brake pedal 34 hinged at 35 to the body of the vehicle (not shown); first end 4a defines a shoulder 36, which contacts a stop shoulder 37 formed by tubular casing 2 and defining the extracted limit position of push-rod 4; and the free end of tubular portion 2a of casing 2, from which end 4b of push-rod 4 projects, presents an adjusting spacer 38.
- end portions 17a, 17b of fixed contacts 15a, 15b are connected to the other components of electric circuit 44 so that, when the circuit is closed, current flows in the direction of arrows 40.
- Device 1 operates as follows. Like known switching devices, when released, brake pedal 34 acts on end 4b of push-rod 4 to keep push-rod 4 in the withdrawn position with end 4a projecting partly inside cup-shaped portion 2b; in which case, push-rod 4 detaches movable contact 22 from contact portions 16a, 16b of fixed contacts 15a, 15b, thus opening electric circuit 44.
- movable contact 22 when closing and opening movable contact 22, in addition to moving towards and away from fixed contacts 15a, 15b, movable contact 22 also performs a rocking movement to clean contact portions 16a, 16b, 23a, 23b as described in detail below with reference to Figures 4, 5, 6 showing the opening movement of movable contact 22.
- movable contact 22 is subjected to a torque by which it is rotated into the Figure 5 position, in the course of which rotation, contact pads 23a, 23b rotate and slide on contact portions 16a, 16b of fixed contacts 15a, 15b, thus removing any carbon residue between contact pads 23a, 23b and contact portions 16a, 16b of fixed contacts 15a, 15b and so automatically cleaning the contacts.
- push-rod 4 pushes movable contact 22 in the axial direction of push-rod 4 itself to open movable contact 22 as described above and as shown in Figure 6.
- Conical portions 20, 21 of device 1 ensure a high degree of reliability and a long working life of the device by solving the problem of electromigration, i.e. the passage of material between the facing contacts as they are opened, and which results in the material of the fixed contact detaching and depositing on the movable contact when current flows from the fixed to the movable contact, and in the material of the movable contact detaching and depositing on the fixed contact when current flows in the opposite direction.
- the movable contact is normally made of more noble material than the fixed contact to ensure effective current flow and a low voltage drop between the contacts, is it preferable that electromigration should occur from the movable to the fixed contact. In known switching devices, however, there is no guarantee that the movable contact will be opened, always and for all switching devices, at contact portions 16b-23b in which current flows from the movable to the fixed contact.
- the difference in height of conical portions 20, 21 of device 1 ensures that electromigration occurs precisely in the desired direction, by ensuring contact portions 16a, 16b of fixed contacts 15a, 15b are located at different distances from end wall 7 of portion 2b and hence from the surface of end 4a of push-rod 4, as described previously.
- push-rod 4 following the self-cleaning rotational movement of movable contact 22, as described above, when brake pedal 34 is released to push push-rod 4 into the withdrawn position, push-rod 4 first detaches contact pad 23b facing contact portion 16b to open electric circuit 44, so that, since the current flows, as stated, in the direction of arrows 40, electromigration occurs as desired from contact pad 23b towards contact portion 16b.
- push-rod 4 subsequently detaches contact pad 23a from contact portion 16a, no electromigration occurs by virtue of the current flow being cut off.
- the advantages of the device according to the present invention are as follows.
- it provides for straightforward, effective, automatic cleaning of the contacts each time the brake pedal is pressed, and for reducing the effects of electromigration; both of which characteristics are achieved by means of straightforward design features involving substantially no additional fabrication cost.
- the mechanism for automatically cleaning the contacts and eliminating the effects of electromigration also provides for considerably extending the working life of the device, thus reducing vehicle maintenance costs.
- projection 30 may be formed in any manner, e.g. by welding or pressing; self-cleaning may be effected by means of a different movement of the movable contact in relation to the fixed contact, e.g. by translating or rotating the movable contact in relation to the fixed contact in the plane defined by the movable contact; and self-cleaning may be effected when either closing or opening the movable contact, as opposed to both, as described.
Landscapes
- Push-Button Switches (AREA)
- Rotary Switch, Piano Key Switch, And Lever Switch (AREA)
- Lighting Device Outwards From Vehicle And Optical Signal (AREA)
Description
The present invention relates to an automotive
switching device, particularly for controlling stop
lights.
As is known, pushbutton switches are used on
vehicles to detect the position of a vehicle member,
e.g. the brake pedal, and generate a corresponding
signal or command by closing an electric circuit
comprising the switch. Such switches normally comprise a
tubular casing housing a contact carrier and a so-called
push-rod, which is movable between an extracted and a
withdrawn position, depending on the position of the
member being monitored. The contact carrier houses at
least a fixed contact secured to the carrier itself, and
a movable contact which is subjected to the contrary
action of a spring and the push-rod. When the push-rod
is withdrawn by the member being monitored, it moves the
movable contact away from the fixed contact to open the
relative electric circuit; whereas, when the push-rod is
no longer activated by the member being monitored, the
unopposed spring pushes the movable contact against the
fixed contact to close the electric circuit.
For detecting the position of the brake pedal, the
tubular casing is fitted to the vehicle body, the
push-rod is extracted when the pedal is pressed and
withdrawn when the pedal is released, and the pressure
on the pedal and consequent closing of the circuit
provide for supplying and so turning on the stop light
connected to the electric circuit.
In known switches of the above type, the contact
portions of the movable contact mating with the fixed
contacts are made of noble material to obtain a
low-resistivity connection and so reduce the resulting
voltage drop. On the other hand, opening and closing of
the contacts are normally accompanied by a voltaic arc,
which results in combustion of minute portions of the
contact portion material and also of powder on the
contacts themselves, and in the formation and deposit of
carbon residue between the contacts. Such residue
increases the voltage drop between the contacts, even to
the extent of preventing passage of the current when
this is relatively low, say, about 100-200 mA, so that
self-cleaning contacts capable of eliminating the carbon
residue are desirable to ensure reliable closing of the
electric circuit of the switch at all times and in all
conditions.
FR-A-2 520 926 discloses a switching device comprising a
fixed contact and a movable contact, first actuating means for
activating the movable contact and controlling a first away
and approach movement of the movable contact in relation to
the fixed contact, and second actuating means for controlling
a movement of the movable contact in relation to the first
fixed contact prior to the away movement and after the
approach movement.
It is an object of the present invention to
provide an automotive switching device, particularly for
controlling stop lights, designed to overcome the
aforementioned drawbacks.
According to the present invention, there is
provided an automotive switching device, particularly
for controlling stop lights, as defined in claim 1.
A preferred, non-limiting embodiment of the
present invention will be described by way of example
with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
A movable contact 22 is positioned facing contact
portions 16a, 16b of fixed contacts 15a, 15b, and
comprises a substantially rectangular metal blade
presenting two convex contact pads 23a, 23b aligned
perfectly with contact portions 16a, 16b of fixed
contacts 15a, 15b, and preferably made of Ag Sn 02 92/8
to ensure a low voltage drop. Contact pads 23a, 23b are
located close to a longer side 26 of movable contact 22
(Figure 2), and movable contact 22 is pressed against
contact portions 16a, 16b of fixed contacts 15a, 15b by
a coil spring 25 compressed between movable contact 22.
and end wall 8 of contact carrier 5. End wall 8 presents
projections 27, 28 for ensuring correct axial
positioning of a first end of spring 25; and movable
contact 22 presents a projection 29 (Figure 3) for
axially positioning the other end of spring 25. The
longer side 31 opposite longer side 26 of movable
contact 22 presents a projection 30 for the purpose
described below, and which is preferably formed by
turning down a portion of movable contact 22 itself.
Push-rod 4 comprises a rod presenting an enlarged
first end 4a and an enlarged second end 4b; first end 4a
faces cup-shaped portion 2b of casing 2, and presents a
front surface 47 cooperating with projection 30 to open
movable contact 22; second end 4b projects partly from
the opposite end of tubular portion 2a of casing 2, and
is activated in known manner by brake pedal 34 hinged at
35 to the body of the vehicle (not shown); first end 4a
defines a shoulder 36, which contacts a stop shoulder 37
formed by tubular casing 2 and defining the extracted
limit position of push-rod 4; and the free end of
tubular portion 2a of casing 2, from which end 4b of
push-rod 4 projects, presents an adjusting spacer 38.
In actual use, end portions 17a, 17b of fixed
contacts 15a, 15b are connected to the other components
of electric circuit 44 so that, when the circuit is
closed, current flows in the direction of arrows 40.
When brake pedal 34 is pressed, the thrust exerted
by the pedal on push-rod 4 is removed, and spring 25
pushes movable contact 22 against contact portions 16a,
16b of fixed contacts 15a, 15b, thus closing electric
circuit 44 and moving device 1 into the Figure 1
position, wherein push-rod 4 is pushed by movable
contact 22 into the extracted position, with end 4b
projecting from tubular portion 2a of casing 2. When
brake pedal 34 is again released, push-rod 4 is again
withdrawn and movable contact 22 opened.
According to the invention, when closing and
opening movable contact 22, in addition to moving
towards and away from fixed contacts 15a, 15b, movable
contact 22 also performs a rocking movement to clean
contact portions 16a, 16b, 23a, 23b as described in
detail below with reference to Figures 4, 5, 6 showing
the opening movement of movable contact 22.
More specifically, when brake pedal 34 is released
to withdraw push-rod 4, initial contact between push-rod
4 and movable contact 22 occurs at projection 30, which
projects axially in relation to the surface of the blade
defining movable contact 22. As push-rod 4 continues
moving, front surface 47 exerts on movable contact 22 a.
force B, which is offset in relation to the resultant of
the force of spring 25 on movable contact 22
(substantially along the axis of spring 25, as shown by
arrow C in Figure 4) due to the eccentricity of
projection 30 in relation to the point at which force C
is applied. As such, movable contact 22 is subjected to
a torque by which it is rotated into the Figure 5
position, in the course of which rotation, contact pads
23a, 23b rotate and slide on contact portions 16a, 16b
of fixed contacts 15a, 15b, thus removing any carbon
residue between contact pads 23a, 23b and contact
portions 16a, 16b of fixed contacts 15a, 15b and so
automatically cleaning the contacts.
Subsequently, push-rod 4 pushes movable contact 22
in the axial direction of push-rod 4 itself to open
movable contact 22 as described above and as shown in
Figure 6.
Conversely, when brake pedal 34 is pressed to
close movable contact 22 on fixed contacts 15a, 15b, a
reverse movement, and hence a similar self-cleaning
operation, is produced by spring 25 and the reaction of
contact portions 16a, 16b of fixed contacts 15a, 15b.
Conversely, the difference in height of conical
portions 20, 21 of device 1 according to the present
invention ensures that electromigration occurs precisely
in the desired direction, by ensuring contact portions
16a, 16b of fixed contacts 15a, 15b are located at
different distances from end wall 7 of portion 2b and
hence from the surface of end 4a of push-rod 4, as
described previously. As such, following the
self-cleaning rotational movement of movable contact 22,
as described above, when brake pedal 34 is released to
push push-rod 4 into the withdrawn position, push-rod 4
first detaches contact pad 23b facing contact portion
16b to open electric circuit 44, so that, since the
current flows, as stated, in the direction of arrows 40,
electromigration occurs as desired from contact pad 23b
towards contact portion 16b. When push-rod 4
subsequently detaches contact pad 23a from contact
portion 16a, no electromigration occurs by virtue of the
current flow being cut off.
The advantages of the device according to the
present invention are as follows. In particular, it
provides for straightforward, effective, automatic
cleaning of the contacts each time the brake pedal is
pressed, and for reducing the effects of
electromigration; both of which characteristics are
achieved by means of straightforward design features
involving substantially no additional fabrication cost.
The mechanism for automatically cleaning the contacts
and eliminating the effects of electromigration also
provides for considerably extending the working life of
the device, thus reducing vehicle maintenance costs.
Clearly, changes may be made to the device without, however,
departing from the scope of the present invention as defined by the claims. In
particular, projection 30 may be formed in any manner,
e.g. by welding or pressing; self-cleaning may be
effected by means of a different movement of the movable
contact in relation to the fixed contact, e.g. by
translating or rotating the movable contact in relation
to the fixed contact in the plane defined by the movable
contact; and self-cleaning may be effected when either
closing or opening the movable contact, as opposed to
both, as described.
Claims (6)
- An automotive switching device (1), particularly for controlling stop lights, the device (1) comprising at least a first fixed contact (15a) and a movable contact (22); first actuating means (4, 25) for activating said movable contact (22) and controlling a first away and approach movement of said movable contact (22) in relation to said first fixed contact (15a); and second actuating means (4, 25, 30) for controlling a second movement of said movable contact (22) in relation to said first fixed contact (15a) prior to said away movement and/or after said approach movement; characterised in that said movable contact comprises a contact body (22) provided with a projection (30) projecting from a first face thereof; and by an actuating element (4), sliding inside said switching device (1), and elastic means (25), the actuating element and elastic means being located on opposite sides of said contact body (22) and acting in opposition to each other respectively on said projection (30) and on a second face of said contact body (22) to generate a torque (B, C) for rotating said contact body (22) in relation to said first fixed contact (15a).
- A switching device as claimed in Claim 1, characterized in that said contact body comprises a rectangular blade (22); in that said blade (22) presents at least a first contact portion (23a) located on said first face and cooperating with said first fixed contact (15a) to close an electric circuit (44); and in that said projection (30) and said first contact portion (23a) are respectively located close to a first side (31) and an opposite second side (26) of said rectangular blade (22).
- A switching device as claimed in Claim 2, characterized in that said projection (30) comprises a downfolded portion of said blade (22).
- A switching device as claimed in Claim 2 or 3, characterized by comprising a second fixed contact (15b); in that said blade (22) presents a second contact portion (23b) facing said second fixed contact (15b), said second contact portion (23b) being located close to said second side (26) of said blade (22); and in that, in said second limit position, said first and second sides (31, 26) of said blade (22) are inclined in relation to said actuating surface (47) of said actuating element (4).
- A switching device as claimed in Claim 4, characterized in that said first (15a) and second (15b) fixed contacts present contact ends (16a, 16b) facing said contact portions (23a) (23b) of said movable contact (22); said contact ends (16a, 16b) being located in mutually spaced parallel planes.
- A switching device as claimed in Claim 5, characterized in that said contact ends (16a, 16b) are parts of projections (20, 21) formed by said switching device and presenting different heights.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| IT95TO000553A IT1276461B1 (en) | 1995-06-30 | 1995-06-30 | SWITCH DEVICE FOR MOTOR VEHICLES, PARTICULARLY FOR CONTROLLING STOP SIGNAL LIGHTS. |
| ITTO950553 | 1995-06-30 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0753870A1 EP0753870A1 (en) | 1997-01-15 |
| EP0753870B1 true EP0753870B1 (en) | 2002-06-05 |
Family
ID=11413692
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP96109891A Expired - Lifetime EP0753870B1 (en) | 1995-06-30 | 1996-06-19 | Automotive switching device, particularly for controlling stop lights |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0753870B1 (en) |
| CZ (1) | CZ290842B6 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE69621527T2 (en) |
| IT (2) | IT1276461B1 (en) |
| PL (1) | PL179998B1 (en) |
Family Cites Families (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BE565734A (en) * | ||||
| DE7536528U (en) * | 1975-11-18 | 1976-03-18 | Preh Elektrofeinmechanische Werke Jakob Preh Nachf., 8740 Bad Neustadt | Electric key switch |
| IT8252858V0 (en) * | 1982-01-29 | 1982-01-29 | Turatti Mario | IGNITION SWITCH AND STARTER SWITCH FOR MOTOR VEHICLES |
| JPS5961430U (en) * | 1982-10-18 | 1984-04-21 | 株式会社東海理化電機製作所 | Opposite contact type switch |
| JPS61151932A (en) * | 1984-12-25 | 1986-07-10 | 三菱電機株式会社 | Contact unit for circuit switch |
-
1995
- 1995-06-30 IT IT95TO000553A patent/IT1276461B1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1995-06-30 IT IT1995TO000153U patent/IT235892Y1/en active IP Right Grant
-
1996
- 1996-06-19 EP EP96109891A patent/EP0753870B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-06-19 DE DE69621527T patent/DE69621527T2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1996-06-28 CZ CZ19961924A patent/CZ290842B6/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-06-28 PL PL96315021A patent/PL179998B1/en unknown
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| ITTO950153U1 (en) | 1996-12-30 |
| ITTO950153V0 (en) | 1995-06-30 |
| PL315021A1 (en) | 1997-01-06 |
| DE69621527D1 (en) | 2002-07-11 |
| IT1276461B1 (en) | 1997-10-31 |
| ITTO950553A1 (en) | 1996-12-30 |
| IT235892Y1 (en) | 2000-07-18 |
| EP0753870A1 (en) | 1997-01-15 |
| CZ290842B6 (en) | 2002-10-16 |
| PL179998B1 (en) | 2000-11-30 |
| DE69621527T2 (en) | 2003-01-09 |
| CZ192496A3 (en) | 1998-09-16 |
| ITTO950553A0 (en) | 1995-06-30 |
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