EP0737517A2 - Pistolet de projection de poudre de revêtement - Google Patents
Pistolet de projection de poudre de revêtement Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0737517A2 EP0737517A2 EP96101500A EP96101500A EP0737517A2 EP 0737517 A2 EP0737517 A2 EP 0737517A2 EP 96101500 A EP96101500 A EP 96101500A EP 96101500 A EP96101500 A EP 96101500A EP 0737517 A2 EP0737517 A2 EP 0737517A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- powder
- mouthpiece
- gun
- coating powder
- spray gun
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
- B05B5/00—Electrostatic spraying apparatus; Spraying apparatus with means for charging the spray electrically; Apparatus for spraying liquids or other fluent materials by other electric means
- B05B5/025—Discharge apparatus, e.g. electrostatic spray guns
- B05B5/04—Discharge apparatus, e.g. electrostatic spray guns characterised by having rotary outlet or deflecting elements, i.e. spraying being also effected by centrifugal forces
- B05B5/0418—Discharge apparatus, e.g. electrostatic spray guns characterised by having rotary outlet or deflecting elements, i.e. spraying being also effected by centrifugal forces designed for spraying particulate material
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
- B05B5/00—Electrostatic spraying apparatus; Spraying apparatus with means for charging the spray electrically; Apparatus for spraying liquids or other fluent materials by other electric means
- B05B5/025—Discharge apparatus, e.g. electrostatic spray guns
- B05B5/03—Discharge apparatus, e.g. electrostatic spray guns characterised by the use of gas, e.g. electrostatically assisted pneumatic spraying
- B05B5/032—Discharge apparatus, e.g. electrostatic spray guns characterised by the use of gas, e.g. electrostatically assisted pneumatic spraying for spraying particulate materials
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
- B05B5/00—Electrostatic spraying apparatus; Spraying apparatus with means for charging the spray electrically; Apparatus for spraying liquids or other fluent materials by other electric means
- B05B5/025—Discharge apparatus, e.g. electrostatic spray guns
- B05B5/04—Discharge apparatus, e.g. electrostatic spray guns characterised by having rotary outlet or deflecting elements, i.e. spraying being also effected by centrifugal forces
- B05B5/0403—Discharge apparatus, e.g. electrostatic spray guns characterised by having rotary outlet or deflecting elements, i.e. spraying being also effected by centrifugal forces characterised by the rotating member
Definitions
- the invention relates to a powder spray gun for coating powder according to claim 1.
- a powder spray gun with an interchangeable mouthpiece on known downstream end of a gun body contains a nozzle opening for atomizing coating powder, which flows through the mouthpiece from a powder channel formed in the gun body. Due to the interchangeability of the mouthpiece, either a mouthpiece for powder atomization by means of atomizing air at a nozzle opening or a mouthpiece with a powder baffle plate can be used for powder atomization.
- a spray gun for liquid coating material is known from the same patent specification, to the gun body of which various types of mouthpieces can optionally be attached, each of which contains a nozzle opening for atomizing the coating material.
- a device for the electrostatic spraying of coating powder by means of a rotating body which is rotatably mounted in a device body.
- An outside The peripheral edge of the rotary body serves as a high-voltage electrode for electrostatically charging the coating powder and is connected to an external high-voltage source via an electrical resistor, which is accommodated in the device body, via a high-voltage cable.
- a counter electrode is housed in the device body, which is grounded and made of air-permeable porous material. The counter electrode sucks ions out of the surrounding space and compressed air, which flows out of the device body through the counter electrode, prevents powder particles from accumulating on the device body.
- the rotary body of the known spray devices can be mounted in the body carrying it by a mechanical bearing, in particular a slide bearing or roller bearing.
- the rotary body is preferably driven by a turbine driven by air.
- spray guns is understood here to mean both hand-held spray guns with a pistol grip and pistols carried by a machine, in particular a robot or lifting stand, which have no pistol grip.
- the object of the invention is to reduce the size and weight of the known spraying devices for coating powder, which have a rotating body for atomizing the coating powder.
- the manufacturing costs are also to be reduced will.
- the invention proposes to integrate the rotary body for atomizing the coating powder into a mouthpiece, which can be placed on a commercially available powder spray gun, instead of a previously used mouthpiece with a nozzle for atomizing the coating powder.
- the mouthpiece contains a bearing for rotatably supporting the rotating body and a compressed air turbine for driving the rotating body.
- the bearing and the compressed air turbine are known from the known spray devices only in an enlarged embodiment and are therefore not described or illustrated in detail here.
- the invention has the advantage that the rotary body designed as a mouthpiece can be attached to a commercially available spray gun that is normally provided with a spray nozzle instead of the spray nozzle, and that the gun body already contains the high-voltage generator.
- the rotary atomizer By integrating the rotary atomizer into a mouthpiece of a spray gun, it is designed to be considerably smaller than the known rotary atomizers.
- the integration of the high voltage generator in the gun body has the Advantage that only a relatively light low-voltage cable needs to be connected to the spray gun, instead of a heavy high-voltage cable.
- the gun body 2 preferably consists of a one-piece, molded plastic housing.
- a flange 4 is preferably provided in one piece on the gun body 2, with which flange the gun body 2 can be attached either to a handle 6 or to a machine part, for example a lifting stand or robot of a spray coating system.
- the gun body 2 can also be referred to as a gun barrel.
- the gun body 2 has a rear or upstream end 8 and a front or downstream end 10.
- the downstream end 10 of the gun body 2 has connection means, for example in the form of an external thread 12, by means of which a mouthpiece 14 from FIGS.
- a powder channel extends through the gun body 2 from the upstream end 8 to the downstream end 10 18 and parallel to it a compressed air duct 20, the downstream ends 19 and 21 of which end in a downstream end face 22 of the gun body 2.
- This end face 22 also contains at least one high-voltage contact or a high-voltage electrode 24 and / or 26 which is or are electrically connected to the high-voltage output 28 of a high-voltage generator 30.
- the high-voltage generator 30 is accommodated in the gun body 2 and consists in a known manner of a transformer 32 and a high-voltage cascade circuit 34 connected to its secondary side.
- connection means 36, 38 and 40 can be located according to FIG. 1 on a rear end face 42 of the gun body 2 or at other locations on the gun body 2, for example through the gun handle 6 his.
- a threaded sleeve 44 of the mouthpiece 14 with an internal thread 45 is screwed axially onto the thread 12 of the gun body 2.
- the threaded sleeve 44 contains a rotary atomizer 46 of the type known, for example, from the patents US-A 5 353 995, DE-A 43 40 441, DE-C 31 01 193 and DE-C 30 02 206, but essentially in one reduced size.
- the rotary atomizer 46 has a rotatable rotary body 48 which is rotatably mounted in the threaded sleeve 44.
- the rotary body 48 has a rotary head 50, by the rotation of which coating powder is thrown out conically in a direction transverse to the axis of rotation, which is fed to the rotary head 50 through a powder channel extension 52.
- the powder channel extension 52 extends from the powder channel 18 of the gun body 2 axially through a shaft 54 of the rotary body 48 into the rotary head 50.
- the rotary body 48 is driven by a turbine drive 51 accommodated in the threaded sleeve 44, as is known in a larger embodiment from the aforementioned documents and which is driven by compressed air of the compressed air duct 20.
- the mouthpiece 14 is provided with a compressed air extension duct 53 which leads to the turbine drive 51 and which is automatically connected to the compressed air duct 20 when the threaded sleeve 44 is screwed onto the gun body 2.
- the threaded sleeve 44 could be provided with a compressed air connection 55.
- the rotating head 50 has a circular outer peripheral edge 56 made of electrically conductive material, which serves as a high-voltage electrode for electrostatically charging the coating powder.
- the outer peripheral edge 56 is electrically connected to the high-voltage generator 30 by a spring-loaded ring contact 58 of the mouthpiece 14, which bears against the high-voltage electrodes or high-voltage contacts 24 and 26 of the gun body 2.
- the outer peripheral edge 56 of the rotary head 50 is automatically electrically connected to the high voltage generator 30 when the mouthpiece 14 is attached to the gun body 2.
- An annular compressed air outlet 57 is in flow communication with the compressed air extension channel 53 and produces an air stream 59 which is annular in cross section. This air stream 59 surrounds the coating powder atomized by the rotary head 50 and gives the atomized powder stream a specific shape.
- a nozzle mouthpiece 16 can be attached to the gun body 2 of FIG. 1, which has a nozzle-shaped slot opening 60 or a circular or other-shaped nozzle opening for atomizing the coating powder.
- the nozzle mouthpiece 16 has at least one electrode 62 and / or 63, preferably a needle electrode, which is connected via a spring-loaded ring contact 58 of this nozzle mouthpiece 16 and the high-voltage electrodes or High-voltage contacts 24 and 26 are electrically connected to the high-voltage generator 30.
- the compressed air channel 20 of the gun body 2 can in this case be used to supply compressed air which flows around the high-voltage electrodes 62 and 63 of the nozzle mouthpiece 16 and thereby prevents powder particles from adhering to this high-voltage electrode. If no compressed air is required, the compressed air duct 20 is not connected to a compressed air shaft and its downstream end can be closed by the nozzle mouthpiece 16.
- the gun body 2 of FIG. 1 can be used in another type of application without a mouthpiece for spraying coating powder, for example by atomizing the coating powder at the downstream end 19 of the powder channel 18 by a nozzle effect taking place there or by a powder deflection plate arranged there.
- the high-voltage contacts 24 and 26 can be used as high-voltage electrodes for electrostatically charging the coating powder.
- the miniaturization and special design of the known rotary atomizers in the form of a mouthpiece which can be attached to gun bodies of known powder spray guns, made it possible to spray powder with light hand spray guns onto objects and to fasten such spray guns to movable machine elements, for example on lifting stands or robot arms, without a large mass or a large weight of the spray gun leading to strong movement impacts during changes in the movement of the spray gun.
- the known speed control devices e.g. are known from the cited documents can also be used for the powder spray gun according to the invention.
Landscapes
- Electrostatic Spraying Apparatus (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE19514147 | 1995-04-15 | ||
DE19514147A DE19514147A1 (de) | 1995-04-15 | 1995-04-15 | Pulver-Sprühpistole für Beschichtungspulver |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0737517A2 true EP0737517A2 (fr) | 1996-10-16 |
EP0737517A3 EP0737517A3 (fr) | 1996-11-27 |
EP0737517B1 EP0737517B1 (fr) | 1999-09-15 |
Family
ID=7759716
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP96101500A Expired - Lifetime EP0737517B1 (fr) | 1995-04-15 | 1996-02-02 | Pistolet de projection de poudre de revêtement |
Country Status (2)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0737517B1 (fr) |
DE (2) | DE19514147A1 (fr) |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0808663A3 (fr) * | 1996-05-24 | 1998-08-19 | ITW Gema AG | Appareil de pulvérisation électrostatique |
WO2004101164A1 (fr) * | 2003-05-14 | 2004-11-25 | P+S Pulverbeschichtungs- Und Staubfilteranlagen Gmbh | Procede de revetement, buse de pulverisation et cabine de revetement |
CN108654896A (zh) * | 2017-03-27 | 2018-10-16 | 上海图博可特石油管道涂层有限公司 | 一种用于石油树异形件内涂层的喷涂装置 |
CN114950763A (zh) * | 2021-02-26 | 2022-08-30 | 丰田自动车株式会社 | 手持静电涂装枪 |
Families Citing this family (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE19709786A1 (de) * | 1997-03-10 | 1998-02-12 | Gema Volstatic Ag | Elektrostatische Pulversprühvorrichtung |
DE10217653A1 (de) * | 2002-04-19 | 2003-12-11 | Itw Gema Ag | Sprühbeschichtungsvorrichtung |
DE602004025415D1 (de) † | 2003-08-18 | 2010-03-25 | Nordson Corp | Spritzvorrichtung für teilchenmaterial |
Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR1568143A (fr) * | 1968-02-14 | 1969-05-23 | ||
EP0292679A1 (fr) * | 1987-05-29 | 1988-11-30 | ITW Gema AG | Unité de pulvérisation pour le revêtement d'objets par pulvérisation |
Family Cites Families (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE2509851C2 (de) * | 1975-03-06 | 1984-03-15 | Ransburg-Gema AG, 9015 St.Gallen | Pulverzerstäuber mit Prallkörper zum Beschichten von Gegenständen im elektrostatischen Feld |
DE8131364U1 (de) * | 1981-10-27 | 1982-04-08 | Ernst Roederstein Spezialfabrik für Kondensatoren GmbH, 8300 Landshut | Elektrostatik-vorsatzgeraet einer eine luftleitung aufweisenden spritzpistole |
US4613082A (en) * | 1984-07-06 | 1986-09-23 | Champion Spark Plug Company | Electrostatic spraying apparatus for robot mounting |
DE3503384C1 (de) * | 1985-02-01 | 1986-04-17 | Ransburg-Gema AG, St.Gallen | Spritzpistole für Beschichtungsmaterial |
US4936507A (en) * | 1986-06-26 | 1990-06-26 | The Devilbiss Company | Rotary atomizer with high voltage isolating speed measurement |
DE3904438A1 (de) * | 1989-02-14 | 1990-08-16 | Gema Ransburg Ag | Spruehbeschichtungsgeraet zum elektrostatischen spruehbeschichten |
US4943005A (en) * | 1989-07-26 | 1990-07-24 | Illinois Tool Works, Inc. | Rotary atomizing device |
GB9113304D0 (en) * | 1991-06-20 | 1991-08-07 | Alcan Int Ltd | Metal spraying apparatus |
-
1995
- 1995-04-15 DE DE19514147A patent/DE19514147A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
1996
- 1996-02-02 EP EP96101500A patent/EP0737517B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-02-02 DE DE59603034T patent/DE59603034D1/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR1568143A (fr) * | 1968-02-14 | 1969-05-23 | ||
EP0292679A1 (fr) * | 1987-05-29 | 1988-11-30 | ITW Gema AG | Unité de pulvérisation pour le revêtement d'objets par pulvérisation |
Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0808663A3 (fr) * | 1996-05-24 | 1998-08-19 | ITW Gema AG | Appareil de pulvérisation électrostatique |
US5922131A (en) * | 1996-05-24 | 1999-07-13 | Gema Volstatic Ag | Electrostatic powder spray coating apparatus with rotating spray orifice |
WO2004101164A1 (fr) * | 2003-05-14 | 2004-11-25 | P+S Pulverbeschichtungs- Und Staubfilteranlagen Gmbh | Procede de revetement, buse de pulverisation et cabine de revetement |
CN108654896A (zh) * | 2017-03-27 | 2018-10-16 | 上海图博可特石油管道涂层有限公司 | 一种用于石油树异形件内涂层的喷涂装置 |
CN114950763A (zh) * | 2021-02-26 | 2022-08-30 | 丰田自动车株式会社 | 手持静电涂装枪 |
EP4049759A1 (fr) * | 2021-02-26 | 2022-08-31 | Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha | Pistolet de revêtement électrostatique |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP0737517B1 (fr) | 1999-09-15 |
EP0737517A3 (fr) | 1996-11-27 |
DE59603034D1 (de) | 1999-10-21 |
DE19514147A1 (de) | 1996-10-17 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
DE3503384C1 (de) | Spritzpistole für Beschichtungsmaterial | |
DE69310026T2 (de) | Vorrichtung zum elektrostatischen Sprühen von pulverformigen Stoffen mit einem rotierenden Ionisierungskopf | |
DE2604636C3 (de) | Vorrichtung zur elektrostatischen Aufsprühen von Überzugsmassen | |
EP0212122B1 (fr) | Appareil de pulvérisation pour l'application électrostatique de poudre | |
EP0236794B1 (fr) | Appareil de pulvérisation électrostatique pour poudre de revêtement | |
EP0808663A2 (fr) | Appareil de pulvérisation électrostatique | |
DE19609812A1 (de) | Elektrostatische Rotationszerstäubersprühvorrichtung | |
DE2707218B2 (de) | Elektrostatische Farbspritzvorrichtung | |
EP0292679B1 (fr) | Unité de pulvérisation pour le revêtement d'objets par pulvérisation | |
DE4105116C2 (de) | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zum elektrostatischen Beschichten von Gegenständen | |
EP0737517B1 (fr) | Pistolet de projection de poudre de revêtement | |
DE2446022B2 (de) | Vorrichtung zum elektrostatischen Beschichten von Gegenständen mit flüssigem oder pulverförmigem Beschichtungsmaterial | |
EP0230624B2 (fr) | Pistolet de pulvérisation électrostatique particulièrement pour poudres | |
DE2065699C3 (de) | Vorrichtung zum elektrostatischen Beschichten von Gegenständen mit pulverförmigem Beschichtungsmaterial | |
DE1965509B2 (de) | Elektrostatische Spritzpistole | |
DE1577917B2 (de) | Vorrichtung zum zerstaeuben von fluessigkeit fuer das elektro statische fluessigkeitsauftragen | |
DE3716776A1 (de) | Nicht-leitender rotierender zerstaeuber | |
EP1475159A1 (fr) | Dispositif de revêtement de poudre par pulvérisation | |
EP0637466B1 (fr) | Dispositif de projection électrostatique de produit en poudre | |
DE2517716B2 (de) | Rund- oder Ringstrahldüse | |
DE2264386C2 (de) | Elektrostatische Sprühpistole | |
EP2650051B1 (fr) | Insert à clavette pour rallonge de tuyau de poudre d'un pistolet de pulvérisation de poudre fonctionnant sous haute tension et rallonge de tuyau de poudre avec insert à clavette | |
DE2837428A1 (de) | Einrichtung zum elektrostatischen pulver-beschichten von gegenstaenden | |
DE3924425C1 (en) | Electrostatic sprayer for powder lacquering - has coaxial circular channels through which particles pass in zigzag formation | |
DE2555547B2 (de) | Vorrichtung zum elektrostatischen Auftragen bzw. Aufsprühen von Materialteilchen |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
PUAI | Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012 |
|
PUAL | Search report despatched |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009013 |
|
17P | Request for examination filed |
Effective date: 19960202 |
|
AK | Designated contracting states |
Kind code of ref document: A2 Designated state(s): BE CH DE ES FR GB IT LI |
|
AK | Designated contracting states |
Kind code of ref document: A3 Designated state(s): BE CH DE ES FR GB IT LI |
|
GRAG | Despatch of communication of intention to grant |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOS AGRA |
|
17Q | First examination report despatched |
Effective date: 19981204 |
|
RAP3 | Party data changed (applicant data changed or rights of an application transferred) |
Owner name: ITW GEMA AG |
|
GRAG | Despatch of communication of intention to grant |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOS AGRA |
|
GRAH | Despatch of communication of intention to grant a patent |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOS IGRA |
|
GRAH | Despatch of communication of intention to grant a patent |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOS IGRA |
|
GRAA | (expected) grant |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009210 |
|
AK | Designated contracting states |
Kind code of ref document: B1 Designated state(s): BE CH DE ES FR GB IT LI |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: IT Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRE;WARNING: LAPSES OF ITALIAN PATENTS WITH EFFECTIVE DATE BEFORE 2007 MAY HAVE OCCURRED AT ANY TIME BEFORE 2007. THE CORRECT EFFECTIVE DATE MAY BE DIFFERENT FROM THE ONE RECORDED.SCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 19990915 Ref country code: GB Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 19990915 Ref country code: FR Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 19990915 Ref country code: ES Free format text: THE PATENT HAS BEEN ANNULLED BY A DECISION OF A NATIONAL AUTHORITY Effective date: 19990915 |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: CH Ref legal event code: EP |
|
REF | Corresponds to: |
Ref document number: 59603034 Country of ref document: DE Date of ref document: 19991021 |
|
PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: DE Payment date: 20000120 Year of fee payment: 5 |
|
EN | Fr: translation not filed | ||
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: BE Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20000228 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: LI Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20000229 Ref country code: CH Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20000229 |
|
GBV | Gb: ep patent (uk) treated as always having been void in accordance with gb section 77(7)/1977 [no translation filed] |
Effective date: 19990915 |
|
PLBE | No opposition filed within time limit |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009261 |
|
STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: NO OPPOSITION FILED WITHIN TIME LIMIT |
|
26N | No opposition filed | ||
BERE | Be: lapsed |
Owner name: ITW GEMA A.G. Effective date: 20000228 |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: CH Ref legal event code: PL |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: DE Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20011201 |