EP0731897B1 - Procede d'incineration de dechets urbains et utilisation des cendres resultantes - Google Patents

Procede d'incineration de dechets urbains et utilisation des cendres resultantes Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0731897B1
EP0731897B1 EP95900791A EP95900791A EP0731897B1 EP 0731897 B1 EP0731897 B1 EP 0731897B1 EP 95900791 A EP95900791 A EP 95900791A EP 95900791 A EP95900791 A EP 95900791A EP 0731897 B1 EP0731897 B1 EP 0731897B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
combustion
grate
air
combustion chamber
ash
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP95900791A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP0731897A1 (fr
Inventor
Erik Saiha
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Biowork Oy
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Biowork Oy
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
    • F23G5/006—General arrangement of incineration plant, e.g. flow sheets
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
    • F23G5/02—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor with pretreatment
    • F23G5/027—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor with pretreatment pyrolising or gasifying stage
    • F23G5/0276—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor with pretreatment pyrolising or gasifying stage using direct heating
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
    • F23G5/08—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor having supplementary heating
    • F23G5/085—High-temperature heating means, e.g. plasma, for partly melting the waste
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
    • F23G5/08—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor having supplementary heating
    • F23G5/14—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor having supplementary heating including secondary combustion
    • F23G5/16—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor having supplementary heating including secondary combustion in a separate combustion chamber

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method for burning municipal waste (1), in which method solid wastes are pyrolyzed on an upstream section (4) of a grate by feeding in primary combustion air from below the grate, and in which method the gas phase formed, to which secondary combustion air is added, is conveyed to a combustion chamber (8) to burn the combustible components present in it.
  • wastes of a low thermal value mixed with a fuel with a higher thermal value such as fuel oil or natural gas
  • a fuel with a higher thermal value such as fuel oil or natural gas
  • wastes resembling them such as waste oil or solvents.
  • WO-A-9 317 280 there is disclosed a process for the treatment of combustible wastes correspondig to the introductory chapter in the above.
  • the process comprises a first carbonising step at a low temperature and a second step in which addition of carbonising agents or gases produce a high temperature melting the ash and achieving complete combustion.
  • the equipment comprises a generator for the gasification or carbonisation of the wastes and a high temperature unit made up of a rotary kiln.
  • the end product is a completely liquefied ash discharged as a melt flow from the outlet end of the kiln and then allowed to set.
  • the process differs from the present invention, failing to disclose the essential features of the latter as put forward in the following.
  • the reference does not disclose a partial melting and partial sintering of the ash on the part of the grate the final combustion is taking place, forming a granulate that is accumulating below the grate.
  • An object of the present invention is to provide a method based on burning on a grate, by which method unsorted municipal wastes can be disposed of in a more economical and more environment-friendly manner.
  • the method according to the invention is characterized in that the combustion temperature in the combustion chamber (8) is controlled by means of air feed to at least 850°C, that the ash resulting from the completion of the combustion of the solids on the downstream section (5) of the grate is is partially melted and partially sintered, forming drops which fall through the grate and upon cooling form granular particles (9) containing only inorganic matter, said particles accumulating below the downstream section of the grate, and that the said secondary air is preheated and is fed into the pyrolysis gas passing the downstream section (5) of the grate, so that turbulent mixing of the secondary air and the pyrolysis gas will occur above the downstream section (5) of the grate.
  • Burning of wastes in accordance with the invention presupposes that the combustion temperature is continuously sufficiently high, at least the said 850 °C, that the combustion conditions on the grate and in the combustion chamber are stationary also in other respects. Ash formed at the said temperatures in part melts and in part becomes sintered into small drops, so that the molten phase is on the surface of sintered particle nuclei. In this case the ash does not produce much dust, a factor which enables secondary air to be mixed in a turbulent manner with the gas phase produced by pyrolysis and containing combustible components; this, in turn, will ensure effective mixing to form a homogenous gas mixture which, when burning in the combustion chamber, will maintain the desired high temperature.
  • the lack of dust in the ash presupposes that there are silicates present, for example silicate of sodium, potassium or aluminum; municipal waste, however, always contains these, for example, in the form of dust and sand.
  • the primary air is fed to the upstream section of the grate, which may be tilted, and the secondary air is fed to the downstream section of the grate, on which the final burning of the solids takes place and on which the ash is at least in part in molten state.
  • the secondary air may be fed into the mixing zone of pyrolysis gases and air in the downstream section of the grate from a feeding conduit which at the same time serves as a wall separating the waste-containing fuel silo and the combustion chamber from each other.
  • the feed conduit separates from each other the pyrolysis zone in the silo and the gas combustion zone made up of the combustion chamber, the mixing zone of gas and air between these being located substantially at the tip of the conduit.
  • the quantity of grate ash formed is approx. one-half of the previous quantity, and no dioxin or any other non-combustible organic matter is left in the ash.
  • the structure of the ash resembles that of pumice-stone, the ash is obtained in the form of small granules having a diameter of approx. 1-5 mm, and being light in weight, non-toxic, and water insoluble, it is usable, for example, as a filler material for earth construction.
  • the invention facilitates the treatment of flue gases leaving the combustion chamber, the treatment typically including cleansing by means of a dust separator, as well as acid and alkaline scrubbing steps, the amounts of solid waste to be separated and the liquid filtrate are reduced, and the purified flue gas released into the atmosphere is cleaner with respect to solid impurities.
  • the maintenance of the high combustion temperature required by the invention is promoted by effective pre-heating, preferably to at least 800 °C, of the secondary air to be fed in.
  • the combustion chamber may be provided with an auxiliary burner to provide the required additional heat.
  • a temperature of at least 850 °C is an indispensable condition for complete combustion of dioxins and other organic compounds.
  • the invention relates not only to a method of burning wastes but also to the use of the granular ash particles, formed in the combustion, made up of only inorganic matter, and having a diameter of approx. 1-5 mm, as a filler material for earth construction. Owing to their thermal insulation capacity the particles are especially suitable for groundfrost insulation in road-beds.
  • unassorted municipal wastes 1 are burned which typically contain paper, cardboard, plastics, food scraps, dust, sand, glass, ceramic material and metal, the quantities of which may vary according to the origin of the wastes.
  • the wastes 1 may be preliminarily comminuted or standardized in particle size, and they are fed into the fuel silo 2 in such a manner that their surface level 3 in the silo remains within a predetermined range.
  • the wastes 1 fed into the silo 2 rest on a grate in the lower section of the silo, the grate comprising an upstream section 4 tilted in the waste flow direction and a horizontal downstream section 5.
  • Primary combustion air is introduced into the wastes 1 from below the grate 4, and secondary combustion air is fed via a conduit 6 past the column of waste in the silo.
  • the apparatus comprises a feed conduit 7 for tertiary air, via which additional air can be fed into the combustion chamber 8 subsequent to the silo 2 and the grate 4, 5.
  • the feed conduit 6 for secondary air forms a wall separating the silo 2 and the combustion chamber 8 from each other, the distance of its lower edge, i.e. the tip of the conduit, from the grate 5 below being approx. 30 % of the distance between the silo wall and the conduit at the upstream section of the grate.
  • the said distance is relatively smaller than in prior known apparatuses, and its purpose is to separate from each other the process stages taking place in the silo 2 and the combustion chamber 8.
  • it can be made movable in the lateral and vertical directions.
  • the drying turns, without a clear limit, into pyrolysis in which the wastes decompose into coke and gaseous components.
  • the gas phase formed in the pyrolysis zone which flows through the coke into the mixing zone for secondary air and further into the combustion chamber 8, contains the water vapor separated from the wastes and distributed homogenously into the gas phase, as well as the gas formed in the pyrolysis, which contains carbon monoxide and organic components, such as turpentine, organic acids, and decomposition products of phenols and polyaromates.
  • the gas phase also contains dioxins, which are formed from the aromatic compounds and chlorine present in the wastes. What is essential in the pyrolysis is that it takes place entirely in the silo 2 before the slot between the tip of the secondary-air conduit 6 and the grate 5, and thus separate from the combustion occurring in the combustion chamber 8.
  • the combustion temperature in the combustion chamber 8 is at least 850 °C; this is a prerequisite both for the complete combustion of coke and for the decomposition of the formed dioxins and other chlorinated polyaromates.
  • the temperature of the ash left from the coke on the grate 5 is approx. 1000 - 1050 °C, at which the ash at least in part melts and forms drops which, upon cooling, form pumice-like particles having a diameter of approx. 1-5 mm.
  • the formed ash particles 9 accumulate under the grate 5 on the bottom of the silo.
  • the at least partly molten ash formed from municipal wastes is characterized in that it does not notably form dust; this allows secondary air, pre-heated to approx. 800 °C, to be fed from the conduit 6 into the mixing zone at the downstream section 5 of the grate in such a manner that the gas phase separated in the pyrolysis and the air are mixed turbulently to form a homogenous mixture which, in turn, maintains stationary combustion conditions and a high combustion temperature.
  • the combustion process is preferably monitored and controlled by using a computer which regulates the feeding in of combustion air to maintain constant the combustion temperature in the combustion chamber.
  • the temporarily required additional heat can be generated by using an auxiliary burner 10 located in the combustion chamber 8 and using gas or oil.
  • the process according to the invention operates on the basis of only the combustion heat released from the wastes.
  • a substantially complete combustion of the organic material present in the wastes and a low dust content in the flue gas leaving the combustion chamber 8 are achieved.
  • the feeding in of combustion air is proportioned so that the flue gas leaving the combustion chamber will retain oxygen in an amount of approx. 8-15 %, preferably approx. 11-13 %.
  • the flue gas will contain dust at maximum 100 mg/m 3 , in the best case less than 40 mg/m 3 .
  • the flue gases leaving the combustion chamber 8 travel to a heat exchanger 11, where they are cooled to a temperature below 200 °C.
  • the recovered heat is used, for example, for district heating.
  • the cooled flue gas travels further to a dust filter 12, which separates 85-95 % of the dust into a container 13. This dust is a hazardous waste; however, it can be recycled to the combustion stage.
  • the flue gas leaving the dust filter 12 travels to the gas scrubber 14, where it is first moistened with water and thereafter scrubbed with acid and alkali solutions, which are fed in via conduits 15 and 16.
  • the overflows from the acid and alkali scrubbing steps are directed via conduits 17 and 18 to a mixing container, where they neutralize each other and from where the neutralized waste solution travels to a filter 20, where the solids 21 are separated and from where the remaining solution 22, which mainly contains sodium salts, is removed to the drain.
  • the flue gases 23 cleansed in the scrubber 14 can be released into the atmosphere.
  • the invention was tested in a pilot apparatus in accordance with the above.
  • the results obtained in several trial runs have been converted below numerically to correspond to an apparatus with a capacity of 1000 kg of waste/h, which is sufficient for the disposing of the wastes produced by a community of 20,000 inhabitants.
  • the dry matter content of the wastes was 60 %, and according to an elemental analysis the dry matter (600 kg/h) contained carbon 43.0 %, oxygen 29.0 %, hydrogen 6.0 %, chlorine 0.8 %, nitrogen 0.4 %, sulfur 0.08 %, and ash 21.0 %.
  • the flow rate of the gas produced in the pyrolysis was at its highest approx. 15 m/s and on average, calculated over the entire cross sectional area of the slot, approx. 6 m/s.
  • the amount of flue gas leaving the combustion chamber was 6448 m 3 /h, out of which 900 m 3 /h was water vapor.
  • the oxygen content of the flue gas calculated from dry gas, was 11.0 %.
  • the flue gas contained fly ash 40 mg/m 3 , in which the portion of heavy metals was 4500 ⁇ g/m 3 .
  • Organic material (loss by combustion) amounted to 25 mg/m 3 , and this included chlorophenols 0.5 ⁇ g/m 3 , chlorobenzenes 22.5 ⁇ g/m 3 , and PCB 0.1 ⁇ g/m 3 .
  • the amount of ash separated by the dust filter was 190 g/h, which contained organic matter (loss by combustion) 90 g/h and heavy metals 20 g/h.
  • fly ash 6 mg/m 3 and organic matter 3 mg/m 3 were measured.
  • the composition of the flue gas leaving the flue gas scrubber was nitrogen 80.2 %, oxygen 11.0 %, and carbon dioxide 8.7 %.
  • the amount of carbon monoxide measured was 35 mg/m 3 , of oxides of sulfur as SO 2 5 mg/m 3 , of oxides of nitrogen as NO 2 85 mg/m 3 , hydrogen chloride 8 mg/m 3 , fly ash 1 mg/m 3 , heavy metals 90 ⁇ g/m 3 , and organic matter 500 ⁇ g/m 3 , in which PCB amounted to 0.04 ⁇ g/m 3 and dioxins to 0.00002 ⁇ g/m 3 .
  • the alkaline scrubbing liquid used was a sodium carbonate solution in which the amount of Na 2 CO 3 was 2.3 kg/h.
  • the solution leaving the scrubber contained Me n SO x 900 g/h as Na 2 SO 3 , Me n NO x 1000 g/h as Na 2 NO 3 , and MeCl 1000 g/h as NaCl.
  • the Me was mainly sodium. Compounds of Ca, Mg, Al, Fe, Si and P, etc., carbon and hydrocarbons, among others, were found in the solids separated from the solution by the filter.

Claims (9)

  1. Procédé pour incinérer des ordures ménagères (1), dans lequel on pyrolyse des déchets solides sur une partie amont (4) d'une grille, en introduisant sous la grille de l'air pour combustion primaire, et dans lequel on forme la phase gazeuse, à laquelle on ajoute de l'air pour combustion secondaire, que l'on envoie vers une chambre de combustion (8), afin de brûler les constituants combustibles présents,
       caractérisé en ce que l'on régule la température de combustion dans la chambre de combustion (8) au moyen d'une introduction d'air à au moins 850 °C, en ce que l'on fait partiellement fondre et partiellement fritter les cendres résultant de la fin de la combustion des solides sur la partie aval (5) de la grille, en formant des gouttes qui tombent à travers la grille, et en refroidissant qui forment des particules granulaires (9) consistant seulement en matière minérale, lesdites particules s'accumulant sous la partie aval de la grille, et en ce que l'on préchauffe ledit air secondaire et on l'introduit vers le gaz de pyrolyse traversant la partie aval (5) de la grille, de sorte qu'un mélange tourbillonnant d'air secondaire et de gaz de pyrolyse va se produire au-dessus de la partie aval (5) de la grille.
  2. Procédé selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que le conduit d'introduction (6) pour l'air secondaire forme une paroi entre le silo à combustible (2), qui contient des déchets et la chambre de combustion (8), la paroi séparant l'une de l'autre la zone de pyrolyse et la zone de combustion de phase gazeuse et le mélange tourbillonnant de l'air et des gaz de pyrolyse ayant lieu vers son sommet.
  3. Procédé selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que l'on maintient constante la température de combustion dans la chambre de combustion (8) pendant le processus, en ajustant la température et/ou le débit d'air de combustion introduit.
  4. Procédé selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que l'on chauffe l'air secondaire à introduire à une température d'au moins 800 °C.
  5. Procédé selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que l'on introduit l'air de combustion, de sorte que la teneur en oxygène dans les gaz brûlés quittant la chambre de combustion (8) va être de 8 - 15 %, de préférence de 11 - 13 %.
  6. Procédé selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que la teneur en poussière dans les gaz brûlés quittant la chambre de combustion (8) est au maximum à 100 mg/m3, de préférence au maximum à 40 mg/m3.
  7. Procédé selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que l'on nettoie les gaz brûlés qui ont quitté la chambre de combustion (8) dans un séparateur à poussière (12), et par la suite on les lave dans un ensemble d'étapes pour une séparation sélective des différentes impuretés.
  8. Utilisation de particules granulaires de cendres (9), composées seulement de matière inorganique, présentant un diamètre d'approximativement 1 -5 mm, formées conformément au procédé selon l'une des revendications précédentes, comme matériau de charge pour construction terrestre.
  9. Utilisation conformément à la revendication 8, des particules de cendres comme isolation pour sol gelé dans un ballast pour route ou analogue.
EP95900791A 1993-11-29 1994-11-28 Procede d'incineration de dechets urbains et utilisation des cendres resultantes Expired - Lifetime EP0731897B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FI935316 1993-11-29
FI935316A FI101572B (fi) 1993-11-29 1993-11-29 Menetelmä yhdyskuntajätteen polttamiseksi sekä poltossa syntyvän tuhka n käyttö
PCT/FI1994/000530 WO1995014885A1 (fr) 1993-11-29 1994-11-28 Procede d'incineration de dechets urbains et utilisation des cendres resultantes

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0731897A1 EP0731897A1 (fr) 1996-09-18
EP0731897B1 true EP0731897B1 (fr) 1999-10-27

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EP95900791A Expired - Lifetime EP0731897B1 (fr) 1993-11-29 1994-11-28 Procede d'incineration de dechets urbains et utilisation des cendres resultantes

Country Status (7)

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EP (1) EP0731897B1 (fr)
AT (1) ATE186111T1 (fr)
AU (1) AU8146894A (fr)
DE (1) DE69421412T2 (fr)
FI (1) FI101572B (fr)
RU (1) RU2133408C1 (fr)
WO (1) WO1995014885A1 (fr)

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
AUPN644895A0 (en) * 1995-11-08 1995-11-30 Miltox Holdings Pte Ltd Method and apparatus for waste treatment
CH691404A5 (de) * 1995-10-06 2001-07-13 Von Roll Umwelttechnik Ag Verfahren zur thermischen Entsorgung von losem Müll.
US5746141A (en) * 1995-10-06 1998-05-05 Consorzio Obbligatorio Nazionale Per Il Riciclaggio Dei Contenitori In Plastica Per Liquidi High temperature acid gases and particulate removal in waste incineration process
FI123432B (fi) 2011-12-02 2013-04-30 Jyvaeskylaen En Oy Menetelmä tuhkan, erityisesti lentotuhkan käsittelemiseksi

Family Cites Families (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1526076A1 (de) * 1965-07-06 1970-01-08 Wolfgang Staesche Verfahren zum Verbrennen von Abfallstoffen
CH516770A (de) * 1967-07-06 1971-12-15 Von Roll Ag Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Verbrennen von festen Abfallstoffen
SE401033B (sv) * 1976-08-05 1978-04-17 Bruun & Soerensen Anordning vid forbrenningsugn med efterbrenningskammare
DE3345867A1 (de) * 1983-12-19 1985-06-27 Wärmetechnik Dr. Pauli GmbH, 8035 Gauting Verfahren und vorrichtung zur thermischen verwertung von rueckstaenden
LU85980A1 (fr) * 1985-06-28 1987-01-13 Alpha Foundation Procede et installation pour l'incineration de combustibiles
DE3811820A1 (de) * 1987-08-03 1989-02-16 Siemens Ag Verfahren und anlage zur thermischen abfallentsorgung
DE3937866A1 (de) * 1989-03-06 1990-09-13 Pauli Balduin Rostanordnung und verfahren zum verbrennen von muell und abfall
ATE173332T1 (de) * 1992-02-26 1998-11-15 Hans Kuenstler Verfahren zum einschmelzen von verbrennungsrückständen in schlacke

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FI935316A (fi) 1995-05-30
FI935316A0 (fi) 1993-11-29
DE69421412D1 (de) 1999-12-02
AU8146894A (en) 1995-06-13
FI101572B1 (fi) 1998-07-15
ATE186111T1 (de) 1999-11-15
EP0731897A1 (fr) 1996-09-18
FI101572B (fi) 1998-07-15
WO1995014885A1 (fr) 1995-06-01
RU2133408C1 (ru) 1999-07-20
DE69421412T2 (de) 2000-06-21

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