EP0721849B1 - Kopiergeschützte Dokumente und Druckverfahren zur Herstellung kopiergeschützter Dokumente - Google Patents

Kopiergeschützte Dokumente und Druckverfahren zur Herstellung kopiergeschützter Dokumente Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0721849B1
EP0721849B1 EP95200054A EP95200054A EP0721849B1 EP 0721849 B1 EP0721849 B1 EP 0721849B1 EP 95200054 A EP95200054 A EP 95200054A EP 95200054 A EP95200054 A EP 95200054A EP 0721849 B1 EP0721849 B1 EP 0721849B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
lines
information
patterns
printing
micron
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP95200054A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0721849A1 (de
Inventor
Marc Salade
Daniel De Baets
Paul Van Braekel
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Nationale Bank van Belgie NV
Original Assignee
Nationale Bank van Belgie NV
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Nationale Bank van Belgie NV filed Critical Nationale Bank van Belgie NV
Priority to EP95200054A priority Critical patent/EP0721849B1/de
Priority to DE69511518T priority patent/DE69511518D1/de
Priority to AT95200054T priority patent/ATE183448T1/de
Publication of EP0721849A1 publication Critical patent/EP0721849A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0721849B1 publication Critical patent/EP0721849B1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
    • B41M—PRINTING, DUPLICATING, MARKING, OR COPYING PROCESSES; COLOUR PRINTING
    • B41M3/00—Printing processes to produce particular kinds of printed work, e.g. patterns
    • B41M3/14—Security printing
    • B41M3/146—Security printing using a non human-readable pattern which becomes visible on reproduction, e.g. a void mark
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B42—BOOKBINDING; ALBUMS; FILES; SPECIAL PRINTED MATTER
    • B42D—BOOKS; BOOK COVERS; LOOSE LEAVES; PRINTED MATTER CHARACTERISED BY IDENTIFICATION OR SECURITY FEATURES; PRINTED MATTER OF SPECIAL FORMAT OR STYLE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; DEVICES FOR USE THEREWITH AND NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; MOVABLE-STRIP WRITING OR READING APPARATUS
    • B42D25/00—Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof
    • B42D25/30—Identification or security features, e.g. for preventing forgery
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B42—BOOKBINDING; ALBUMS; FILES; SPECIAL PRINTED MATTER
    • B42D—BOOKS; BOOK COVERS; LOOSE LEAVES; PRINTED MATTER CHARACTERISED BY IDENTIFICATION OR SECURITY FEATURES; PRINTED MATTER OF SPECIAL FORMAT OR STYLE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; DEVICES FOR USE THEREWITH AND NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; MOVABLE-STRIP WRITING OR READING APPARATUS
    • B42D25/00—Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof
    • B42D25/20—Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof characterised by a particular use or purpose
    • B42D25/29—Securities; Bank notes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B42—BOOKBINDING; ALBUMS; FILES; SPECIAL PRINTED MATTER
    • B42D—BOOKS; BOOK COVERS; LOOSE LEAVES; PRINTED MATTER CHARACTERISED BY IDENTIFICATION OR SECURITY FEATURES; PRINTED MATTER OF SPECIAL FORMAT OR STYLE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; DEVICES FOR USE THEREWITH AND NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; MOVABLE-STRIP WRITING OR READING APPARATUS
    • B42D25/00—Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof
    • B42D25/30—Identification or security features, e.g. for preventing forgery
    • B42D25/337—Guilloche patterns
    • B42D2035/08—
    • B42D2035/16—

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the protection of documents, in particular security documents, against counterfeiting by copying.
  • a document refers to any support of visible information.
  • a document according to this specification can consist of a sheet of paper or a sheet of any other material, or can even consist of any object, which sheet or object bears any information which is detectable with the eye.
  • information refers to any representation, image, text, message, symbol, pattern and the like, which may be applied in visible form on a document.
  • Counterfeiting of documents in particular so called security documents, such as banknotes, shares, bonds, warrants, cheques, identity cards and other person identifying documents, visa, drivers licences, airplane tickets, bank cards, credit cards, post stamps, stickers for sealing and/or saving, food bonds, discount documents, diploma's, certificates, entrance documents, lottery tickets, securing stickers, and other secret or highly confidential documents, constitutes a severe problem.
  • security documents such as banknotes, shares, bonds, warrants, cheques, identity cards and other person identifying documents, visa, drivers licences, airplane tickets, bank cards, credit cards, post stamps, stickers for sealing and/or saving, food bonds, discount documents, diploma's, certificates, entrance documents, lottery tickets, securing stickers, and other secret or highly confidential documents.
  • security printers use different printing processes such as wet or dry offset, intaglio, screen and typographical printing, using specific colours which are printed in rainbow and can not be obtained by a simple mixture of cyan, yellow, magenta and black; hybrid printing techniques are also used such as hot transfer for transfering foil, holograms, kinegrams, etc.
  • the paper of a security document such as a banknote is generally made of 100% cotton and is further protected by a watermark, a security thread, fluorescent fibers of different colours and lenght and/or by introducing different kinds of so called "planchettes" holding fluorescent, light-interference, or other eye or machine detectable characteristics.
  • colour photocopying is to be considered a danger for the counterfeiting of banknotes, even when a number of the security features can not be reproduced or can only be reproduced with an unacceptably poor quality. Older people, people with vision problems, less perceptive people or people under the stress of the circumstances are generaly easy victims of colour photocopying counterfeited banknotes.
  • the present invention now provides a new method for obtaining copy-protected documents which is based on a totally new concept.
  • the method according to the invention involves that the information itself which is produced according to said method is not copied, i.e. the information itself disappears.
  • the invention is based on the finding that very fine lines, having a width in the order of 5 micron, can be produced with commercial wet-offset printing techniques, but that the currently known colour photocopiers are not able to reproduce fine lines having a width in the order of 20 micron or less.
  • the output resolution of a write-out laser is higher than a line thickness of 20 microns, it is not possible for coulour copiers to reproduce such very fine lines even though the toners of the photocopiers have a particle size of 5 to 6 microns.
  • the invention accordingly provides a copy-protected document on which at least part of the information consists of lines and / or parts of lines and/or dots having a width of less than 20 micron.
  • the distance between the printed fine lines in accordance with the invention should not be less than 100 micron preferably not less than 200 micron and most preferably not less than 250 micron to avoid that the colour copier integrates a number of lines as a broader line or surface covering colour shade.
  • the invention preferably provides a copy-protected document on which at least part of the information consists of lines and / or parts of lines and/or dots having a width of less than 20 micron, whereas the distance between lines and / or dots is not less than 200 micron.
  • At least part of the information consists of a pattern of lines and / or dots having a width of less than 20 micron whereas the distance between lines and / or parts of lines and/or dots is not less than 200 micron.
  • the invention also provides a method for printing documents in which at least part of the information on the document is printed using lines and / or parts of lines and/or dots having a width of less than 20 micron whereas preferably the distance between lines and / or parts of lines and/or dots is not less than 200 micron.
  • At least part of the information on the document is printed as a pattern of lines and / or dots having a width of less than 20 micron whereas the distance between lines and / or parts of lines and/or dots is not less than 200 micron.
  • the printing method of the invention is very suitably carried out using the wet offset printing technology. It has indeed been found that the proper plate making and print production with fine lines according to the invention can not or hardly be achieved with relief plates as used for dry offset technology. The reason for this seems to reside in the fact that the relief on top of the plates apparently limits the width of the fine lines to about 30 micron, due to the underwashing (photopolymer plates) or underetching (metal plates) phenomenon of the printing relief and due to breaking away of fine lines relief during the washing out, etching and/or printing process.
  • wet-offset plates generaly known in the common printing industry as presensitised offset plates, do not have such relief, do not need to be washed out, neither to be etched in a way as described above for dry-offset plates. By moistering the plate before inking it maintains the ink acceptance of the printing parts and the refuse of ink of the non-printing parts.
  • wet-offset plates permit to copy finer lines and to keep the fine lines on the plate during printing.
  • copy-protected documents are provided in which at least part of the information on the document consists of lines and / or parts of lines and/or dots having a width of less than 20 micron and being composed of colours of the so called PANTONE MATCHING SYSTEM (PMS) standard, which cannot be easily reproduced by a mixture of magenta, cyan, yellow and black.
  • PMS PANTONE MATCHING SYSTEM
  • the fine lines according to the invention may be oriented in any direction with respect to the length direction of the support, such as vertical, horizontal or any other direction, or in combinations of directions, either as isolated fine lines, or integrated and / or built into line structures and / or patterns and / or so called guilloches.
  • information may be embedded in the fine line patterns protecting the documents. It has been found that this feature increases the perception by the human eye.
  • Information can be embedded in different ways and/or combinations such as styling the lenght of the lines in such a way that they form a perceptible image; using varying line thicknesses in a modulated way so that the differences in thickness of the very fine lines form an image to the human eye whereby it has been taken care that no point of the line has a thickness above 20 microns; reserve the image in an equal tone very fine line pattern; printing an image using two printing plates whereby the second print makes an inprint and creates an image between the fine lines resulting from the first printing plate, etc.
  • embedded information by inprinting a second colour should preferably be printed in a one-operation printing machine using a printing press preferably based on the sattelite-construction principle such as a 4/4 Super-Simultan press, which is a wet-offset press specialy used for printing banknotes and high security documents.
  • a printing press preferably based on the sattelite-construction principle such as a 4/4 Super-Simultan press, which is a wet-offset press specialy used for printing banknotes and high security documents.
  • the fine line patterns according to the invention may for instance consist of patterns of parallel fine lines printed in alternating colours A and B, with line widths of below 20 micron, preferably from 5 to 20 micron, most preferably in the order of 10 to 14 micron, and with distances between the lines of at least 100 micron, preferably at least 200 micron, most preferably in the order of 250 micron, whereas the lines A are printed by a first printing plate and the lines B are printed by a second printing plate.
  • the fine line patterns according to the invention may for instance also consist of information patterns embedded in the patterns of fine lines, as illustrated in figure 1.
  • the patterns of fine lines may on the other hand also form the patterns of information, as illustrated by figure 2.
  • the copy-protection print according to the invention may furthermore also consist, for instance, of single colour printed patterns as illustrated in figure 3, combining horizontal and vertical fine lines.
  • the information pattern "BNB” is embedded by using different line directions and different line widths inside the embedded pattern. Square dots are obtained by considering these dots as fine lines having a length equal to their width. Such dots are distinct from those resulting from a photographic or computer controlled screening technique and are not to be confused with those resulting from said letter techniques.
  • the copy-protection print according to the invention may on the other hand also consist, for instance, of single colour printed patterns as illustrated in figure 4.
  • This embodiment of the invention is similar to that illustrated in figure 3, except that in addition in the information pattern "BNB" a guilloche pattern has been printed in offset underneath the fine line structure.
  • the line patterns are printed on top and in register with the offset printing underneath.
  • lines are used with line widths of below 20 micron, preferably from 5 to 20 micron, most preferably in the order of 10 to 14 micron, and with distances between the lines of at least 100 micron, preferably at least 200 micron, most preferably in the order of 250 micron, for the sake of illustration the relative proportions of the line widths and line distances with respect to each other and with respect to the embedded information patterns or with respect to the information patterns formed by the lines, have NOT been observed.
  • Documents according to the invention may be printed on paper, either with or without watermark, or on totally or partly synthetic materials and substrates such as polyethylene, polyester, polypropylene, polycarbonate, or other plastic substrates, whether these substrates are transparant, translucent metalic substrates or any other substrate obtained by combining several of said substrates or opaque.
  • substrates such as polyethylene, polyester, polypropylene, polycarbonate, or other plastic substrates, whether these substrates are transparant, translucent metalic substrates or any other substrate obtained by combining several of said substrates or opaque.
  • Documents according to the invention may also be coated, be it over part of, or the entire image, or over the total surface of the document. It is unimportant whether this coating is a varnish, a UV curring laquer, a gelatine layer or any other coating or layer having image receiving characteristics or not, or whether the documents are printed on substrates preprinted in offset or in another printing process like silkscreen, flexographic printing, typographical printing, gravure printing, intaglio printing, inkjet printing, hot transfer and/or cold transfer, wax printing or other printing systems, whereby one or several pigments have been used such as common reflective pigments, metal pigments, photochromatic pigments, light sensitive pigments, fluorescent pigments, phosphorescent pigments, magnetic pigments, pigments visible or invisible under infrared illumination or light interference pigments have been printed underneath or on top of the fine lines (of less than 20 microns line width), or whereby one or several of said pigments are used as pigment in the ink to print said fine lines.
  • this coating is a varnish, a UV
  • the fine lines may also be printed or transferred onto a transparant substrate in order to put this substrate as a protective layer over a preprinted document in order to protect this receiving document against unauthorised acces or fraude, by using laminating processes, glue or another adhesion technique, whithout importance if the document iself shows fine lines of less than 20 microns line width.
  • the fine lines may also be printed or transferred on a receiving document which is not preprinted but carrying an image or information brought onto the document by applying other techniques and processes than printing such as photography, DTR transfer, embossing, encoding by punching or other mechanical treatment, sputtering or any other technique permitting to bring information onto a substrate.
  • the substrate may also be provided with a preprinted patern of fine lines, constituting security information, which substrate can be used afterwards for receiving confidential or secret information using photocopy machines, digital printing presses and systems regardless the technology used by the printing press or system, data transmitting systems, computer printers, designing and landmap plotters and all other data writing and/or designing systems whether the system has been developped and/or used for civilian or military purposes.
  • This is particularly usefull when it is an absolute necessity that the data and/or data sheets are reproduced and distributed in a controlled number of copies and/or when the recipients of such copies need a feature for checking authorized and approved copies out of fraudulent unauthorized ones.
  • a film with very fine lines having 14 microns thickness was obtained by using an Adobe Illustrator 3.2 software, a MacIntosh computer working in Postscript language, with a Scangraphic Imagesetter Scantext 2030 PS as plotter, used on its highest resolution of 3.252 DPI.
  • "Accumax Rapidaccess” film made by Kodak has been used.
  • contactfilm for copying the printing plate "Contact 2000 CA7" film made by Kodak was used.
  • an UGRA controlestrip was added in order to control the different steps of platemaking.
  • the electrical power was stabilised, the vacuum system put to a maximum for having a maximum contact between the film and photosensible layer of the printing plate and the lamps controlled on light intensity, light distribution and stability.
  • a similar fine line pattern has also been plotted on a Barco 9700 plotter using a resolution of 10.160 DPI. This resulted in very fine curved guilloche lines of a very high quality. Vertical and horizontal lines on this apparatus resulted in very high quality lines of 10 to 11 microns. Curved lines plotted on this apparatus maintained a very high quality and did not show a broken effect up to a thickness of 14 to 15 microns being completely below the reproduction possibilities of the colour photocopiers.

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  • Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
  • Accounting & Taxation (AREA)
  • Finance (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • Printing Methods (AREA)
  • Credit Cards Or The Like (AREA)
  • Silver Salt Photography Or Processing Solution Therefor (AREA)
  • Cleaning In Electrography (AREA)

Claims (6)

  1. Gegen Kopieren geschütztes Dokument, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass wenigstens ein Teil der Information auf dem Dokument besteht aus einem Muster aus Linien und/oder Teilen von Linien und/oder Punkten mit einer Dicke von weniger als 20 Mikron, während der Abstand zwischen den Linien und/oder den Punkten nicht weniger als 200 Mikron beträgt.
  2. Gegen Kopieren geschütztes Dokument nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Information in die feinen Linienmuster, die die Dokumenten schützen, eingebettet ist.
  3. Gegen Kopieren geschütztes Dokument nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die feinen Linienmuster,
    bestehen aus in die feinen Linienmuster eingebetteten Informationsmustern,
    die Informationsmuster bilden, und/oder
    bestehen aus gedruckten Mustern, die waagerechte und senkrechte feine Linien kombinieren mit Informationsmustern, eingebettet durch die Anwendung verschiedener Linienrichtungen und Liniendicken innerhalb des eingebetteten Musters,
    und zusätzlich ein Guillochenmuster enthalten, das in Offset unter der feinen Linienstruktur gedruckt wurde.
  4. Methode zum Drucken von Dokumenten, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass wenigstens ein Teil der Information auf dem Dokument gedruckt wurde nach einem Muster aus Linien und/oder Teilen von Linien und/oder Punkten mit einer Dicke von weniger als 20 Mikron, während der Abstand zwischen den Linien und/oder den Punkten nicht weniger als 200 Mikron beträgt.
  5. Druckmethode nach Anspruch 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Information in die feinen Linienmuster, die die Dokumente schützen, eingebettet worden ist.
  6. Druckmethode nach Anspruch 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die feinen Linienmuster,
    bestehen aus in die feinen Linienmuster eingebetteten Informationsmustern,
    die Informationsmuster bilden, und/oder
    bestehen aus gedruckten Mustern, die waagerechte und senkrechte feine Linien kombinieren mit Informationsmustern, eingebettet durch die Anwendung verschiedener Linienrichtungen und Liniendicken innerhalb des eingebetteten Musters,
    und zusätzlich ein Guillochenmuster enthalten, das in Offset unter der feinen Linienstruktur gedruckt wurde.
EP95200054A 1995-01-11 1995-01-11 Kopiergeschützte Dokumente und Druckverfahren zur Herstellung kopiergeschützter Dokumente Expired - Lifetime EP0721849B1 (de)

Priority Applications (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP95200054A EP0721849B1 (de) 1995-01-11 1995-01-11 Kopiergeschützte Dokumente und Druckverfahren zur Herstellung kopiergeschützter Dokumente
DE69511518T DE69511518D1 (de) 1995-01-11 1995-01-11 Kopiergeschützte Dokumente und Druckverfahren zur Herstellung kopiergeschützter Dokumente
AT95200054T ATE183448T1 (de) 1995-01-11 1995-01-11 Kopiergeschützte dokumente und druckverfahren zur herstellung kopiergeschützter dokumente

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP95200054A EP0721849B1 (de) 1995-01-11 1995-01-11 Kopiergeschützte Dokumente und Druckverfahren zur Herstellung kopiergeschützter Dokumente

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0721849A1 EP0721849A1 (de) 1996-07-17
EP0721849B1 true EP0721849B1 (de) 1999-08-18

Family

ID=8219951

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP95200054A Expired - Lifetime EP0721849B1 (de) 1995-01-11 1995-01-11 Kopiergeschützte Dokumente und Druckverfahren zur Herstellung kopiergeschützter Dokumente

Country Status (3)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0721849B1 (de)
AT (1) ATE183448T1 (de)
DE (1) DE69511518D1 (de)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7307761B2 (en) 2002-12-12 2007-12-11 Electronics For Imaging, Inc. Methods and apparatus for watermarking digitally printed documents
EP3045972B1 (de) 2011-10-11 2017-09-27 De La Rue International Limited Sicherheitsvorrichtungen und herstellungsverfahren dafür

Families Citing this family (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE19633724A1 (de) * 1996-08-21 1998-02-26 Baasel Scheel Lasergraphics Gm Kopiergeschützter Sicherheitsdruck
US6121991A (en) * 1998-06-23 2000-09-19 Eastman Kodak Company Forming authenticated images in a receiver
DE19907940A1 (de) * 1999-02-24 2000-08-31 Bundesdruckerei Gmbh Verfahren zur Herstellung von mehrschichtigen Sicherheitsprodukten und ein nach dem Verfahren hergestelltes Sicherheitsprodukt
EP1179808B1 (de) * 2000-08-09 2006-04-05 Banque Nationale De Belgique S.A. Vorrichtung zum Schutz von Dokumenten vor Verfälschung
EP1179807A1 (de) * 2000-08-09 2002-02-13 Banque Nationale De Belgique S.A. Sicherheitselement für Dokumente
ES2246122B1 (es) * 2004-02-05 2007-03-16 Fabrica Nacional De Moneda Y Timbre - Real Casa De La Moneda Banda de seguridad y papel de seguridad que incorpora dicha banda.
DE102004022976B4 (de) * 2004-05-10 2010-09-16 Clemens Brüntrup Offset-Reproduktion GmbH Steganographisches Druckverfahren und Verifikationssystem
MX2007012503A (es) * 2005-04-06 2007-11-09 Fab Nac Moneda Y Timbre Banda de seguridad y papel de seguridad que incorpora dicha banda.
GB2430647B (en) * 2005-09-29 2008-09-17 Rue De Int Ltd Security device for security substrates
WO2007127862A2 (en) * 2006-04-26 2007-11-08 Document Security Systems, Inc. Solid-color embedded security feature
CN1928916B (zh) * 2006-08-21 2010-07-21 顾泽苍 印刷介质证书证件及其复印件的防伪处理方法
FR2989474B1 (fr) 2012-04-13 2014-11-28 Hologram Ind Composant optique de securite, fabrication d'un tel composant et produit securise equipe d'un tel composant
JP6984600B2 (ja) 2016-08-01 2021-12-22 凸版印刷株式会社 印刷物及び印刷物の製造方法
US11167579B2 (en) * 2018-08-28 2021-11-09 Scientific Games International, Inc. System and method for remote display of scratch-off lottery tickets prior to sale

Family Cites Families (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FI80405C (fi) * 1988-03-24 1990-06-11 Suomen Pankin Setelipaino Tryckalster saekerstaellt med varningsfigur och foerfarande foer dess utarbetning.
DD291962A5 (de) * 1989-02-23 1991-07-18 ��@��@���@�����@�K@�Kk�� Wertschein, insbesondere banknote, mit einem sicherheitsmuster und verfahren zu dessen herstellung
GB2262065A (en) * 1991-12-07 1993-06-09 Moore Business Forms Inc Security printed document resistant to xerographic copying.

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7307761B2 (en) 2002-12-12 2007-12-11 Electronics For Imaging, Inc. Methods and apparatus for watermarking digitally printed documents
US7880934B2 (en) 2002-12-12 2011-02-01 Electronics For Imaging, Inc. Methods and apparatus for watermarking digitally printed documents
EP3045972B1 (de) 2011-10-11 2017-09-27 De La Rue International Limited Sicherheitsvorrichtungen und herstellungsverfahren dafür

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE69511518D1 (de) 1999-09-23
ATE183448T1 (de) 1999-09-15
EP0721849A1 (de) 1996-07-17

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