EP0718169A1 - Railway wagon with its own drive assembly - Google Patents
Railway wagon with its own drive assembly Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0718169A1 EP0718169A1 EP95119370A EP95119370A EP0718169A1 EP 0718169 A1 EP0718169 A1 EP 0718169A1 EP 95119370 A EP95119370 A EP 95119370A EP 95119370 A EP95119370 A EP 95119370A EP 0718169 A1 EP0718169 A1 EP 0718169A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- rail car
- drive block
- drive
- connecting elements
- main frame
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
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Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B61—RAILWAYS
- B61D—BODY DETAILS OR KINDS OF RAILWAY VEHICLES
- B61D3/00—Wagons or vans
- B61D3/005—Wagons or vans convertible
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B61—RAILWAYS
- B61C—LOCOMOTIVES; MOTOR RAILCARS
- B61C5/00—Locomotives or motor railcars with IC engines or gas turbines
Definitions
- the invention relates to a rail car with its own drive unit and its own control and safety devices for manual and / or automatic operation.
- a rail car of this type is known from DE-OS 29 00 170, in which the individual functional elements of the drive unit, such as e.g. the main drives consisting of the diesel engines, the torque converters and the transmission gears are each separately attached to the car housing and are coupled to driven devices arranged in bogies.
- the coupling is designed to be easily detachable so that the bogies can be exchanged to adapt to different speed requirements.
- the arrangement of the drive units on the car housing requires complex installation measures which are carried out in the course of the overall production of the rail car.
- the invention has for its object to be able to provide existing, drive-less rail wagons or standard wagons with little adjustment effort with a manually and / or automatically controllable drive system that is constantly and with simple means, i.e. can be kept operational in repair shops without the need for maintenance of the rail car.
- the drive unit and the control and securing devices are integrated in a uniform drive block, which as an independent functional unit on the main frame of the rail car can be fastened to the main frame of the rail car by means of quickly releasable, form-fitting connecting elements and with at least one drive axis of the rail car can be coupled.
- the constructive measures can only consist of bolts standing vertically downward on the underside of the main frame.
- the latter is only raised from below to the main frame, the bolts dipping into openings in the frame structure of the drive block and being locked therein.
- the bolts can also be fastened to the frame structure, only corresponding immersion and locking openings having to be provided on the main frame of the rail carriage. In both cases, the adaptation work can be carried out quickly and with little constructional and costly expenditure, for which a stay in a manufacturing plant is not necessary.
- the arrangement or changing of the drive block can be easily accomplished by a forklift.
- the main frame of the rail car can be provided on its underside with support rails running transversely to the main axis of the rail car, in which the drive block with guide rails can be positioned in a drawer-like manner from the vehicle side under the main frame.
- the drive block is preferably integrated in a container-like frame structure, as a result of which it is easy to attach to the flat frame parts, such as the undersides of rail cars, and to be easy to handle by means of crane and forklift vehicles.
- FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation of a freight wagon of a conventional type, with a main frame 1 and two bogies 2 and 3.
- bogies non-driven wheel axles 4, 5 and 6 and a drive shaft 8 coupled via a cardan shaft 7 are mounted, partially cut for clarification shown bogie 3 is shown in half section.
- the cardan shaft 7 is provided with devices for length adjustment for adaptation to the changing deflection angle of the bogie 2 when cornering.
- the cardan shaft 7 is also coupled to a drive block 9 which is releasably attached to the underside of the main frame 1 as a container-like structural unit.
- the attachment can be carried out by means of support rails 10 arranged on the main frame 1, into which the drive block 9 with its guide rails 11 can be inserted like a drawer and locked in an operating position.
- the attachment can also be accomplished by means of bolts (not shown) arranged on the main frame 1 and directed downwards, which plunge into corresponding recesses formed in the drive block 9 and can be locked therein.
- Both types of fastening are particularly suitable for the replacement of the drive block 9 with the aid of forklifts, the drive block 9 being able to be moved in and out laterally in a simple manner according to the type of fastening with the guide rails.
- the replacement of the drive block 9 fastened to the vertical bolts can be carried out by means of a forklift, the drive block 9 being picked up by the forklift after the lock on the bolts has been released and, after being lowered, transversely transported to the main frame 1, whereby the Installation of a replacement drive block can be done in reverse order.
- the drive block 9 comprises the drive unit and the control and safety devices.
- the drive unit can e.g. consist of an internal combustion engine, an electric motor or hybrid drives, with corresponding energy stores, such as Fuel tanks or batteries can be assigned.
- the control and safety devices include all components that are required for the fully automatic operation of the rail car, e.g. Devices for anti-skid and anti-skid devices, devices for controlling and monitoring the drive unit, as well as for signal monitoring and signal delivery.
- separate signal-transmitting and receiving components 12 are arranged on the bogies 2 and 3, which are connected to the control and safety devices in the drive block 9 (not shown).
- the rail carriages equipped with the drive block 9, each with an integrated drive unit and integrated control can be controlled without a driver on the route by radio or line control or by an automatic signal guide.
- a standard freight wagon can be equipped with the simplest means for a self-propelled rail vehicle, since in addition to the replacement of a non-driven wheel axle with a drive axle on the skin frame 1, essentially only minor adaptation measures have to be taken, such as the arrangement of mounting rails or bolts for receiving a container-like drive block.
- the invention offers the advantage of an economical mode of operation, since the drive block 9 everywhere, i.e. can be replaced with simple means, for example with the help of a forklift, regardless of repair works.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Transportation (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Forklifts And Lifting Vehicles (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft einen Schienenwagen mit eigenem Antriebsaggregat und eigenem Steuerungs- und Sicherungseinrichtungen für manuellen und/oder automatischen Betrieb.The invention relates to a rail car with its own drive unit and its own control and safety devices for manual and / or automatic operation.
Ein Schienenwagen dieser Art ist aus der DE-OS 29 00 170 bekannt, bei dem die einzelnen Funktionselemente des Antriebsaggregats, wie z.B. die aus den Dieselmotoren bestehenden Hauptantriebe, die Drehmomentenwandler und die Transmissionsgetriebe jeweils gesondert am Wagengehäuse angebracht sind und mit in Drehgestellen angeordneten angetriebenen Einrichtungen gekoppelt sind. Die Kopplung ist dabei leicht lösbar ausgeführt, um zur Anpassung an unterschiedliche Geschwindigkeitsanforderungen die Drehgestelle austauschen zu können. Bei derartigen Schienenwagen erfordert die Anordnung der Antriebsaggregate am Wagengehäuse aufwendige Einbaumaßnahmen, die im Zuge der Gesamtherstellung des Schienenwagens durchgeführt werden.A rail car of this type is known from DE-OS 29 00 170, in which the individual functional elements of the drive unit, such as e.g. the main drives consisting of the diesel engines, the torque converters and the transmission gears are each separately attached to the car housing and are coupled to driven devices arranged in bogies. The coupling is designed to be easily detachable so that the bogies can be exchanged to adapt to different speed requirements. In such rail cars, the arrangement of the drive units on the car housing requires complex installation measures which are carried out in the course of the overall production of the rail car.
Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, vorhandene, antriebslose Schienenwagen bzw. Standardwaggons mit geringem Anpassungsaufwand mit einem manuell und/oder automatisch steuerbaren Antriebssystem versehen zu können, das ständig und mit einfachen Mitteln, d.h. ohne die Erfordernis von Wartungsaufenthalten des Schienenwagens in Instandsetzungswerken betriebsbereit gehalten werden kann.The invention has for its object to be able to provide existing, drive-less rail wagons or standard wagons with little adjustment effort with a manually and / or automatically controllable drive system that is constantly and with simple means, i.e. can be kept operational in repair shops without the need for maintenance of the rail car.
Diese Aufgabe wird dadurch gelöst, daß das Antriebsaggregat und die Steuerungs- und Sicherungseinrichtungen in einem einheitlichen Antriebsblock integriert sind, der als eigenständige Funktionseinheit am Hauptrahmen des Schienenwagens mittels schnell lösbarer, formschlüssiger Verbindungselemente am Hauptrahmen des Schienenwagens befestigbar ist und mit mindestens einer Antriebsachse des Schienenwagens antriebsmäßig koppelbar ist.This object is achieved in that the drive unit and the control and securing devices are integrated in a uniform drive block, which as an independent functional unit on the main frame of the rail car can be fastened to the main frame of the rail car by means of quickly releasable, form-fitting connecting elements and with at least one drive axis of the rail car can be coupled.
Damit ergibt sich der Vorteil, daß an den mit einem eigenständigen Antriebssystem auszurüstenden Waggons an deren Hauptrahmen nur geringe konstruktive Maßnahmen zu treffen sind, um den aus einer eigenständigen Funktionseinheit bestehenden Antriebsblock in leicht lösbarer Weise befestigen zu können.This has the advantage that on the wagons to be equipped with an independent drive system, only minor structural measures need to be taken on their main frame in order to be able to fasten the drive block consisting of an independent functional unit in an easily detachable manner.
Die konstruktiven Maßnahmen können gemäß einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform lediglich aus an der Unterseite des Hauptrahmens senkrecht nach unten stehenden Bolzen bestehen. Zur Befestigung des Antriebsblocks wird dieser lediglich von unten zum Hauptrahmen angehoben, wobei die Bolzen in Öffnungen in der Rahmenstruktur des Antriebsblocks eintauchen und in dieser verriegelt werden. Die Bolzen können jedoch auch an der Rahmenstruktur befestigt sein, wobei am Hauptrahmen des Schienenwagens lediglich entsprechende Eintauch- und Verriegelungsöffnungen vorzusehen sind. In beiden Fällen können die Anpassungsarbeiten schnell und mit geringem konstruktiven und kostenmäßigen Aufwand durchgeführt werden, wofür kein Aufenthalt in einem Herstellungswerk erforderlich ist.According to a preferred embodiment, the constructive measures can only consist of bolts standing vertically downward on the underside of the main frame. To fasten the drive block, the latter is only raised from below to the main frame, the bolts dipping into openings in the frame structure of the drive block and being locked therein. However, the bolts can also be fastened to the frame structure, only corresponding immersion and locking openings having to be provided on the main frame of the rail carriage. In both cases, the adaptation work can be carried out quickly and with little constructional and costly expenditure, for which a stay in a manufacturing plant is not necessary.
Die Anordnung bzw. das Wechseln des Antriebsblocks kann dabei in einfacher Weise durch einen Gabelstapler bewerkstelligt werden.The arrangement or changing of the drive block can be easily accomplished by a forklift.
In einer weiteren vorteilhaften Ausführungsform der Erfindung kann der Hauptrahmen des Schienenwagens an seiner Unterseite mit quer zur Hauptachse des Schienenwagens verlaufenden Tragschienen versehen sein, in denen der Antriebsblock mit Führungsschienen schubladenartig von der Fahrzeugseite unter dem Hauptrahmen positioniert werden kann.In a further advantageous embodiment of the invention, the main frame of the rail car can be provided on its underside with support rails running transversely to the main axis of the rail car, in which the drive block with guide rails can be positioned in a drawer-like manner from the vehicle side under the main frame.
Vorzugsweise ist der Antriebsblock in einer containerartigen Rahmenstruktur integriert, wodurch eine leichte Befestigbarkeit an den ebenen Rahmenteilen, wie den Unterseiten von Schienenwagen, und eine leichte Handhabbarkeit mittels Kran- und Gabelstaplerfahrzeugen gegeben ist.The drive block is preferably integrated in a container-like frame structure, as a result of which it is easy to attach to the flat frame parts, such as the undersides of rail cars, and to be easy to handle by means of crane and forklift vehicles.
Ein Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung wird nachfolgend anhand der Zeichnung näher erläutert. Diese zeigt in schematischer Darstellung einen Güterwaggon herkömmlicher Bauart, mit einem Hauptrahmen 1 und zwei Drehgestellen 2 und 3. In den Drehgestellen sind nicht angetriebene Radachsen 4, 5 und 6 sowie eine über eine Kardanwelle 7 gekoppelte Antriebsachse 8 gelagert, die zur Verdeutlichung im teilweise geschnitten dargestellten Drehgestell 3 im Halbschnitt gezeigt ist. Die Kardanwelle 7 ist zur Anpassung an die sich verändernden Auslenkwinkel des Drehgestells 2 bei Kurvenfahrt mit Einrichtungen zur Längenverstellung versehen. Die Kardanwelle 7 ist ferner mit einem Antriebsblock 9 gekoppelt, der als containerartige Baueinheit lösbar an der Unterseite des Hauptrahmens 1 befestigt ist.An embodiment of the invention is explained below with reference to the drawing. This shows a schematic representation of a freight wagon of a conventional type, with a main frame 1 and two
Die Befestigung kann mittels am Hauptrahmen 1 angeordneter Tragschienen 10 erfolgen, in die der Antriebsblock 9 mit seinen Führungsschienen 11 schubladenartig einschiebbar und in einer Betriebsstellung verriegelbar ist.The attachment can be carried out by means of
Die Befestigung kann auch mittels am Hauptrahmen 1 angeordneter und nach unten gerichteter Bolzen (nicht dargestellt) bewerkstelligt werden, die in entsprechende, im Antriebsblock 9 ausgebildete Ausnehmungen eintauchen und darin verriegelbar sind.The attachment can also be accomplished by means of bolts (not shown) arranged on the main frame 1 and directed downwards, which plunge into corresponding recesses formed in the
Beide Befestigungsarten sind besonders für den Austausch des Antriebsblocks 9 mit Hilfe von Gabelstaplern geeignet, wobei nach der Befestigungsart mit den Führungsschienen der Antriebsblock 9 in einfacher Weise seitlich ein- und ausgefahren werden kann. In gleicher Weise einfach kann der Austausch des an den senkrechten Bolzen befestigten Antriebsblocks 9 mittels eines Gabelstaplers erfolgen, wobei der Antriebsblock 9 nach dem Lösen der Verriegelung an den Bolzen vom Gabelstapler aufgenommen und nach dem Absenken quer zum Hauptrahmen 1 abtransportiert werden kann, wobei sich die Montage eines Austausch-Antriebsblocks in umgekehrter Reihenfolge bewerkstelligen läßt.Both types of fastening are particularly suitable for the replacement of the
Der Antriebsblock 9 umfaßt das Antriebsaggregat und die Steuerungs- und Sicherungseinrichtungen. Das Antriebsaggregat kann z.B. aus einem Verbrennungsmotor, einem Elektromotor oder aus Hybridantrieben bestehen, wobei entsprechende Energiespeicher, wie z.B. Kraftstofftanks oder Batterien zugeordnet sein können. Die Steuerungs- und Sicherungseinrichtungen umfassen sämtliche Bauteile, die zum vollautomatischen Betrieb des Schienenwagens erforderlich sind, wie z.B. Einrichtungen für den Gleit- und Schleuderschutz, Einrichtungen zum steuern und überwachen des Antriebsaggregats, sowie zur Signalüberwachung und zur Signalabgabe.The
Zur Erfüllung der Steuerungs- und Sicherungsaufgaben sind an den Drehgestellen 2 und 3 gesonderte signalgebende und -empfangende Komponenten 12 angeordnet, die an die Steuerungs- und Sicherungseinrichtungen im Antriebsblock 9 angeschlossen sind (nicht dargestellt).To fulfill the control and safety tasks, separate signal-transmitting and receiving
Im Betrieb können die mit dem Antriebsblock 9 mit jeweils integriertem Antriebsaggregat und integrierter Steuerung ausgestatteten Schienenwagen über Funk, bzw. Linienzugbeeinflussung oder über eine selbsttätige Signalführung führerlos auf der Strecke gesteuert werden.In operation, the rail carriages equipped with the
Nach der Erfindung kann z.B. ein Standard-Güterwaggon mit einfachsten Mitteln zu einem Selbstfahrschienenfahrzeug ausgerüstet werden, da neben dem Austausch einer nichtangetriebenen Radachse durch eine Antriebsachse am Hautrahmen 1 im wesentlichen nur noch geringe Anpassungsmaßnahmen zu treffen sind, wie z.B. die Anordnung von Tragschienen oder von Bolzen zur Aufnahme eines containerartig gestalteten Antriebsblocks.According to the invention e.g. a standard freight wagon can be equipped with the simplest means for a self-propelled rail vehicle, since in addition to the replacement of a non-driven wheel axle with a drive axle on the skin frame 1, essentially only minor adaptation measures have to be taken, such as the arrangement of mounting rails or bolts for receiving a container-like drive block.
Im weiteren bietet die Erfindung den Vorteil einer wirtschaftlichen Betriebsweise, da der Antriebsblock 9 überall, d.h. unabhängig von Instandsetzungswerken mit einfachen Mitteln, beispielsweise mit Hilfe eines Gabelstaplers, ausgetauscht werden kann.Furthermore, the invention offers the advantage of an economical mode of operation, since the
Claims (6)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE4445571A DE4445571A1 (en) | 1994-12-20 | 1994-12-20 | Rail car with its own drive unit |
DE4445571 | 1994-12-20 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0718169A1 true EP0718169A1 (en) | 1996-06-26 |
EP0718169B1 EP0718169B1 (en) | 1998-11-04 |
Family
ID=6536438
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP95119370A Expired - Lifetime EP0718169B1 (en) | 1994-12-20 | 1995-12-08 | Railway wagon with its own drive assembly |
Country Status (2)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0718169B1 (en) |
DE (2) | DE4445571A1 (en) |
Cited By (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP1075994A1 (en) * | 1999-08-10 | 2001-02-14 | DaimlerChrysler AG | Drive unit for rail vehicle |
DE10110424A1 (en) * | 2001-03-05 | 2002-09-12 | Siemens Duewag Gmbh | Powered rail vehicle, in particular for local and regional passenger transport |
DE102005045605A1 (en) * | 2005-09-23 | 2007-04-05 | Siemens Ag | Inserting method e.g. for rail-mounted vehicle component within rail-mounted vehicle, involves inserting rail-mounted vehicle component within vehicle, such as traction vehicle with transportation fork raises component |
WO2007077060A3 (en) * | 2006-01-04 | 2007-12-06 | Siemens Ag | Method and device for the transport of goods by rail |
EP1889770A1 (en) * | 2006-08-17 | 2008-02-20 | Schörling-Brock GmbH | Train for construction and maintenance of rails on tracks, comprising at least one vehicle |
CN102358295A (en) * | 2011-09-19 | 2012-02-22 | 南车戚墅堰机车有限公司 | Novel transmission device for locomotive |
EP3100928A1 (en) * | 2015-06-01 | 2016-12-07 | Bombardier Transportation GmbH | Vehicle with a support system |
AT518037A1 (en) * | 2015-11-24 | 2017-06-15 | Siemens Ag Oesterreich | Passenger rail vehicle |
CN109131384A (en) * | 2018-08-24 | 2019-01-04 | 中车大连机车车辆有限公司 | Car body and reconnection train |
EP3798078A4 (en) * | 2018-09-30 | 2021-08-11 | China Railway Wuhan Survey and Design & Institute Co., Ltd. | Powered rail flat car for containers and operation method |
Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB231876A (en) * | 1924-04-02 | 1926-02-18 | Heinrich Hurlimann | |
US3896739A (en) * | 1973-12-10 | 1975-07-29 | Cummins Engine Co Inc | Frangible resilient engine mounting |
DE2900170A1 (en) | 1978-01-03 | 1979-07-12 | Budd Co | DRIVE FOR A RAILWAY CAR |
US4593786A (en) * | 1982-05-03 | 1986-06-10 | John Tate | Self-contained power supply and support therefor |
Family Cites Families (5)
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DD125263A1 (en) * | 1976-04-22 | 1977-04-13 | ||
DE2908347A1 (en) * | 1979-03-03 | 1980-09-04 | Schorch Gmbh | Intermittently self propelled hot goods wagon drive - involves plug connection and releasable drive motor coupling to turn wheels |
DE3221319A1 (en) * | 1982-06-05 | 1983-12-08 | Bedia Maschinenfabrik Verwaltungs-GmbH, 5300 Bonn | Locomotive for underground operation |
DE3823418A1 (en) * | 1988-07-11 | 1990-01-18 | Duewag Ag | Vehicle, in particular a rail vehicle |
DE9110143U1 (en) * | 1991-08-16 | 1991-10-24 | Waggonbau Ammendorf GmbH, O-4073 Halle | Battery suspension in the battery box of a rail vehicle, in particular a passenger carriage |
-
1994
- 1994-12-20 DE DE4445571A patent/DE4445571A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
1995
- 1995-12-08 EP EP95119370A patent/EP0718169B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-12-08 DE DE59504141T patent/DE59504141D1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB231876A (en) * | 1924-04-02 | 1926-02-18 | Heinrich Hurlimann | |
US3896739A (en) * | 1973-12-10 | 1975-07-29 | Cummins Engine Co Inc | Frangible resilient engine mounting |
DE2900170A1 (en) | 1978-01-03 | 1979-07-12 | Budd Co | DRIVE FOR A RAILWAY CAR |
US4593786A (en) * | 1982-05-03 | 1986-06-10 | John Tate | Self-contained power supply and support therefor |
Cited By (14)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP1075994A1 (en) * | 1999-08-10 | 2001-02-14 | DaimlerChrysler AG | Drive unit for rail vehicle |
DE10110424A1 (en) * | 2001-03-05 | 2002-09-12 | Siemens Duewag Gmbh | Powered rail vehicle, in particular for local and regional passenger transport |
DE102005045605A1 (en) * | 2005-09-23 | 2007-04-05 | Siemens Ag | Inserting method e.g. for rail-mounted vehicle component within rail-mounted vehicle, involves inserting rail-mounted vehicle component within vehicle, such as traction vehicle with transportation fork raises component |
WO2007077060A3 (en) * | 2006-01-04 | 2007-12-06 | Siemens Ag | Method and device for the transport of goods by rail |
EP1889770A1 (en) * | 2006-08-17 | 2008-02-20 | Schörling-Brock GmbH | Train for construction and maintenance of rails on tracks, comprising at least one vehicle |
CN102358295A (en) * | 2011-09-19 | 2012-02-22 | 南车戚墅堰机车有限公司 | Novel transmission device for locomotive |
EP3100928A1 (en) * | 2015-06-01 | 2016-12-07 | Bombardier Transportation GmbH | Vehicle with a support system |
AT518037A1 (en) * | 2015-11-24 | 2017-06-15 | Siemens Ag Oesterreich | Passenger rail vehicle |
CN108349508A (en) * | 2015-11-24 | 2018-07-31 | 奥地利西门子公司 | Passenger rail vehicle |
AT518037B1 (en) * | 2015-11-24 | 2021-04-15 | Siemens Mobility Austria Gmbh | Passenger rail vehicle with a shunting drive |
CN109131384A (en) * | 2018-08-24 | 2019-01-04 | 中车大连机车车辆有限公司 | Car body and reconnection train |
WO2020037828A1 (en) * | 2018-08-24 | 2020-02-27 | 中车大连机车车辆有限公司 | Vehicle body and double heading train |
CN109131384B (en) * | 2018-08-24 | 2020-03-13 | 中车大连机车车辆有限公司 | Vehicle body and multi-connection train |
EP3798078A4 (en) * | 2018-09-30 | 2021-08-11 | China Railway Wuhan Survey and Design & Institute Co., Ltd. | Powered rail flat car for containers and operation method |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE59504141D1 (en) | 1998-12-10 |
DE4445571A1 (en) | 1996-06-27 |
EP0718169B1 (en) | 1998-11-04 |
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