EP0715932B1 - Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Einstellen des Schlaghubes einer, von einem inkompressiblen Fluid angetriebenen, Schlagvorrichtung - Google Patents

Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Einstellen des Schlaghubes einer, von einem inkompressiblen Fluid angetriebenen, Schlagvorrichtung Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0715932B1
EP0715932B1 EP95420353A EP95420353A EP0715932B1 EP 0715932 B1 EP0715932 B1 EP 0715932B1 EP 95420353 A EP95420353 A EP 95420353A EP 95420353 A EP95420353 A EP 95420353A EP 0715932 B1 EP0715932 B1 EP 0715932B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
slide valve
fluid
distributor
pressure
fluid under
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP95420353A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0715932A1 (de
Inventor
Jean Sylvain Comarmond
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Montabert SAS
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Montabert SAS
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B25—HAND TOOLS; PORTABLE POWER-DRIVEN TOOLS; MANIPULATORS
    • B25D—PERCUSSIVE TOOLS
    • B25D9/00—Portable percussive tools with fluid-pressure drive, i.e. driven directly by fluids, e.g. having several percussive tool bits operated simultaneously
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B25—HAND TOOLS; PORTABLE POWER-DRIVEN TOOLS; MANIPULATORS
    • B25D—PERCUSSIVE TOOLS
    • B25D9/00—Portable percussive tools with fluid-pressure drive, i.e. driven directly by fluids, e.g. having several percussive tool bits operated simultaneously
    • B25D9/14—Control devices for the reciprocating piston
    • B25D9/26—Control devices for adjusting the stroke of the piston or the force or frequency of impact thereof

Definitions

  • the subject of the present invention is a method of regulation automatic stroke of the impact piston of a percussion device driven by an incompressible fluid under pressure and an apparatus for setting implementing this process.
  • Percussion devices driven by an incompressible fluid under pressure are supplied with fluid, so that the resultant hydraulic forces applied successively on the piston of strike, move it alternately in one direction then in the other.
  • the piston moves alternately inside a bore or cylinder, in which is provided, above the piston, a chamber which, delimited in part by this one, is conventionally called: upper room.
  • a chamber which, delimited in part by this one, is conventionally called: upper room.
  • this chamber is supplied with pressurized fluid, the hydraulic force, which is created there, allows the piston to describe its stroke.
  • a second chamber also partly delimited by the piston, called conventionally: lower house. The resulting force of fluid pressure in the lower chamber ensures displacement of the piston for his return run.
  • the overall power of a device is expressed by the product the value of the strike frequency and the value of the energy by stroke.
  • the energy per blow is the kinetic energy given to the piston, which depends on the stroke and the supply pressure.
  • Patent EP 0 214 064 describes an apparatus which makes it possible to obtain automatic adjustment of the percussion parameters, thanks to the presence in the cylinder of the apparatus of a channel supplied with fluid according to the position of the piston after the impact and the possible rebound of the piston on the tool.
  • Patent EP 0 256 955 describes an apparatus which makes it possible to obtain the same result, depending on the pressure variations in the chamber upper or lower chamber, consecutive to the rebound effect of the piston on the tool, thanks to the presence of a hydraulic element sensitive to these variations.
  • the object of the invention is to provide a method and an apparatus for its implementation, allowing an automatic adaptation of the frequency and energy per stroke of the piston of a percussion device, which is simple, reliable and compact, in order to be able to equip in particular small and medium power devices.
  • the invention relates to a method for regulating the impact stroke of a percussion device, driven by a fluid incompressible under pressure, comprising a piston moving at the interior of a cylinder and delimiting with it an upper chamber and a lower chamber supplied sequentially with high fluid pressure by action of a distributor connected to a control device allowing the stroke of the striking piston to be varied, and comprising a drawer mounted in a cylinder on one side of which acts a spring and the other side of which can be subjected to fluid pressure, this drawer comprising a groove connected, on the one hand, to the distributor and, on the other hand, and depending on the axial position of the drawer, to one of several channels opening into the cylinder and capable of being connected with the lower chamber at the end of the displacement movement of the piston strikes upwards, characterized in that it consists, during the phase of piston rebound following impact, to determine existence possible instantaneous flow of fluid flowing from the upper chamber to the high pressure fluid supply circuit, determined at from the differential pressure between these two circuits then, if
  • this process consists in carrying out the feeding possible in pressurized fluid, of the control device, only during the piston rebound phase, at the start of the movement of the distributor and while the distributor still supplies the upper chamber in high pressure fluid.
  • an apparatus for implementation of this process includes a subject control drawer at the opposing fluid pressures prevailing, respectively, in the upper chamber and in the upper chamber supply circuit in fluid under high pressure, this drawer opening a supply circuit for the pressure fluid control device, when the difference between the pressure in the upper chamber and the pressure in the supply circuit exceeds a predetermined value.
  • control drawer is mounted in a cylinder delimiting with the drawer two opposite connected chambers, respectively, to the upper chamber and to the fluid supply channel under high pressure, and into which two connected channels open, respectively, to a source of pressurized fluid and to the piloting, these two channels being capable of being put in communication by a groove in the control drawer, in a certain axial position thereof.
  • the source of pressurized fluid supplying the control device through the cylinder of the control drawer can be constituted by the high pressure supply circuit itself or, through the upper room.
  • the cylinder of the control drawer can therefore be connected to one or the other of these two pressure sources.
  • the supply duct of the pressure fluid control device passes through a drawer device, the movement of which is mechanically linked to movement of the dispenser, and which includes a groove which, according to the drawer position, allows or not the passage of pressurized fluid in direction of the striking piston stroke selector, belonging to the steering system.
  • the groove of the drawer, associated with the dispenser is positioned so that it does not allow the passage of fluid under pressure that during the start of the dispenser drawer stroke, at a moment when the distributor still allows the supply of the upper chamber in high pressure fluid.
  • the drawer, associated with the dispenser can be either independent of the dispenser drawer, or be an integral part thereof.
  • this device has a leak channel, in permanent communication or momentary with the supply circuit of the control device in pressurized fluid, intended to evacuate, at each cycle a quantity defined fluid, to bring the control device drawer back into the direction of reduction of the stroke of the impact piston, when this control device is no longer sufficiently supplied with fluid under pressure.
  • the device shown in Figure 1, is a percussion device comprising a piston 1 sliding in a body 2, and coming to strike at each cycle a tool 3.
  • a main distributor mounted in the body 2, including a drawer 4, allows to put the upper chamber 8 provided above of the piston, alternately in relation to the fluid supply high pressure 5, as shown in figure 1, or with the low circuit pressure 6, as shown in figure 2.
  • the piston 1 forms with the body 2, a lower annular chamber 9, permanently supplied by channel 5, so that each position of the dispenser drawer, causes the strike stroke of piston 1, then the ascent stroke.
  • the device comprises a drawer 15 comprising two opposite pilot chambers: on the one hand the chamber 20 connected by a channel 22 to the fluid supply channel 5 under high pressure and, on the other hand, the chamber 21 connected to the upper chamber 8.
  • the apparatus also includes a second drawer 23 whose movement is mechanically linked to the movement of the drawer 4 of the main distributor and which includes a groove 24 making it possible to stop or let pass the fluid between a channel 16 coming from the first drawer 15 and a channel 18 ending in the control chamber of the travel selector drawer 13.
  • the control circuit of the race selector 13 comprises a channel 14 connected to the high pressure fluid conduit 5, the slide 15, the channel 16, the drawer 23, and the channel 18 opening onto a section of the drawer stroke selector 13.
  • drawer 15 is constantly kept in the low position by the supply pressure from the channel 5 and accumulator 7 via channel 22 and applying to the largest diameter of the drawer, while the section annular of this slide is connected to the low pressure circuit 6 by a channel 24.
  • Channel 14, connected to supply channel 5, does not communicate not with channel 16.
  • the control section of the race selector 13 is not supplied and this selector, thanks to the spring 19, remains in position low, connecting the control channel 12 of the distributor 4 with the channel 11 corresponding to the small strike stroke of the piston 1.
  • Figure 3 shows the position of the moving parts when the ground, encountered by the tool, is hard.
  • the striking piston 1 rebounds just after its impact on tool 3 and pushes the fluid back into the channel 17, while the main distributor 4 is still in the position in figure 1 and begins to move from the position of figure 1 to the position of figure 2.
  • this differential pressure is sufficient to lift the drawer 15.
  • the drawer 15 communication channel 14 and channel 16 via a groove 15a.
  • the distributor 4 changes position, and the drawer 23, linked to this distributor, briefly connects the channel 16 to channel 18.
  • This selector 13 then communicates the control channel 12 from main distributor 4 with channel 10 corresponding to the large piston stroke 1.
  • the drawer 15 starts to move only when the flow snapshot goes from upper room 8 to channel 5, through the channel 17.
  • the drawer 15 remains stationary.
  • the channel 22 can be connected to channel 17, instead of channel 5.
  • the movement of the drawer 15 is only sensitive to the pressure drop due to the instantaneous flow leaving the upper room 8.
  • Figure 3 shows the position of the moving parts when, during the rebound of the piston, the slide 23, whose movement is linked to that of the distributor 4, allows the fluid to pass from the channel 16 to the channel 18 and the selector 13, at a chosen time, depending on the position relative of the groove 24 of this drawer and the outlet of the channels 16 and 18.
  • This drawer 23 has a central channel 28 opening into a groove annular, making it possible to connect both channel 16, channel 18 and, at through a calibrated orifice, the low pressure circuit 6.
  • the movements of the striking piston 1 and the distributor 4 remain constantly linked to each other. So at a position precise stroke of the piston 1, the distributor drawer and the drawer 23 will therefore be in a precise position.
  • the right choice is to establish communication between channels 16 and 18, a few moments after the shock. Indeed, at the time of the shock of the piston on the tool, the drawer 15 tends to lift under the effect of the blow of ram due to the sudden stop of the striking piston, then goes down immediately, if the ground is tender, but remains raised a little longer if the ground is hard.
  • the drawer 23 eliminates the influence of pressure variations in the upper chamber 8, not letting the fluid flow, towards the selector 13, only a little later, when the lifting of the drawer 15 actually corresponds to the presence of an installed flow rate of the upper chamber 8 towards channel 5, and therefore, a rebound of the piston on a hard ground.
  • the calibrated orifice contained in the channel 28 evacuates to the low pressure circuit 6, all of the fluid from drawer 15 and channel 16.
  • channel 18 does not receive more fluid, but on the contrary evacuates through the channel 28 the fluid contained in the pilot chamber of the drawer 13, allowing the maintenance in small stroke of the impact piston.
  • FIG. 4 represents a variant of the invention according to which the distributor 4 and the drawer 23 form a single piece.
  • channel 28 is deleted and replaced by channel 29 or a channel 30 comprising a calibrated orifice and connecting the channel 18 with the low circuit pressure 6.
  • the drawer 13 is pushed up, so as to select the long stroke of the piston hit.
  • FIG. 5 shows another embodiment of the invention, in which the drawer 15 is constituted by a valve, allowing energy recovery.
  • this valve specially fitted out according to the invention, comprises a groove 15a making it possible to connect the channel 14, supplied in high pressure, with channel 16, when it is lifted.
  • the piston 1 discharges the fluid contained in the upper chamber 8, directly through the passage 25, then channel 26 to the high pressure circuit 5, lifting the valve 15.
  • the valve 15 remains raised as long as the pressure drop due to the flow between channels 25 and 26 is greater than the pressure value power multiplied by a constant depending on the sections of the valve.
  • the supply pressure being kept constant moreover, the valve 15 therefore remains open from a planned discharge rate of the upper room 8.
  • the throat of the valve connects the channel 14 with the channel 16. This allows, by the passage of fluid through the slide 23, to supply the channel 18 and therefore to control the race selector 13 so as to obtain a large stroke of the piston for hard ground.
  • Figure 6 shows another embodiment of the invention, according to which the channel 14 is replaced by a channel 27 in communication with the upper chamber 8.
  • the channel 27 is replaced by a channel 27 in communication with the upper chamber 8.
  • the upper chamber is obviously under pressure.
  • the fluid supply can therefore be taken from the upper room 8 instead of being taken as previously by the canal of arrival 5.
  • the invention provides a improvement and simplification of the current state of the art in the area of automatic selection of strike stroke of these devices.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
  • Percussive Tools And Related Accessories (AREA)
  • Fluid-Pressure Circuits (AREA)
  • Portable Nailing Machines And Staplers (AREA)
  • Electrophonic Musical Instruments (AREA)
  • Presses And Accessory Devices Thereof (AREA)
  • Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)

Claims (11)

  1. Verfahren zum Einstellen des Schlaghubes einer von einem unter Druck stehenden inkompressiblen Fluid angetriebenen Schlagvorrichtung, mit einem Kolben (1), der sich im Innern eines Zylinders bewegt und mit diesem eine obere Kammer (8) und eine untere Kammer (9) begrenzt, die sequentiell mit einem unter Hochdruck stehenden Fluid durch die Wirkung eines Verteilers (4) gespeist werden, der mit einer Steuerungsvorrichtung verbunden ist, die es gestattet, den Schlaghub des Kolbens zu verändern, und mit einem in einem Zylinder gelagerten Schieber (13), bei dem eine der Flächen einem Fluiddruck ausgesetzt werden kann und der eine Rückholvorrichtung (19) aufweist, wobei der Schieber eine Rille aufweist, die einerseits mit dem Verteiler (4) und andererseits in Abhängigkeit von der axialen Stellung des Schiebers mit einem von mehreren Kanälen (10, 11) verbunden ist, die in den Zylinder münden und mit der unteren Kammer (9) für die Verschiebungsbewegung des Schlagkolbens nach oben in Verbindung gebracht werden können, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß während der sich an den Aufschlag anschließenden Rücksprungphase des Kolbens das eventuelle Vorhandensein eines momentanen Durchsatzes von Fluid bestimmt wird, das von der oberen Kammer (8) zu dem Versorgungskreis (5) für Hochdruck-Fluid fließt, wobei die Bestimmung auf der Grundlage des Differenzdrucks zwischen den beiden Kreisen erfolgt, falls ein solcher Durchsatz erfasst wird, und dass die Steuerungsvorrichtung mit unter Druck stehendem Fluid versorgt wird, um ihren Schieber (13) in einer Verlängerungsrichtung des Hubes des Schlagkolbens zu bewegen.
  2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die gegebenenfalls stattfindende Versorgung der Steuerungsvorrichtung (13) mit unter Druck stehendem Fluid nur während der Rücksprungphase des Kolbens zu Beginn der Bewegung des Verteilers stattfindet solange der Verteiler noch die obere Kammer mit Hochdruck-Fluid versorgt.
  3. Verfahren zur Durchführung des Verfahrens nach einem der Ansprüche 1 und 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass sie einen Steuerschieber (15) aufweist, der den einander entgegenwirkenden Fluiddrücken ausgesetzt ist, die in der oberen Kammer bzw. in dem Kreis zur Versorgung der oberen Kammer mit Hochdruck-Fluid herrschen, wobei der Schieber (15) einen Kreis zur Versorgung (14, 16, 18) der Steuerungsvorrichtung (13) mit Druckfluid öffnet, wenn die Differenz zwischen dem Druck in der oberen Kammer (8) und dem Druck in dem Versorgungskreis einen vorbestimmten Wert überschreitet.
  4. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Steuerschieber (15) in einem Zylinder gelagert ist, der mit dem Schieber zwei gegenüberliegende Kammern begrenzt, die mit der oberen Kammer (8) bzw. mit dem Hochdruck-Fluid-Versorgungskanal (5) verbunden sind, und in den zwei Kanäle (14, 16) münden, die mit einer Quelle (5, 8) für Druckfluid bzw. mit der Steuerungsvorrichtung (13) verbunden sind, wobei diese beiden Kanäle über eine Nut (15a), die der Steuerschieber (15) aufweist, in einer gewissen axialen Stellung von ihm miteinander verbunden werden können.
  5. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass einer (14) der in den Zylinder des Steuerschiebers mündenden Kanäle mit dem Hochdruckfluid-Versorgungskreis (5) der Vorrichtung in Verbindung steht.
  6. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 4 dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass einer (14) der in den Zylinder des Steuerschiebers mündenden Kanäle mit der oberen Kammer (8) in Verbindung steht.
  7. Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 3 bis 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Kreis (16) zur Versorgung der Steuerungsvorrichtung mit unter Druck stehendem Fluid durch eine Schiebervorrichtung (23) hindurchtritt, deren Bewegung mit der Bewegung des Verteilers (4) mechanisch verbunden ist und der eine Nut (24) aufweist, die je nach der Stellung des Schiebers den Durchtritt von unter Druck stehendem Fluid in der Richtung des Schiebers (13) für die Auswahl des Kolbenschlaghubs ermöglicht oder nicht, wobei dies der Steuerungsvorrichtung angehört.
  8. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die dem Verteiler (4) zugeordnete Nut (24) des Schiebers (23) derart positioniert ist, dass sie den Durchtritt von unter Druck stehendem Fluid nur im Verlauf des Beginns des Hubes des Schiebers (4) des Verteilers gestattet, und zwar zu einer Zeitdauer, bei der der Verteiler noch die Versorgung der oberen Kammer (8) mit Hochdruck-Fluid gestattet.
  9. Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 7 und 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der dem Verteiler (4) zugeordnete Schieber (23) unabhängig vom Schieber des Verteilers ist und mit diesem mechanisch verbunden ist.
  10. Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 7 und 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der dem Verteiler zugeordnete Schieber (23) und der Schieber (4) des Verteilers einstückig ausgebildet sind.
  11. Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 3 bis 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass sie einen Leckkanal (28, 29, 30) aufweist, der mit dem Kreis (18) zur Versorgung der Steuerungsvorrichtung (13) mit Druckfluid dauerhaft oder momentan in Verbindung steht und dazu dient, bei jedem Zyklus eine definierte Fluidmenge abzuführen, um den Schieber der Steuerungsvorrichtung (13) in der Richtung der Verkleinerung des Hubs des Schlagkolbens zurückzuführen, wenn die Steuerungsvorrichtung nicht mehr ausreichend mit unter Druck stehendem Fluid versorgt wird.
EP95420353A 1994-12-08 1995-12-06 Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Einstellen des Schlaghubes einer, von einem inkompressiblen Fluid angetriebenen, Schlagvorrichtung Expired - Lifetime EP0715932B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9415020 1994-12-08
FR9415020A FR2727891B1 (fr) 1994-12-08 1994-12-08 Procede et appareil pour la regulation de la course de frappe d'un appareil a percussion mu par un fluide incompressible sous pression

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0715932A1 EP0715932A1 (de) 1996-06-12
EP0715932B1 true EP0715932B1 (de) 2001-11-14

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EP95420353A Expired - Lifetime EP0715932B1 (de) 1994-12-08 1995-12-06 Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Einstellen des Schlaghubes einer, von einem inkompressiblen Fluid angetriebenen, Schlagvorrichtung

Country Status (13)

Country Link
US (1) US5669281A (de)
EP (1) EP0715932B1 (de)
JP (1) JP3713320B2 (de)
KR (1) KR100427450B1 (de)
AT (1) ATE208688T1 (de)
AU (1) AU695964B2 (de)
CA (1) CA2163582C (de)
DE (1) DE69523867T2 (de)
ES (1) ES2166392T3 (de)
FI (1) FI955881A (de)
FR (1) FR2727891B1 (de)
NO (1) NO306934B1 (de)
ZA (1) ZA9510110B (de)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8151900B2 (en) 2006-06-27 2012-04-10 Montabert Percussion equipment driven by a pressurized incompressible fluid

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FR2811601B1 (fr) * 2000-07-13 2002-10-11 Montabert Ets Appareil hydraulique a percussions
US6491114B1 (en) 2000-10-03 2002-12-10 Npk Construction Equipment, Inc. Slow start control for a hydraulic hammer
KR100569198B1 (ko) * 2003-05-06 2006-04-07 이일재 유압타격장치
US7219955B2 (en) * 2005-02-18 2007-05-22 Atico Int Usa Inc Anti-pinching device for use in a folding chair
SE530885C2 (sv) * 2007-02-23 2008-10-07 Atlas Copco Rock Drills Ab Förfarande vid slagverk, slagverk och bergborrmaskin
WO2010082849A1 (en) * 2008-12-24 2010-07-22 Globalforce Ip Limited Actuation system
CN101927478B (zh) * 2009-06-23 2015-03-04 蒙塔博特公司 液压冲击设备
CN101927479B (zh) * 2009-06-23 2014-10-22 蒙塔博特公司 液压冲击设备
SE535801C2 (sv) * 2011-04-27 2012-12-27 Atlas Copco Rock Drills Ab Slagverk, bergborrmaskin och borrigg
FR2983760B1 (fr) 2011-12-09 2014-08-15 Montabert Roger Procede de commutation de la course de frappe d'un piston de frappe d’un appareil a percussions
DE102012012297A1 (de) * 2012-03-30 2013-10-02 Atlas Copco Construction Tools Gmbh Ventil
FR3027543B1 (fr) * 2014-10-28 2016-12-23 Montabert Roger Appareil a percussions
US9840000B2 (en) 2014-12-17 2017-12-12 Caterpillar Inc. Hydraulic hammer having variable stroke control
US20160221171A1 (en) * 2015-02-02 2016-08-04 Caterpillar Inc. Hydraulic hammer having dual valve acceleration control system
FR3077753B1 (fr) * 2018-02-14 2020-01-31 Montabert Procede de reglage de la course de frappe d’un piston de frappe d’un appareil a percussions, et un appareil a percussions pour la mise en œuvre de ce procede

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FR2595972B2 (fr) * 1985-07-16 1989-10-20 Montabert Ets Appareil a percussions
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FR2602448B1 (fr) * 1986-08-07 1988-10-21 Montabert Ets Procede de regulation des parametres de percussion du piston de frappe d'un appareil mu par un fluide incompressible sous pression, et appareil pour la mise en oeuvre de ce procede
FR2618092B1 (fr) * 1987-07-17 1989-11-10 Montabert Ets Distributeur hydraulique pour appareil a percussions mu par un fluide incompressible sous pression
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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8151900B2 (en) 2006-06-27 2012-04-10 Montabert Percussion equipment driven by a pressurized incompressible fluid

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
NO954971L (no) 1996-06-10
KR100427450B1 (ko) 2004-07-16
ZA9510110B (en) 1996-06-06
DE69523867T2 (de) 2002-04-18
CA2163582A1 (fr) 1996-06-09
FI955881A0 (fi) 1995-12-07
AU695964B2 (en) 1998-08-27
CA2163582C (fr) 2006-04-04
ES2166392T3 (es) 2002-04-16
DE69523867D1 (de) 2001-12-20
ATE208688T1 (de) 2001-11-15
FR2727891A1 (fr) 1996-06-14
FR2727891B1 (fr) 1997-01-24
AU4027595A (en) 1996-06-13
EP0715932A1 (de) 1996-06-12
US5669281A (en) 1997-09-23
JPH08216051A (ja) 1996-08-27
NO306934B1 (no) 2000-01-17
KR960021401A (ko) 1996-07-18
NO954971D0 (no) 1995-12-07
JP3713320B2 (ja) 2005-11-09
FI955881A (fi) 1996-06-09

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