Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D17/00—Detergent materials or soaps characterised by their shape or physical properties
  • C11D17/0008—Detergent materials or soaps characterised by their shape or physical properties aqueous liquid non soap compositions
  • C11D17/003—Colloidal solutions, e.g. gels; Thixotropic solutions or pastes
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
  • C11D3/16—Organic compounds
  • C11D3/38—Products with no well-defined composition, e.g. natural products
  • C11D3/386—Preparations containing enzymes, e.g. protease or amylase
  • C11D3/38663—Stabilised liquid enzyme compositions

Definitions

• This invention is in the field of liquid automatic dishwashing compositions. More specifically, the invention relates to concentrated compositions containing non-phosphate builders, enzymes, and a potassium/sodium weight ratio of at least about 0.01.
• liquid and/or gel automatic dishwashing detergent compositions are a popular alternative to granular compositions among consumers.
• liquid and/or gel formulations often do not deliver the same effective cleaning, spotting and filming performance as a granular composition.
• a viscoelastic, thixotropic liquid automatic dishwashing detergent can be formed which has superior performance to conventional liquid/gel products and comparable performance to granular products.
• a low alkaline product pH (between about 7 and about 11) liquid composition which is substantially free of chlorine, and silicate, exhibits enhanced cleaning, spotting, and filming ability.
• the cleaning benefit is achieved via the presence of enzymes, and surfactant and/or builder in the composition. Removal of chlorine bleach and a lower product pH also results in a composition which is safer to dishwasher articles (i.e. china, silverware, glass, and the like).
• a concentrated liquid automatic dishwashing detergent composition containing enzymes and non-phosphate builder(s) requires a potassium/sodium weight ratio of at least 0.01, preferably, between about 0.01 and about 10, in order to maintain long term product stability.
• composition of this invention is a concentrated viscoelastic, thixotropic, liquid automatic dishwashing detergent composition comprising, by weight:
• non-phosphate detergent builder selected from the group consisting of water-soluble, alkali metal, ammonium or substituted ammonium carbonates, bicarbonates, borates, polyhydroxysulfonates, polyacetates, carboxylates, polycarboxylates and mixtures thereof;
• an enzyme stabilizing system selected from the group consisting of calcium ion, propylene glycol, short chain carboxylic acid, polyhydroxyl compounds, boric acid, boronic acid, peptide aldehyde and mixtures thereof; and
• aqueous phase includes both potassium and sodium ions at a K Na weight ratio of at least about 0.01; wherein said composition is substantially free of chlorine bleach, silicate, and phosphate.
• a particularly preferred embodiment of this invention is a gel automatic dishwashing detergent composition further comprising an organic dispersant, a detergent surfactant and/or a chlorine scavenger.
• the present invention encompasses viscoelastic, thixotropic, liquid automatic detergent compositions which exhibit enhanced performance in the absence of chlorine bleach, silicate, and phosphate. These detergent compositions contain the following components by weight of the composition:
• non-phosphate detergent builder selected from the group consisting of water-soluble, alkali metal, ammonium or substituted ammonium carbonates, bicarbonates, borates, polyhydroxysulfonates, polyacetates, carboxylates, polycarboxylates and mixtures thereof;
• an enzyme stabilizing system selected from the group consisting of calcium ion, propylene glycol, short chain carboxylic acid, polyhydroxyl compounds, boric acid, boronic acid, peptide aldehyde and mixtures thereof; and
• aqueous phase includes both potassium and sodium ions at a K/Na weight ratio of at least about 0.01; wherein said composition is substantially free of chlorine bleach, silicate, and phosphate.
• Various other optional ingredients such as fatty acids, oxygen bleaches, perfumes, dyes, suds control agents, and organic dispersants, can be added to provide additional performance, product stability, and aesthetic benefits.
• a particularly preferred composition is a gel formulation.
• thixotropic means the material exhibits a decrease in viscosity with increasing shear stress. In other words, it exhibits high viscosity when subjected to low shear stress and lower viscosity when subjected to higher shear stress.
• a viscoelastic liquid exhibits a steady state flow behavior after a constant shear stress has been applied for a sufficiently long period of time.
• compositions of th& present invention comprises less than 0.5% form of phosphorous, and less than 0.2% silicate. No level of chlorine bleach species is acceptable; however, if present chlorine scavengers discussed herein can be added to the composition.
• the detergency builders used can be any of the non-phosphate detergency builders known in the art, which include the various water-soluble, alkali metal, ammonium or substituted ammonium carbonates, bicarbonates, borates, polyhydroxysulfonates, polyacetates, carboxylates (e.g. citrates), and polycarboxylates.
• the alkali metal especially sodium and potassium, salts of the above and mixtures thereof.
• the amount of builder is from about 5% to about 50%, preferably from about 8% to about 40%, most preferably from about 10% to about 30% by weight of the automatic dishwashing detergent composition.
• non-phosphorus, inorganic builders are sodium and potassium carbonate, bicarbonate, and sesquicarbonate.
• Water-soluble, non-phosphorus organic builders useful herein include the various alkali metal, ammonium and substituted ammonium polyacetates, carboxylates (e.g. citrates), polycarboxylates and polyhydroxysulfonates.
• polyacetate and polycarboxylate builders are the sodium, potassium, lithium, ammonium and substituted ammonium salts of ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid, nitrilotriacetic acid, tartrate monosuccinic acid, tartrate disuccinic acid, oxydisuccinic acid, carboxy methyloxysuccinic acid, mellitic acid, benzene polycarboxylic acids, and citric acid.
• Preferred detergency builders have the ability to remove metal ions other than alkali metal ions from washing solutions by sequestration, which as defined herein includes chelation, or by precipitation reactions. Some of the above-described detergency builders additionally serve as buffering agents (pH adjusting), and/or chlorine scavengers.
• Particularly preferred automatic dishwashing detergent compositions of the invention contain, by weight of the automatic dishwashing detergent composition, from about 5% to about 50%, preferably from about 8% to about 30%, most preferably from about 10% to about 30%, of carbonate, citrate, and mixtures thereof
• compositions of this invention must include sufficient amounts of potassium and sodium ions to provide a finished product K Na weight ratio of at least about 0.01, preferably between about 0.01 and about 10, more preferably between about 0J and about 1.0, even more preferably between about 0J and about 0.8, most preferably between about 0J and about 0.5.
• the potassium and sodium ions can be incorporated into the composition from the alkali metal cation of the detergent builder salt(s), or alkali metal hydroxide(s), or as the alkali metal cation of any other component of the composition. In determining the total finished product K/Na weight ratio, all of these sources should be taken into consideration.
• the finished product K/Na weight ratio is directly proportional to the weight percent of detergent components/salts incorporated in the composition.
• a higher weight percent of detergent components in the composition requires a higher finished product K/Na weight ratio to achieve acceptable finished product stability.
• the K/Na ratio should be between about 0.01 and about 0.20 for builder levels between about 5% and 10%; between about 0.05 and 1.50 for builder levels between about 10% and about 30%; and between about 0.6 and 10.0 for builder levels between 30% and 50%.
• compositions of this invention can contain from about 0.0001% to about 5%, more preferably from about 0.001% to about 1%, most preferably from about 0.005% to about 0.5%, by weight, of active detersive enzyme.
• Weight percent of "active detersive enzyme” is defined by the actual weight percent of the enzyme present in the composition - it does not include the weight percent of other materials commonly included in commercial enzyme feedstocks (e.g. solvents, stabilizers, residuals).
• the preferred detersive enzyme is selected from the group consisting of protease, amylase, lipase and mixtures thereof. Most preferred are protease or amylase or mixtures thereof.
• the proteolytic enzyme can be of animal, vegetable or microorganism (preferred) origin. More preferred is serine proteolytic enzyme of bacterial origin. Purified or nonpurified forms of this en T e may be used. Proteolytic enzymes produced by chemically or genetically modified mutants are included by definition, as are close structural enzyme variants. Particularly preferred is bacterial serine proteolytic enzyme obtained from Bacillus. Bacillus subtilis and/or Bacillus licheniformis.
• Suitable proteolytic enzymes include AlcalaseR, EsperaseR, DurazymR, SavinaseR (preferred); MaxataseR, MaxacalR (preferred), and Maxape R 15 (protein engineered Maxacal); PurafectR (preferred) and subtilisin BPN and BPN; which are commercially available.
• Preferred proteolytic enzymes are also modified bacterial serine proteases, such as those described in European Patent Application Serial Number 87 303761.8, filed April 28, 1987 (particularly pages 17, 24 and 98), and which is called herein "Protease B", in European Patent Application 199,404, Venegas, published October 29, 1986, which refers to a modified bacterial serine proteolytic enzyme which is called “Protease A” herein and in PCT Application Number WO 91/02792, Wilson et al, published March 7, 1991 which is called "BLAP" herein.
• Preferred proteolytic enzymes are selected from the group consisting of SavinaseR, AlcalaseR, EsperaseR, MaxacalR, PurafectR, BPN, Protease A and Protease B, and mixtures thereof. SavinaseR or "Protease B" is most preferred.
• Suitable lipases for use herein include those of bacterial, animal, and fungal origin, including those from chemically or genetically modified mutants.
• Suitable bacterial lipases include those produced by Pseduomonas. such as Pseudomonas stutzeri ATCC 19.154, as disclosed in British Patent 1,372,034, incorporated herein by reference. Suitable lipases include those which show a positive immunological cross-reaction with the antibody of the lipase produced from the microorganism Pseudomonas fluorescens IAM 1057. This lipase and a method for its purification have been described in Japanese Patent Application 53-20487, laid open on February 24, 1978, which is incorporated herein by reference.
• Lipase P Lipase P
• Mano-P Lipase P
• Such lipases should show a positive immunological cross reaction with the Amano-P antibody, using the standard and well-known immunodiffusion procedure according to Oucheterlon (Acta. Med. Scan., 133, pages 76-79 (1950)).
• Oucheterlon Acta. Med. Scan., 133, pages 76-79 (1950)
• These lipases, and a method for their immunological cross- reaction with Amano-P are also described in U.S. Patent 4,707,291, Thorn et al., issued November 17, 1987, incorporated herein by reference.
• Typical examples thereof are the Amano-P lipase, the lipase ex Pseudomonas fragi FERM P 1339 (available under the trade name Amano-B), lipase ex Pseudomonas nitroreducens var. lipolyticum FERM P 1338 (available under the trade name Amano-CES), lipases ex Chromobacter viscosum var. lipolyticum NRRlb 3673, and further Chromobacter viscosum lipases, and lipases ex Pseudomonas gladioli.
• a preferred lipase is derived from Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes. which is described in Granted European Patent, EP-B-0218272.
• Other lipases of interest are Amano AKG and Bacillis Sp lipase (e.g. Solvay enzymes).
• lipases which are of interest where they are compatible with the composition are those described in EP A 0 339 681, published November 28, 1990, EP A 0 385 401, published September 5, 1990, EO A 0 218 272, published April 15, 1987, and PCT/DK 88/00177, published May 18, 1989, all incorporated herein by reference.
• Suitable fungal lipases include those produced by Humicola lanuginosa and Thermomvces lanuginosus. Most preferred is lipase obtained by cloning the gene from Humicola lanuginosa and expressing the gene in Aspergillus oryzae as described in European Patent Application 0 258 068, incorporated herein by reference, commercially available under the trade name LipolaseR from Novo-Nordisk.
• Amylases include for example, a-amylases obtained from a special strain of B_ licheniforms. described in more detail in British Patent Soecification No. 1,296,839.
• Amylolytic TM TM TM TM J J enzymes include, for example, Rapidase , Maxamyl , Termamyl and BAN
• the preferred compositions herein comprise from about 0.001% to about 20%, preferably from about 0.01% to about 15%, most preferably from about 0.5% to about 12%, by weight, of an enzyme stabilizing system.
• the enzyme stabilizing system can be any stabilizing system which is compatible with the enzyme of the present invention.
• Such stabilizing systems can comprise calcium ion, boric acid, propylene glycol, short chain carboxylic acid, boronic acid, polyhydroxyl compe Js, peptide aldehydes, and mixtures thereof.
• the level of calcium ion should be selecte * . that there is always some minimum level available for the enzyme, after allowing for complexation with builders, etc., in the composition.
• Any water-soluble calcium salt can be used as the source of calcium ion, including calcium chloride, calcium formate, and calcium acetate.
• a small amount of calcium ion is often also present in the composition due to calcium in the enzyme and formula water.
• Calcium ions can be used with boric acid or a suitable salt of boric acid, described herein below, in a composition with a product pH between about 7 and about 9.
• boric acid or a suitable salt of boric acid, described herein below
• calcium ions and the salt of boric acid can associate to from calcium borate which is insoluble in cold water and under certain product conditions can be insoluble above about pH 9. This precipitate can lead to phase instability, decrease in effective enzyme stabilization and undesired product aesthetics.
• a sufficient amount of calcium ion and boric acid or the salt of boric acid should be used to achieve enzyme stability without affecting phase stability, enzyme stability, or aesthetics. From about 0% to about 1%, more preferably from about 0.05% to about 0.45% of calcium formate is preferred.
• Suitable enzyme stabilizing systems comprise polyols containing only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms. They preferably contain from about 2 to about 6 carbon atoms and from about 2 to about 6 hydroxy groups. Examples include propylene glycol (especially 1,2- propanediol, which is preferred), 1,2- butanediol, ethylene glycol, glycerol, sorbitol, mannitol, and glucose.
• the polyol generally represents from about 0.001% to about 20%, preferably from about 1.5% to about 8%, by weight of the composition.
• the weight ratio of polyol to a boric acid added is at least 1, most preferably at least about 1.3.
• compositions can also contain the water-soluble short chain carboxylates described in U.S. Patent 4,318,818, Letton et al., issued March 9, 1982, incorporated herein by reference.
• the formates are preferred and can be used at levels from 0% to about 5%, preferably from about 0.075% to about 2.5%, most preferably from about 0.1% to about 1.5%, by weight.
• Sodium formate is preferred.
• Another stabilizing system comprises from about 0.05% to about 7%, preferably from about 0.1% to about 5%, by weight of boric acid.
• the boric acid may be, but is preferably not, formed by a compound capable of forming boric acid in the composition.
• Boric acid is preferred, although other compounds such as boric oxide, borax, and other alkali metal borates (e.g., sodium ortho-, meta- and pyroborate, and sodium pentaborate) are suitable.
• Still another enzyme stabilizing system includes polyhydroxyl compounds, such as sugar alcohols, monosaccharides and discaccharides as disclosed in the specification of German Pat. No. 2,038,103, water-soluble sodium or potassium salts and water-soluble hydroxy alcohols, as disclosed in U.S. Published Patent Application B-458,819, Weber, published April 13, 1976; diamines and polyamines, as disclosed in German Pat. No. 2,058,826; amino acids, as disclosed in German Pat. No. 2,060,485; and reducing agents, as disclosed in Japanese Pat. No. 72-20235.
• polyhydroxyl compounds such as sugar alcohols, monosaccharides and discaccharides as disclosed in the specification of German Pat. No. 2,038,103, water-soluble sodium or potassium salts and water-soluble hydroxy alcohols, as disclosed in U.S. Published Patent Application B-458,819, Weber, published April 13, 1976
• diamines and polyamines as disclosed in German Pat. No. 2,058,826
• amino acids as disclosed in German Pat.
• the enzyme mixture may be incorporated into the detergent composition in a coated, encapsulated, agglomerated, prilled, or noodled form in accordance with, e.g., U.S. Patent 4,162,987, Maguire et al, issued July 31, 1979.
• Substituted boric acids e.g. phenylboronic acid, butane boronic acid, and p-bromo phenylboronic acid
• a particularly preferred boronic acid is an aryl boronic acid of the structure:
• x is selected from C -C alkyl, substituted C -C alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, hydroxyl,
• each Y is independently selected from hydrogen, C -C alkyl, substituted C -C alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, hydroxyl,
• peptide aldehyde comprising from 2 to 50 amino acids, or mixtures thereof.
• peptide aldehydes refers to compounds comprising a peptidic chain wherein the C-terminal end of said chain is converted from a carboxylic group to an aldehyde group.
• Peptide aldehydes are known per se and have been described as well as processes for their manufacture, for instance in US 5,015,627, EP 185 930 and DE 32 00 812.
• Preferred peptide aldehydes for use herein comprise from 2 to 6 amino acids, most preferably 3 to 4.
• the viscoelastic, thixotropic thickening agent in the compositions of the present invention is from about 0.1% to about 10%, preferably from about 0.25% to about 8%, most preferably from about 0.5% to about 5%, by weight of the detergent composition.
• the viscoelastic, thixotropic thickening agent is free of any enzymatically reactive species. Without being bound by theory, it is believed that the enzyme(s) present in the automatic detergent composition could degrade the thickening agent which contains such species, resulting in a Theologically unstable product.
• the thickening agent is a polymer with a molecular weight at least about 500,000, preferably from about 500,000 to about 10,000,000.
• the polymeric thickening agent can be, but is not limited to, a cross-linked polycarboxylate polymer.
• the preferred cross-linked polycarboxylate polymer is preferably a carboxyvinyl polymer.
• carboxyvinyl polymer Such compounds are disclosed in U.S. Patent 2,798,053, issued on July 2, 1957, to Brown, the specification of which is hereby incorporated by reference. Methods for making carboxyvinyl polymers are also disclosed in Brown. Carboxyvinyl polymers are substantially insoluble in liquid, volatile organic hydrocarbons and are dimensionally stable on exposure to air.
• Preferred polyhydric alcohols used to produce carboxyvinyl polymers include polyols selected from the class consisting of oligosaccarides, reduced derivatives thereof in which the carbonyl group is converted to an alcohol group, a pentaerythritol; most preferred is sucrose or pentaerythritol. It is preferred that the hydroxyl groups of the modified polyol be etherified with allyl groups, the polyol having at least two allyl ether groups per polyol molecule. When the polyol is sucrose, it is preferred that the sucrose have at least about five allyl ether groups per sucrose molecule. It is preferred that the polyether of the polyol comprise from about 0.1% to about 4% of the total monomers, more preferably from about 0.2% to about 2.5%.
• Preferred monomeric olefinically unsaturated carboxylic acids for use in producing carboxyvinyl polymers used herein include monomeric, polymerizable, alpha-beta monoolefinically unsaturated lower aliphatic carboxylic acids; more preferred are monomeric monoolefinic acrylic acids of the structure
• CHH C- ⁇ COOH
• R is a substituent selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and lower alkyl groups; for example, acrylic acid.
• Carboxyvinyl polymers useful in formulations of the present invention include Carbopol 910 having a molecular weight of about 750,000, Carbopol 941 having a molecular weight of about 1,250,000, and Carbopols 934 and 940 having molecular weights of about 3,000,000 and 4,000,000, respectively. More preferred are the series of Carbopols which use ethyl acetate and cyclohexane in the manufacturing process, for example, Carbopol 981, 2984, 980, and 1382.
• Preferred polycarboxylate polymers of the invention are non-linear, water-dispersible, polyacrylic acid cross-linked with a polyalkenyl polyether and having a molecular weight of at least 750,000, preferably from about 750,000 to about 4,000,000.
• polycarboxylate polymers for use in the present invention are Sokalan PHC-25R, a polyacrylic acid available from BASF Corporation, the Carbopol series resins available from B.F. Goodrich, and the Polygel series available from 3-V Chemical Corporation. Mixtures of polycarboxylate polymers as herein described may also be used.
• the polycarboxylate polymer thickening agent can be used alone or with inorganic clays (e.g. aluminum silicate, bentonite, fumed silica).
• the preferred clay thickening agent can be either naturally occurring or synthetic.
• a preferred synthetic clay is the one disclosed in U.S. Patent 3,843,598, incorporated herein by reference.
• Naturally occurring clays include some smectite and attapulgite clays as disclosed in U.S. Patent 4,824,590, incorporated herein by reference.
• Semi-synthetic thickeners such as the cellulosic type thickeners: hydroxyethyl and hydroxymethyl cellulose (ETHOCEL and METHOCELR available from Dow Chemical) can also be used.
• Mixtures of polymeric thickening agents, semi- synthetic, and natural thickeners herein described may also be used.
• the polycarboxylate polymer thickening agent provides an apparent viscosity at high shear of greater than about 250 centipoise and an apparent yield value of from about 40 to about 800, and most preferably from about 60 to about 600, dynes/cm to the composition.
• Viscosity is a measure of the internal resistance to flow exhibited by a fluid in terms of the ratio of the shear stress to the shear rate.
• the yield value is an indication of the shear stress at which the gel strength is exceeded and flow is initiated. Yield value can be measured herein with a Brookfield RVT model viscometer with a T-bar B spindle at about 77oF (25oC) utilizing a Helipath drive during associated readings.
• the system is set to 0.5 rpm and a torque reading is taken for the composition to be tested after 30 seconds or after the system is stable.
• the system is stopped and the rpm is reset to 1.0 rpm.
• a torque reading is taken for the same composition after 30 seconds or after the system is stable.
• a preferred method herein for measuring viscosity and yield value is with a Contraves Rheomat 115 viscometer which utilizes a Rheoscan 100 controller, a DIN 145 spindle and cup at 25 C.
• the shear rate is increased from 0 to 150 sec over a 30 second time period.
• the viscosity, measured in centipoise, is taken at a shear rate of 150 sec .
• the shear rate for yield value measurements is increased linearly from 0 to 0.4 sec over a period of 500 seconds after an initial 5 minute rest period.
• one or more buffering agents can be included which are capable of maintaining the pH of the compositions within the desired alkaline range.
• the pH of the undiluted composition (“as is") is determined at room temperature (about 20oC) with a pH meter. It is in the low alkaline pH range that optimum performance and stability of the enzyme are realized, and it is also within this pH range wherein optimum compositional, chemical, and physical stability are achieved. Maintenance of the composition pH between about 7 and about 11, preferably between about 8 and about 10.5, minimizes undesirable degradation of the active enzymes. Maintenance of this particular pH range also maximizes the soil and stain removal properties and prevents spotting and filming during utilization of the present compositions.
• the pH adjusting agents are generally present in a level from 0% to about 50%, preferably from about 8% to about 40% by weight of the detergent composition.
• any compatible material or mixture of materials which has the effect of maintaining the composition pH within the pH range of about 7 to about 11, preferably about 8 to about 10.5, most preferably about 9 to 10.5, can be utilized as the pH adjusting agent in the instant invention.
• Such agents can include, for example, various water-soluble, inorganics salts such as the carbonates, bicarbonates, sesquicarbonates, tetraborates, hydroxides, and mixtures thereof. Silicates are not included because of their high alkaline buffering properties.
• Examples of preferred materials which can be used either alone or in combination as the pH adjusting agent herein include sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium sesquicarbonate, organic amines and their salts such as monoethanol amine (MEA), anhydrous sodium tetraborate, sodium tetraborate pentahydrate, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, and sodium tetraborate decahydrate. Combinations of these pH adjusting agents, which include both the sodium and potassium salts, may be used. As set forth herein, the compositions of the present invention comprise sufficient amount of both potassium and sodium ions.
• the pH adjusting can be a source for these ions.
• compositions of this invention can contain from 0% to about 20%, preferably from about 0.1% to about 15%, more preferably from about 1% to about 10% of a detergent surfactant which preferably results in a low foaming detergent composition.
• a detergent surfactant is low foaming or which in combination with other components (i.e. suds suppressors) is low foaming.
• the surfactant is a low foaming nonionic surfactant.
• the surfactant is chlorine bleach free, there is no requirement that the surfactant be chlorine bleach stable.
• the surfactant employed is preferably enzyme stable (enzyme compatible) and free of enzymatically reactive species.
• the surfactant should be free of peptide or glycosidic bonds.
• the composition is phosphate free, compounds containing phosphorous should be avoided.
• Desirable detergent surfactants include nonionic, anionic, amphoteric and zwitterionic detergent surfactants, and mixtures thereof.
• nonionic surfactants include:
• condensation product of 1 mole of a saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched chain, alcohol or fatty acid containing from about 10 to about 20 carbon atoms with from about 4 to about 40 moles of ethylene oxide Particularly preferred is the condensation product of a fatty alcohol containing from 17 to 19 carbon atoms, with from about 6 to about 15 moles, preferably 7 to 12 moles, most preferably 9 moles, of ethylene oxide provides superior spotting and filming performance. More particularly, it is desirable that the fatty alcohol contain 18 carbon atoms and be condensed with from about 7.5 to about 12, preferably about 9 moles of ethylene oxide. These various specific C -C ethoxylates give extremely good performance even at lower levels (e.g., 2.5%-3%).
• C H O 15 and total (C H O) equals 20% to 90% of the total weight of the compound and the molecular weight is from about 2,000 to about 10,000, preferably from about 3,000 to about 6,000.
• These materials are, for example, the PLURONICSR which are well known in the art.
• Useful surfactants in detergent compositions are those having the formula RO-
• R is an alkyl or alkylene group containing from 17 to 19 carbon atoms, x is
• R is selected from the group consisting of: preferably, hydrogen, C alkyl groups, C acyl groups and groups having the formula -(C H O) H wherein y is 3 or 4 and n is a number from one to about 4.
• Particularly suitable surfactants are the low-sudsing compounds of (4), the other compounds of (5), and the C -C materials of (1) which have a narrow ethoxy distribution.
• a particularly preferred embodiment contains a polyoxypropylene, polyoxethylene block polymer blend comprising about 75%, by weight of the blend, of a reverse block co-polymer of polyoxyethylene and polyoxypropylene containing 17 moles of ethylene oxide and 44 mole of propylene oxide; and about 25%, by weight of the blend, of a block co-polymer of polyoxyethylene and polyoxypropylene, initiated with tri-methylol propane, containing 99 moles of propylene oxide and 24 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of trimethylol propane.
• nonionic type surfactants which may be employed have melting points at or above ambient temperatures, such as octyldimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate, decyldimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate, C8-C12 N-methyl-glucamides and the like.
• Such surfactants may advantageously be blended in the instant compositions with short-chain anionic surfactants, such as sodium octyl sulfate and similar alkyl sulfates, though short-chain sulfonates such as sodium cumene sulfonate could also be used.
• Anionic surfactants which are suitable for the compositions of the present invention include, but are not limited to, water soluble secondary alcohol sulfates, and alkyl sulfates and/or sulfonates, containing from about 6 to about 18 carbon atoms.
• Natural fatty alcohols include those produced by reducing the glycerides of naturally occurring fats and oils.
• Fatty alcohols can be produced synthetically, for example, by the Oxo process.
• suitable alcohols which can be employed in alkyl sulfate manufacture include nonyl, undecyl, decyl, lauryl, tridecyl, myristyl, pentadecyl, palmityl and stearyl alcohols and the mixtures of fatty alcohols derived by reducing the glycerides of tallow and coconut oil.
• alkyl sulfate salts which can be employed in the instant detergent compositions include sodium lauryl alkyl sulfate, sodium stearyl alkyl sulfate, sodium palmityl alkyl sulfate, sodium decyl sulfate, sodium myristyl alkyl sulfate, potassium lauryl alkyl sulfate, potassium stearyl alkyl sulfate, potassium decyl sulfate, potassium palmityl alkyl sulfate, potassium myristyl alkyl sulfate, sodium dodecyl sulfate, potassium dodecyl sulfate, potassium tallow alkyl sulfate, sodium tallow alkyl sulfate, sodium coconut alkyl sulfate, magnesium coconut alkyl sulfate, calcium coconut alkyl sulfate, potassium coconut alkyl sulfate and mixtures thereof.
• a preferred sulfonated anionic surfactant is the alkali metal salt of secondary alkane sulfonates, an example of which is the Hostapur SAS from Hoechst Celanese.
• surfactants operable in the present invention are the water-soluble betaine surfactants. These materials have the general formula:
• R is an alkyl group containing from about 8 to 22 carbon atoms; R and R are each lower alkyl groups containing from about 1 to 5 carbon atoms, and R is an alkylene group selected from the group consisting of methylene, propylene, butylene and pentylene.
• Propionate betaines decompose in aqueous solution and hence are not included in the instant compositions).
• betaine compounds of this type include dodecyldimethylammonium acetate, tetradecyldimethylammonium acetate, hexadecyldimethylammonium acetate, alkyldimethylammonium acetate wherein the alkyl group averages about 14.8 carbon atoms in length, dodecyldimethylammonium butanoate, tetradecyldimethyl- ammonium butanoate, hexadecyldimethylammonium butanoate, dodecyl- dimethylammonium hexanoate, hexadecyldimethylammonium hexanoate, tetradecyldiethylammonium pentanoate and tetradecyldipropyl- ammonium pentanoate.
• Especially preferred betaine surfactants include dodecyldimethylammonium acetate, dodecyldimethylammonium hexanoate, hexadecyldimethylammonium acetate, and hexadecyldi- methylammonium hexanoate.
• surfactants include amine oxides and sulfoxides. However, such surfactants are usually high sudsing.
• a disclosure of surfactants can be found in published British Patent Application 2,116,199A; U.S. Patent 4,005,027, Hartman; U.S. Patent 4,116,851, Rupe et al; U.S. Patent 3,985,668, Hartman; U.S. Patent 4,271,030, Brierley et al; and U.S. Patent 4,116,849, Leikhim, all of which are incorporated herein by reference.
• Still other preferred anionic surfactants include the linear or branched alkali metal mono- and/or di-(C ) alkyl diphenyl oxide nomo- and/or disulfonates, commercially available under the trade names DOWFAXR 3B-2 (sodium n-decyl diphenyloxide disulfonate) and DOWFAXR 2A-1. These and similar surfactants are disclosed in published U.K. Patent Applications 2,163,447A; 2,163,448A; and 2,164,350A, said applications being incorporated herein by reference.
• chlorine bleach scavengers can be added to prevent chlorine bleach species present in many water supplies from attacking and deactivating the enzymes, especially under alkaline conditions. While chlorine levels in water may be small, typically in the range from about 0.5 ppm to about 1.75 ppm, the available chlorine in the total volume of of water that comes in contact with the enzyme during dishwashing is usually large; accordingly, enzyme stability in-use can be problematic.
• Suitable chlorine scavenger anions for compositions of the present invention with a pH less than 8 are salts containing ammonium cations. These can be selected from the group consisting of reducing materials like sulfite, bisulfite, thiosulfite, thiosulfate, iodide, etc., antioxidants like carbamate, ascorbate.
• compositions can contain an organic dispersant which overcomes the problem of unsightly films and spots which form on china and especially on glassware due to calcium or magnesium hardness induced precipitation of the builders and/or pH adjusting agents (e.g. especially carbonate).
• an organic dispersant which overcomes the problem of unsightly films and spots which form on china and especially on glassware due to calcium or magnesium hardness induced precipitation of the builders and/or pH adjusting agents (e.g. especially carbonate).
• the organic dispersants herein can be used at levels of 0 to about 40%, typically from about 0.5% to about 30%, most preferably from about 1% to about 20% of the automatic dishwashing composition. Such organic dispersants are preferably water-soluble sodium polycarboxylates.
• Polycarboxylate dispersants herein generally contain truly polymeric numbers of carboxylate groups, e.g., 8 or more, as distinct from carboxylate builders, sometimes called “polycarboxylates” in the art when, in fact, they have relatively low numbers of carboxylate groups such as four per molecule.
• the organic dispersants are known for their ability to disperse or suspend calcium and magnesium "hardness", e.g., carbonate salts.
• Organic dispersants are polyacrylates or acrylate-containing copolymers.
• SOKALAN Polymeric Dispersing Agents
• a printed publication of BASF Aktiengesellschaft, D-6700 Ludwigshaven, Germany describes organic dispersants useful herein.
• Preferred dispersants herein described include, but are not limited to sodium polyacrylate having a nominal molecular weight of about 4500, obtainable from Rohm & Haas under the tradename ACUSOLR (e.g. ACUSOLR 445N), or acrylate/maleate copolymers such as are available under the tradename SOKALANR, from BASF Corp.
• ACUSOLR e.g. ACUSOLR 445N
• SOKALANR acrylate/maleate copolymers
• Suitable polymers are generally low molecular weight and at least partially neutralized in the form of their alkali metal, ammonium or other conventional cation salts.
• the alkali metal, especially sodium salts are most preferred.
• the molecular weight of such dispersants can vary over a wide range, it preferably is from about 1,000 to about 500,000, more preferably is from about 2,000 to about 250,000, and most preferably is from about 3,000 to about 100,000.
• Nonlimiting examples of such materials are as follows.
• suitable organic dispersants include those disclosed in U.S. Patent 3,308,067 issued March 7, 1967, to Diehl, incorporated herein by reference.
• Unsaturated monomeric acids that can be polymerized to form suitable polymeric polycarboxylates include maleic acid (or maleic anhydride), fumaric acid, itaconic acid, aconitic acid, mesaconic acid, citraconic acid and methylenemalonic acid.
• the presence of monomeric segments containing no carboxylate radicals such as vinylmethyl ether, styrene, ethylene, etc. is suitable, preferably when such segments do not constitute more than about 40% by weight of the polymer.
• Suitable organic dispersants for use herein are copolymers of acrylamide and acrylate having a molecular weight of from about 3,000 to about 100,000, preferably from about 4,000 to about 20,000, and an acrylamide content of less than about 50%, preferably less than about 20%, by weight of the polymer. Most preferably, the polymer has a molecular weight of from about 4,000 to about 10,000 and an acrylamide content of from about 1% to about 15%, by weight of the polymer.
• Still other useful organic dispersants include acrylate/ maleate or acrylate/fumarate copolymers with an average molecular weight in acid form of from about 2,000 to about 80,000 and a ratio of acrylate to maleate or fumarate segments of from about 30:1 to about 2:1.
• Other such suitable popolymers based on a mixture of unsaturated mono- and dicarboxylate monomers are disclosed in European Patent Application No. 66,915, published December 15, 1982, incorporated herein by reference.
• Yet other organic dispersants are useful herein, as illustrated by water-soluble oxidized carbohydrates, e.g., oxidized starches prepared by art-disclosed methods.
• a particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention can contain from 0% to about 40%, preferably from about 1% to about 30%, most preferably from about 1% to about 20%, by weight of the automatic dishwashing detergent composition, of low molecular weight modified polyacrylate copolymers.
• modified polyacrylate is defined as a copolymer which contains as monomer units: a) from about 90% to about 10%, preferably from about 80% to about 20% by weight acrylic acid or its salts and b) from about 10% to about 90%, preferably from about 20% to about 80% by weight of a substituted acrylic monomer or its salts having the general formula:
• R or R preferably R or R is a 1 to 4 carbon alkyl or hydroxyalkyl group
• R or R can be a hydrogen and R can be a hydrogen or alkali metal salt.
• R is a substituted acrylic monomer wherein R is methyl, R is hydrogen and R is sodium.
• the low molecular weight modified polyacrylate preferably has a molecular weight of less than about 15,000, preferably from about 500 to about 10,000, most preferably from about 1,000 to about 5,000.
• the most preferred polyacrylate copolymer has a molecular weight of about 3500 and is about 70% by weight acrylic acid and about 30% by weight methyl acrylic acid.
• Suitable modified polyacrylate copolymers include the low molecular weight copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic carboxylic acids as disclosed in U.S. Patent 4,530,766, and 5,084,535, both of which are incorporated herein by reference.
• Other Optional Ingredients include the low molecular weight copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic carboxylic acids as disclosed in U.S. Patent 4,530,766, and 5,084,535, both of which are incorporated herein by reference.
• long chain fatty acids and/or long chain hydroxy fatty acids have been found to be useful in automatic dishwashing detergent compositions to inhibit tarnishing caused by repeated exposure of sterling or silver-plate flatware to bleach-containing automatic dishwashing detergent compositions (U.S. Patent 4,859,358, Gabriel et al).
• long chain is meant the higher aliphatic fatty acids or hydroxy fatty acids having from about 6 to about 24 carbon atoms, preferably from about 8 to 22 carbon atoms, and most preferably from about 10 to 20 carbon atoms and most preferably from about 12 to 18, inclusive of the carbon atom of carboxyl group of the fatty acid, e.g., stearic acid, and hydroxy stearic acid.
• metal salts of the long chain fatty acids and/or hydroxy fatty acids is meant both monovalent and polyvalent metal salts, particularly the sodium, potassium, lithium, aluminum, and zinc salts, e.g., lithium salts of the fatty acids.
• this material are aluminum, potassium, sodium, calcium and lithium stearate or hydroxy stearate, particularly preferred is aluminum tristearate.
• this component generally comprises from 0% to about 2%, preferably from about 0.05% to about 0.2% by weight of the composition.
• An alkali metal salt of an amphoteric metal salt of an amphoteric metal anion (metalate), such as aluminate, can be added to provide additional structuring to the polycarboxylate polymer thickening agent. See U. S. Patent 4,941,988, Wise, issued July 17, 1990, inco ⁇ orated herein by reference.
• compositions of the present invention will generally comprise from 0% to about 5% of suds suppressor.
• Suitable suds suppressors are described in Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Third Edition, Volume 7, pages 430-447 (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1979), U.S. Patent 2,954,347, issued September 27, 1960 to St. John, U.S. Patent 4,265,779, issued May 5, 1981 to Gandolfo et al., and European Patent Application No. 89307851.9, published February 7, 1990, U.S. Patent 3,455,839, German Patent Application DOS 2,124,526, U.S. Patent 3,933,672, Bartolatta et al and U.S. Patent 4,652,392, Baginski. All are inco ⁇ orated herein by reference.
• a commercially acceptable suds suppressor is LPKN, from Knapsack.
• Suitable nonchlorine bleaches in the present compositions are solid, water-soluble peroxygen compounds in levels from 0 to about 15%, preferably from about 0.2% to about 12% by weight of the composition.
• the peroxygen compound can be a preformed peroxyacid, an inorganic persalt or a combination of an inorganic per salt and an inorganic precursor (i.e. bleach activator).
• compositions of the invention contain peroxygen compounds such as perborates, persulfates, percarbonates, peroxydisulfates, crystalline peroxyhydrates and mixtures thereof.
• Liquid detergent compositions can contain water and other solvents as carriers. These solvents include, but are not limited to, low molecular weight primary or secondary alcohols exemplified by methanol, ethanol, propanol, and isopropanol. Monohydric alcohols are preferred for solubilizing surfactant, but polyols such as those containing from 2 to about 6 carbon atoms and from 2 to about 6 hydroxy groups (e.g., propylene glycol, ethylene glycol, glycerine, and 1,2- propanediol) can also be used.
• solvents include, but are not limited to, low molecular weight primary or secondary alcohols exemplified by methanol, ethanol, propanol, and isopropanol. Monohydric alcohols are preferred for solubilizing surfactant, but polyols such as those containing from 2 to about 6 carbon atoms and from 2 to about 6 hydroxy groups (e.g., propylene glycol, ethylene glycol,
• solvents include the higher glycols, polyoxides, glycol ethers, propylene glycol ehters and tripropylene glycol ethers. Any water used in the composition should preferably be softened or deionized.
• compositions hereof A wide variety of other ingredients useful in detergent compositions can be included in the compositions hereof, including other active ingredients, carriers, hydrotropes, draining promoting agents, processing aids, corrosion inhibitors, perfumes, dyes or pigments, etc.
• compositions are enzyme compatible and are dissolved, suspended, or emulsified in the present compositions.
• Preferred viscoeleastic, thixotropic, liquid automatic dishwashing detergent compositions hereof will preferably be formulated such that during use in aqueous operations, the wash water will have a pH of between about 7 and 11, preferably between about 8 and 10.5.
• This invention further provides a method for cleaning dishware (i.e. glass, china, flatware, silverware and the like) by contacting the dishware with a liquid detergent composition comprising detersive enzyme, detersive surfactant, viscoelastic thixotropic thickening agent, enzyme stabilizing system, and buffering agent. Agitation is preferably provided for enhanced cleaning.
• dishware i.e. glass, china, flatware, silverware and the like
• a liquid detergent composition comprising detersive enzyme, detersive surfactant, viscoelastic thixotropic thickening agent, enzyme stabilizing system, and buffering agent. Agitation is preferably provided for enhanced cleaning.
• concentrated gel and/or paste automatic dishwashing detergent compositions are preferably gel automatic dishwashing detergent compositions.
• concentrate or “compact” is meant that these compositions will deliver to the wash the same amount of active detersive ingredients at a lower dosage while achieving equal or improved performance.
• dishwasher machines range in total dispenser cup capacity (many dishwashers have several dispenser cups) from about 80 cc to about 150 cc of product, depending on the machine manufacturer.
• Most current automatic dishwashing products are formulated to deliver the desired performance based on this dispensing volume.
• Compact products allow the reduction in the amount of product used to between 40% and 60%, but can range from about 1% to about 99%.
• a preferred method for preparing a final product of the present invention comprises:
• step (d) adding surfactant and other suitable agents
• the thickener may be added as either a powder or slurry.
• the enzyme stabilizing system should be added prior to the addition of builder. Without being bound by theory, it is believed the enzyme stabilizing system added after the builder will associate with the builder and lose its effectiveness; whereas, if added prior to the builder it will form an effective compound which will not associate with the builder.
• enzymes should be added last to minimize degradation due to temperature and pH changes resulting during the process.
• compositions prepared as above described exhibit a viscoelastic, thixotropic nature, and have good phase stability.
• Concentrated gel automatic dishwashing detergent compositions of the present invention prepared according to the above described process are as follows:

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• 1994
  • 1994-06-03 AU AU70510/94A patent/AU7051094A/en not_active Abandoned
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  • 1994-06-03 EP EP94919327A patent/EP0703974B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
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  • 1994-06-03 WO PCT/US1994/006207 patent/WO1994029428A1/en active IP Right Grant
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