EP0684389A3 - Steuereinrichtung für hydraulisches System mit mehreren Verbrauchern. - Google Patents

Steuereinrichtung für hydraulisches System mit mehreren Verbrauchern. Download PDF

Info

Publication number
EP0684389A3
EP0684389A3 EP95202287A EP95202287A EP0684389A3 EP 0684389 A3 EP0684389 A3 EP 0684389A3 EP 95202287 A EP95202287 A EP 95202287A EP 95202287 A EP95202287 A EP 95202287A EP 0684389 A3 EP0684389 A3 EP 0684389A3
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
control device
hydraulic apparatus
multiple hydraulic
control
hydraulic
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP95202287A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0684389B1 (de
EP0684389A2 (de
Inventor
Hideshi Koiwai
Hisato Naito
Yoshitake Yonekubo
Kenichi Nishiumi
Yoshimi Hasegawa
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
KYB Corp
Original Assignee
Kayaba Industry Co Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from JP03357128A external-priority patent/JP3124094B2/ja
Priority claimed from JP21224492A external-priority patent/JPH0633904A/ja
Priority claimed from JP04250517A external-priority patent/JP3128775B2/ja
Application filed by Kayaba Industry Co Ltd filed Critical Kayaba Industry Co Ltd
Publication of EP0684389A2 publication Critical patent/EP0684389A2/de
Publication of EP0684389A3 publication Critical patent/EP0684389A3/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0684389B1 publication Critical patent/EP0684389B1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02F—DREDGING; SOIL-SHIFTING
    • E02F9/00—Component parts of dredgers or soil-shifting machines, not restricted to one of the kinds covered by groups E02F3/00 - E02F7/00
    • E02F9/20—Drives; Control devices
    • E02F9/22—Hydraulic or pneumatic drives
    • E02F9/2221—Control of flow rate; Load sensing arrangements
    • E02F9/2232—Control of flow rate; Load sensing arrangements using one or more variable displacement pumps
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02F—DREDGING; SOIL-SHIFTING
    • E02F9/00—Component parts of dredgers or soil-shifting machines, not restricted to one of the kinds covered by groups E02F3/00 - E02F7/00
    • E02F9/20—Drives; Control devices
    • E02F9/22—Hydraulic or pneumatic drives
    • E02F9/2221—Control of flow rate; Load sensing arrangements
    • E02F9/2225—Control of flow rate; Load sensing arrangements using pressure-compensating valves
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02F—DREDGING; SOIL-SHIFTING
    • E02F9/00—Component parts of dredgers or soil-shifting machines, not restricted to one of the kinds covered by groups E02F3/00 - E02F7/00
    • E02F9/20—Drives; Control devices
    • E02F9/22—Hydraulic or pneumatic drives
    • E02F9/2278—Hydraulic circuits
    • E02F9/2296—Systems with a variable displacement pump
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B11/00—Servomotor systems without provision for follow-up action; Circuits therefor
    • F15B11/16—Servomotor systems without provision for follow-up action; Circuits therefor with two or more servomotors
    • F15B11/161—Servomotor systems without provision for follow-up action; Circuits therefor with two or more servomotors with sensing of servomotor demand or load
    • F15B11/162—Servomotor systems without provision for follow-up action; Circuits therefor with two or more servomotors with sensing of servomotor demand or load for giving priority to particular servomotors or users
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B11/00—Servomotor systems without provision for follow-up action; Circuits therefor
    • F15B11/16—Servomotor systems without provision for follow-up action; Circuits therefor with two or more servomotors
    • F15B11/161—Servomotor systems without provision for follow-up action; Circuits therefor with two or more servomotors with sensing of servomotor demand or load
    • F15B11/163—Servomotor systems without provision for follow-up action; Circuits therefor with two or more servomotors with sensing of servomotor demand or load for sharing the pump output equally amongst users or groups of users, e.g. using anti-saturation, pressure compensation
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B11/00—Servomotor systems without provision for follow-up action; Circuits therefor
    • F15B11/16—Servomotor systems without provision for follow-up action; Circuits therefor with two or more servomotors
    • F15B11/161—Servomotor systems without provision for follow-up action; Circuits therefor with two or more servomotors with sensing of servomotor demand or load
    • F15B11/166—Controlling a pilot pressure in response to the load, i.e. supply to at least one user is regulated by adjusting either the system pilot pressure or one or more of the individual pilot command pressures
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
    • F15B2211/20—Fluid pressure source, e.g. accumulator or variable axial piston pump
    • F15B2211/205—Systems with pumps
    • F15B2211/2053—Type of pump
    • F15B2211/20546—Type of pump variable capacity
    • F15B2211/20553—Type of pump variable capacity with pilot circuit, e.g. for controlling a swash plate
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
    • F15B2211/20—Fluid pressure source, e.g. accumulator or variable axial piston pump
    • F15B2211/25—Pressure control functions
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
    • F15B2211/30—Directional control
    • F15B2211/305—Directional control characterised by the type of valves
    • F15B2211/30525—Directional control valves, e.g. 4/3-directional control valve
    • F15B2211/3053—In combination with a pressure compensating valve
    • F15B2211/30555—Inlet and outlet of the pressure compensating valve being connected to the directional control valve
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
    • F15B2211/30—Directional control
    • F15B2211/32—Directional control characterised by the type of actuation
    • F15B2211/329—Directional control characterised by the type of actuation actuated by fluid pressure
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
    • F15B2211/40—Flow control
    • F15B2211/405—Flow control characterised by the type of flow control means or valve
    • F15B2211/40576—Assemblies of multiple valves
    • F15B2211/40584—Assemblies of multiple valves the flow control means arranged in parallel with a check valve
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
    • F15B2211/40—Flow control
    • F15B2211/46—Control of flow in the return line, i.e. meter-out control
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
    • F15B2211/40—Flow control
    • F15B2211/47—Flow control in one direction only
    • F15B2211/473—Flow control in one direction only without restriction in the reverse direction
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
    • F15B2211/50—Pressure control
    • F15B2211/505—Pressure control characterised by the type of pressure control means
    • F15B2211/50509—Pressure control characterised by the type of pressure control means the pressure control means controlling a pressure upstream of the pressure control means
    • F15B2211/50518—Pressure control characterised by the type of pressure control means the pressure control means controlling a pressure upstream of the pressure control means using pressure relief valves
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
    • F15B2211/50—Pressure control
    • F15B2211/515—Pressure control characterised by the connections of the pressure control means in the circuit
    • F15B2211/5153—Pressure control characterised by the connections of the pressure control means in the circuit being connected to an output member and a directional control valve
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
    • F15B2211/50—Pressure control
    • F15B2211/55—Pressure control for limiting a pressure up to a maximum pressure, e.g. by using a pressure relief valve
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
    • F15B2211/50—Pressure control
    • F15B2211/575—Pilot pressure control
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
    • F15B2211/60—Circuit components or control therefor
    • F15B2211/605—Load sensing circuits
    • F15B2211/6051—Load sensing circuits having valve means between output member and the load sensing circuit
    • F15B2211/6054—Load sensing circuits having valve means between output member and the load sensing circuit using shuttle valves
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
    • F15B2211/60—Circuit components or control therefor
    • F15B2211/635—Circuits providing pilot pressure to pilot pressure-controlled fluid circuit elements
    • F15B2211/6355—Circuits providing pilot pressure to pilot pressure-controlled fluid circuit elements having valve means
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
    • F15B2211/60—Circuit components or control therefor
    • F15B2211/65—Methods of control of the load sensing pressure
    • F15B2211/654—Methods of control of the load sensing pressure the load sensing pressure being lower than the load pressure
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
    • F15B2211/70—Output members, e.g. hydraulic motors or cylinders or control therefor
    • F15B2211/71—Multiple output members, e.g. multiple hydraulic motors or cylinders
EP95202287A 1991-12-25 1992-12-23 Steuereinrichtung für hydraulisches System mit mehreren Verbrauchern Expired - Lifetime EP0684389B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (10)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP35712891 1991-12-25
JP357128/91 1991-12-25
JP03357128A JP3124094B2 (ja) 1991-12-25 1991-12-25 複数アクチュエータの制御装置
JP212244/92 1992-07-16
JP21224492 1992-07-16
JP21224492A JPH0633904A (ja) 1992-07-16 1992-07-16 負荷感応形制御装置
JP25051792 1992-08-26
JP04250517A JP3128775B2 (ja) 1992-08-26 1992-08-26 負荷感応形制御装置
JP250517/92 1992-08-26
EP19920311770 EP0550257B1 (de) 1991-12-25 1992-12-23 Einrichtung zur Steuerung mehrerer Servomotoren

Related Parent Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP19920311770 Division EP0550257B1 (de) 1991-12-25 1992-12-23 Einrichtung zur Steuerung mehrerer Servomotoren
EP92311770.9 Division 1992-12-23

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0684389A2 EP0684389A2 (de) 1995-11-29
EP0684389A3 true EP0684389A3 (de) 1996-10-30
EP0684389B1 EP0684389B1 (de) 1999-09-08

Family

ID=27329339

Family Applications (4)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP19920311770 Expired - Lifetime EP0550257B1 (de) 1991-12-25 1992-12-23 Einrichtung zur Steuerung mehrerer Servomotoren
EP95202288A Expired - Lifetime EP0684388B1 (de) 1991-12-25 1992-12-23 Lastdruckkompensierte hydraulische Steuereinrichtung
EP95202286A Expired - Lifetime EP0684387B1 (de) 1991-12-25 1992-12-23 Lastdruckkompensierte hydraulische Steuereinrichtung
EP95202287A Expired - Lifetime EP0684389B1 (de) 1991-12-25 1992-12-23 Steuereinrichtung für hydraulisches System mit mehreren Verbrauchern

Family Applications Before (3)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP19920311770 Expired - Lifetime EP0550257B1 (de) 1991-12-25 1992-12-23 Einrichtung zur Steuerung mehrerer Servomotoren
EP95202288A Expired - Lifetime EP0684388B1 (de) 1991-12-25 1992-12-23 Lastdruckkompensierte hydraulische Steuereinrichtung
EP95202286A Expired - Lifetime EP0684387B1 (de) 1991-12-25 1992-12-23 Lastdruckkompensierte hydraulische Steuereinrichtung

Country Status (2)

Country Link
EP (4) EP0550257B1 (de)
DE (4) DE69225392T2 (de)

Families Citing this family (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE19719228A1 (de) * 1997-05-07 1998-11-12 Bosch Gmbh Robert Hydraulische Steuereinrichtung zur lastdruckunabhängigen Steuerung eines doppeltwirkenden Motors
DE19831595B4 (de) * 1998-07-14 2007-02-01 Bosch Rexroth Aktiengesellschaft Hydraulische Schaltung
FR2807118B1 (fr) * 2000-03-28 2002-07-05 Mannesmann Rexroth Sa Circuit hydraulique pour l'actionnement de recepteurs hydrauliques multiples
EP2635747B1 (de) * 2010-11-01 2019-09-25 Volvo Construction Equipment AB Verfahren zur steuerung eines hydrauliksteuersystems einer arbeitsmaschine
CN104627880B (zh) * 2014-12-31 2017-02-22 中联重科股份有限公司 闭式系统、控制方法、卷扬系统和履带式车辆行走系统
CN110671376B (zh) * 2019-09-29 2021-03-12 中国矿业大学 工程机械负载敏感-进出口独立液压系统及其控制方法

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3710699C1 (de) * 1987-03-31 1988-08-18 Heilmeier & Weinlein Hydraulische Steuervorrichtung fuer eine Verbrauchergruppe
WO1990002882A1 (en) * 1988-09-09 1990-03-22 Atlas Copco Aktiebolag Hydraulic driving system with a priority function for hydraulic motors
EP0433454A1 (de) * 1989-05-24 1991-06-26 Kabushiki Kaisha Komatsu Seisakusho Hydraulische schaltungsvorrichtung

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3710699C1 (de) * 1987-03-31 1988-08-18 Heilmeier & Weinlein Hydraulische Steuervorrichtung fuer eine Verbrauchergruppe
WO1990002882A1 (en) * 1988-09-09 1990-03-22 Atlas Copco Aktiebolag Hydraulic driving system with a priority function for hydraulic motors
EP0433454A1 (de) * 1989-05-24 1991-06-26 Kabushiki Kaisha Komatsu Seisakusho Hydraulische schaltungsvorrichtung

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE69225392T2 (de) 1998-09-03
EP0550257B1 (de) 1998-05-06
EP0684389B1 (de) 1999-09-08
EP0684388A3 (de) 1996-11-06
DE69229966T2 (de) 2000-03-09
DE69229968D1 (de) 1999-10-14
DE69229968T2 (de) 2000-03-09
EP0684388A2 (de) 1995-11-29
DE69228489D1 (de) 1999-04-01
EP0684388B1 (de) 1999-02-24
EP0684387A2 (de) 1995-11-29
EP0684389A2 (de) 1995-11-29
DE69229966D1 (de) 1999-10-14
EP0684387A3 (de) 1996-10-30
EP0684387B1 (de) 1999-09-08
DE69225392D1 (de) 1998-06-10
DE69228489T2 (de) 1999-09-30
EP0550257A1 (de) 1993-07-07

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