EP0681604B1 - Fabric softener composition - Google Patents

Fabric softener composition Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0681604B1
EP0681604B1 EP94905106A EP94905106A EP0681604B1 EP 0681604 B1 EP0681604 B1 EP 0681604B1 EP 94905106 A EP94905106 A EP 94905106A EP 94905106 A EP94905106 A EP 94905106A EP 0681604 B1 EP0681604 B1 EP 0681604B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
solvent
fabric softener
boiling point
weight
composition according
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP94905106A
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0681604A1 (en
Inventor
Jeffery De Groot
William Frederick Soutar Neillie
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Unilever PLC
Unilever NV
Original Assignee
Unilever PLC
Unilever NV
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Publication date
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Publication of EP0681604A1 publication Critical patent/EP0681604A1/en
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Publication of EP0681604B1 publication Critical patent/EP0681604B1/en
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
    • C11D3/16—Organic compounds
    • C11D3/20—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C11D3/2003—Alcohols; Phenols
    • C11D3/2041—Dihydric alcohols
    • C11D3/2044—Dihydric alcohols linear
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D1/00—Detergent compositions based essentially on surface-active compounds; Use of these compounds as a detergent
    • C11D1/38—Cationic compounds
    • C11D1/62—Quaternary ammonium compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
    • C11D3/0005—Other compounding ingredients characterised by their effect
    • C11D3/001—Softening compositions
    • C11D3/0015—Softening compositions liquid
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
    • C11D3/16—Organic compounds
    • C11D3/20—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C11D3/2068—Ethers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
    • C11D3/43—Solvents

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a liquid fabric softener composition for inclusion in the rinse stage of a fabric washing cycle.
  • a liquid fabric softener composition for inclusion in the rinse stage of a fabric washing cycle.
  • it relates to a so-called concentrated fabric softener composition.
  • Conventional fabric softener compositions generally include, as their active component, a relatively water insoluble cationic compound which includes a quaternary ammonium group in which the nitrogen atom carries long alkyl groups, Examples of such compounds include dimethyl dihydrogenated tallow ammonium salts and the corresponding unhydrogenated tallow derivatives. These compounds are generally used as aqueous dispersions.
  • concentrated fabric softener compositions containing high levels of the active component are preferred.
  • the amount of.cationic compound which may be included in an aqueous dispersion it is known to add electrolytes, viscosity modifying polymers, and coactives.
  • concentrations of cationic component of 30 weight percent or more.
  • compositions tend to become unstable, particularly when stored, and/or undesirably viscous.
  • An alternative approach is to make a solution of the cationic, fabric softening, component by including an organic solvent in the composition. While this may allow larger amounts of the water-insoluble component to be included, it has the disadvantage that the resulting compositions generally acquire an undesirably high flammability and an unpleasant smell.
  • compositions containing high concentrations of fabric softener may be formulated using organic solvents of low flammability.
  • the inventors have found that by appropriate choice of cationic and solvent, compositions having not only low flammability, but also low freezing temperatures may be obtained. This is contrary to normal experience where the use of a high organic solvent of low flash point is necessary to achieve low freezing temperature. The achievement of low freezing temperature is an important consideration in markets where laundry products are stored outdoors in cold conditions, for example in Japan.
  • EP-A-0,234,082 discloses a solid fabric softening composition containing a cationic surfactant and a C 4-7 saturated dicarboxylic acid.
  • the surfactants used in its examples are alkyl ammonium chlorides.
  • EP-A-0,038,862 discloses the use of particular amines as fabric softeners.
  • the amines are prepared by reacting diethylene triamine or a higher homologue thereof with two molar proportions of fatty acid, followed by mono-ethoxylation and, optionally, total or partial neutralisation. They may be used with water miscible organic solvents such as isopropanol, hexylene glycol, propylene glycol, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether and mixtures thereof.
  • GB-A-2,168,392 discloses the use of hexylene glycol, either alone or in combination with a lower alkanol or another glycol or glycol ether, as a liquid carrier for a cationic fabric softener.
  • the softener may be a quaternary ammonium compound, alkyl ammonium compounds being quoted as typical examples.
  • liquid fabric softener composition comprising:
  • flash point is intended the minimum temperature to which a product confined in a closed cup must be heated for vapour to ignite momentarily in the presence of a flame when operating under standardised conditions of, for example, equilibration time and pressure. Flash points specified herein are as measured using a SetaflashTM apparatus from Stanhope-Seta (Chertsey) using a 1 minute equilibrium time and atmospheric pressure.
  • the cationic fabric softener of formula (I) is included in the fabric conditioner composition in an amount of 20 to 60% by weight of the composition, particularly preferably from 40 to 50% by weight.
  • the cationic fabric softener may be a single compound but may also be a mixture of compounds, for example having R groups of different lengths and degrees of saturation.
  • the proportion of saturated carbon chains having 18 or more carbon atoms is less than 10%, in particular less than 5% and, particularly preferably, not more than 3%.
  • the fabric softener composition preferably comprises from 20 to 50%, particularly preferably 20 to 40% by weight of the organic solvent or organic solvent mixture.
  • the solvent mixture may include low boiling point solvent derived from the cationic fabric softener and present in the cationic fabric softener as a result of its manufacture or processing.
  • solvents include isopropyl alcohol and ethanol.
  • the Varisoft 222TM product referred to above comes as a 90% active system with 10% ethanol.
  • Low boiling point solvents such as low molecular weight alcohols (e.g. C 1 -C 3 monoalcohols) may also be added to the fabric softener composition.
  • the fabric softener composition contains a total of not more than 10% by weight of solvents whose boiling points are below 100°C. If too much low boiling point solvent is included the flash point of the composition becomes undesirably low.
  • Effective solvents and solvent mixtures may be identified by plotting phase diagrams for ternary systems comprising fabric softener, test solvent or test solvent mixture, and water.
  • the preferred solvents are those which facilitate production of an isotropic liquid over a wide range of concentrations of fabric softener component.
  • An alternative indicator of a solvent's effectiveness is the effect of the solvent on the freezing temperature of a ternary system including it.
  • depression of freezing temperature indicates an increase of solvent effectiveness.
  • compounds of formula (I) are included in the composition, it may be convenient to measure the effect of a solvent on freezing temperature in a model system which employs a different type of fabric softener compound.
  • the freezing temperature of a composition containing 40% Prapagen 3445TM (a commercial ditallow dimethyl ammonium chloride), test solvent, and the balance in water may be measured.
  • Preferred solvents are those which, when present in this test system at a level of not more than 30% give rise to a freezing temperature of not more than 10°C.
  • Particularly preferred solvents are those which are at least as effective as diethylene glycol butyl ether (also known as butyl carbitol) which produces a freezing temperature of around 9 to 10°C in a 40% Prapagen 3445, 30% diethylene glycol butyl ether, 30% water system.
  • diethylene glycol butyl ether also known as butyl carbitol
  • the preferred solvents are those which are effective according to the tests outlined above and whose boiling points are sufficiently high that the flash point of the fabric softener composition is at least 40°C and, preferably at least 60°C.
  • the bulk of the organic solvent or organic solvent mixture is made up of a solvent or solvents whose boiling point is in excess of 100°C, preferably in excess of 150°C and, particularly preferably in excess of 180°C, whereby the ratio by weight of high boiling point (above 100°C) to low boiling point (below 100°C) solvent in the composition is at least 2:1, preferably at least 3:1, and particularly preferably at least 5:1.
  • suitable high boiling point solvents include polyols, especially diols such as propylene glycol, butylene glycol, pentylene glycol and hexylene glycol, alkyl ethers of glycols or polyglycols, in particular alkyl ethers of diethylene glycol such as butyl carbitol, and small organic acids such as C 2 to C 6 mono-, di- or tri- carboxylic acids, for instance propionic acid or lactic acid.
  • it may be preferable to employ a mixture of high boiling point solvents for example to increase the effectiveness of the solvent mixture, or to reduce the undesirable effect of any individual component. For example, in general, it is undesirable to include in the composition large quantities of organic acid because of possible irritant effects.
  • a high boiling point solvent which is particularly preferred in terms of its cost is propylene glycol.
  • propylene glycol alone is not a particularly effective solvent for compounds of formula (I). Consequently, it is preferred to use propylene glycol in combination with another, more effective, high boiling point solvent.
  • the ratio by weight of propylene glycol to other high boiling point solvent in the composition is from 20:1 to 1:10, preferably from 10:1 to 1:5 and, particularly preferably, from 5:1 to 1:1.
  • Preferred solvents for use in conjunction with propylene glycol include butyl carbitol, hexylene glycol and propionic acid.
  • compositions of the present invention comprise:
  • compositions of the present invention preferably have freezing temperatures of -5°C or lower, particularly -10°C or lower and ideally, -15°C or lower.
  • some embodiments of the composition may include small amounts of other cationic fabric conditioners of known type provided that these may be solubilised in the solvent mixture to yield a substantially isotropic, or almost clear, liquid.
  • the ratio by weight of fabric softener of formula (I) to total other cationic fabric softener is at least 1:2, preferably at least 1:1, and, particularly at least 2:1.
  • the other cationic fabric softener can be any fabric-substantive cationic compound which has a solubility in water at pH 2.5 and 20°C of less than 10 g/l.
  • Highly preferred materials are quaternary ammonium salts having two C 12 -C 14 alkyl or alkenyl chains, optionally substituted or interrupted by functional groups such as -OH,-O-,-CONH-,-COO-,etc.
  • R 1 and R 2 represent hydrocarbyl groups having from 12 to 24 carbon atoms
  • R 3 and R 4 represent hydrocarbyl groups containing 1 to 4 carbon atoms
  • X is an anion, preferably selected from halide, methyl sulphate and ethyl sulphate radicals.
  • quaternary softeners include ditallow dimethyl ammonium chloride; ditallow dimethyl ammonium methyl sulphate; dihexadecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride; di (hydrogenated tallow alkyl) dimethyl ammonium chloride; dioctadecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride; dieicosyl dimethyl ammonium chloride; didocosyl dimethyl ammonium chloride; di(hydrogenated tallow) dimethyl ammonium methyl sulphate; dihexadecyl diethyl ammonium chloride; di(coconut alkyl) dimethyl ammonium chloride.
  • dialkyl ethoxyl methyl ammonium sulphates based on soft or hard fatty acids.
  • Ditallow dimethyl ammonium chloride, di(hydrogenated tallow alkyl) dimethyl ammonium chloride, di(coconut alkyl) dimethyl ammonium chloride and di (coconut alkyl) dimethyl ammonium methosulfate are preferred.
  • alkylimidazolinium salts believed to have the formula: wherein R 6 is an alkyl or hydroxyalkyl group containing from 1 to 4, preferably 1 or 2 carbon atoms, R 7 is an alkyl or alkenyl group containing from 8 to 25 carbon atoms, R 8 is an alkenyl group containing from 8 to 25 carbon atoms, and R 9 is hydrogen or an alkyl containing from 1 to 4 carbon atoms and A- is an anion, preferably a halide, methosulphate or ethosulphate.
  • Preferred imidazolinium salts include 1-methyl-1-(tallowylamido) ethyl -2-tallowyl- 4,5-dihydro imidazolinium methosulfate and 1-methyl-1 (palmitoylamido)ethyl-2-octadecyl-4, 5-dihydro-imidazolinium chloride.
  • Other useful imidazolinium materials are 2-heptadecyl-1-methyl-1- (2-stearylamido)-ethyl-imidazolinium chloride and 2-lauryl-1-hydroxyethyl-1-oleylimidazolinium chloride.
  • Also suitable herein are the imidazolinium fabric softening components of US Patent No. 4127489. Mixtures of various cationic fabric softening agents can also be used in addition to the compound of formula (I).
  • the composition can also contain one or more optional ingredients selected from pH buffering agents, such as weak acids, eg. phosphoric, benzoic or citric acids (the pH of the compositions are preferably less than 6.0), rewetting agents, viscosity modifiers, such as electrolytes and C 9 -C 24 fatty acids included at levels from 20 to 6000ppm, antigelling agents, perfumes, perfume carriers, fluorescers, colourants, hydrotropes, antifoaming agents, antiredeposition agents, enzymes, optical brightening agents, opacifiers, stabilisers such as guar gum and polyethylene glycol, anti-shrinking agents, antiwrinkle agents, fabric crisping agents, anti-spotting agents, soil-release agents, germicides, fungicides, anti-oxidants, anti-corrosion agents, preservatives such as Bronopol (Registered Trade Mark), a commercially available form of 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1, 3 diol, dyes, bleaches
  • Suitable silicones for use in the compositions according to the invention include predominantly linear polydialkyl or alkylaryl siloxanes in which the alkyl groups contain one to five carbon atoms.
  • the siloxanes can be amido or amino substituted. When the siloxane is amino substituted the amine group may be quaternised.
  • compositions may also contain, in addition to the cationic fabric softening agent, other non-cationic fabric softening agents, such as nonionic fabric softening agents.
  • other non-cationic fabric softening agents such as nonionic fabric softening agents.
  • such materials are included at a level within the range of from 5% to 10% by weight of the composition.
  • the fabric conditioning composition of the invention may be added to a large volume of water to form a liquor with which the fabrics to be treated are contacted.
  • the total concentration of the fabric softener composition in this liquor will be between 30ppm and 500ppm.
  • the weight ratio of the fabrics to liquor will preferably be less than 25:1, most preferably between 10:1 and 4:1.
  • compositions according to the invention may be prepared by a variety of methods which will be apparent to those of skill in the art. They may conveniently be prepared by simple mixing of the ingredients at room temperature, preferably by mixing first the cationic and organic solvent and, subsequently, the water, if present.
  • Figs 1A and 1B show ternary phase diagrams for Varisoft 222TM (designated “V” in the figure), water (designated “W” in the figure), organic solvent systems in which the solvents tested were (i) ethanol (designated E); (ii) propylene glycol (designated P.G.) ; (iii) butyl carbitol (designated B.C.); and (iv) 4:1 propylene glycol: butyl carbitol (designated P.G./B.C.); in the phase diagrams "L” indicates an isotropic liquid, "L ⁇ " a lamellar phase and "G” a gel.
  • Fig 2 shows how freezing temperature on the y-axis varies with percentage by weight of organic solvent on the x-axis for a variety of organic solvents in a system including 40% Prapagen 3445, test solvent and the balance in water; in the figure “P.G.” designates propylene glycol, “B.C.” designates butyl carbitol, “H.G.” designates hexylene glycol, “IPA” designates isopropylalcohol, and "P.A.” designates propionic acid.
  • phase diagram (i) in which ethanol alone was used as organic solvent indicates that ethanol is a very effective solvent for Varisoft 222, it being possible to form an isotropic liquid over a wide range of Varisoft concentrations.
  • ethanol alone is not a suitable solvent for inclusion in the compositions of the present invention because it gives rise to a very low flash point.
  • Diagram (ii) shows the effect of using, instead of ethanol, propylene glycol which is a much less flammable solvent.
  • the diagram indicates that isotropic liquids may only be formed at low concentrations of Varisoft 222.
  • propylene glycol imparts desirable flammabilities it is not, when used alone, an ideal solvent for use in the compositions of the present invention.
  • Diagram (iii) shows that when another low flammability solvent, butyl carbitol is employed, isotropic liquids may be formed over a wide range of Varisoft concentrations.
  • Diagram (iv) shows that when small amounts of butyl carbitol are included in a solvent mixture which is predominantly propylene glycol (4:1 propylene glycol: butyl carbitol) the phase diagram resembles that which may be achieved with butyl carbitol alone. Thus, the use of large quantities of the more expensive butyl carbitol solvent may be avoided by employing a mixture of solvents.
  • Fig 2 shows the effect of organic solvent on freezing temperature in a test system of 40% Prapagen 3445, x% organic solvent, and (60-x)% water.
  • the influence of solvent on freezing temperature in this system may be regarded as indicative of the effectiveness of the solvent in a system containing Varisoft 222 or other cationic softener of formula (I) in place of Prapagen 3445.
  • the lower the freezing temperature the more effective the solvent so that the figure indicates the ranking in order of decreasing effectiveness: propionic acid>isopropyl alcohol>hexylene glycol>butyl carbitol>propylene glycol.
  • Freezing temperature was measured by placing test solution in an ethylene glycol-water bath and lowering the temperature by 1°C every 2 hours until the solution was observed to solidify.
  • compositions based on compounds of formula (I) should include at least some of an organic solvent whose effectiveness according to this test is equivalent to or greater than that of butyl carbitol.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Emergency Medicine (AREA)
  • Treatments For Attaching Organic Compounds To Fibrous Goods (AREA)
  • Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
EP94905106A 1993-01-29 1994-01-22 Fabric softener composition Expired - Lifetime EP0681604B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB9301811 1993-01-29
GB939301811A GB9301811D0 (en) 1993-01-29 1993-01-29 Fabric softener composition
PCT/EP1994/000174 WO1994017169A1 (en) 1993-01-29 1994-01-22 Fabric softener composition

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0681604A1 EP0681604A1 (en) 1995-11-15
EP0681604B1 true EP0681604B1 (en) 1997-05-02

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EP94905106A Expired - Lifetime EP0681604B1 (en) 1993-01-29 1994-01-22 Fabric softener composition

Country Status (15)

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EP (1) EP0681604B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
JP (1) JP3283264B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
AU (1) AU679483B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
BR (1) BR9405875A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
CA (1) CA2153784C (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
CZ (1) CZ191095A3 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (1) DE69402957T2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
ES (1) ES2102824T3 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB9301811D0 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
HU (1) HU214101B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
PL (1) PL309976A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
SK (1) SK95495A3 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
TW (1) TW260724B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
WO (1) WO1994017169A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
ZA (1) ZA94540B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Families Citing this family (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB9406824D0 (en) * 1994-04-07 1994-06-01 Unilever Plc Fabric softening composition
DE69521039T2 (de) * 1994-04-07 2001-09-13 Unilever N.V., Rotterdam Gewebeweichmacherzusammensetzung
US5492636A (en) * 1994-09-23 1996-02-20 Quest International Fragrances Company Clear concentrated fabric softener
CN1244212A (zh) * 1996-10-21 2000-02-09 普罗格特-甘布尔公司 浓缩的织物柔软组合物
US20030050214A1 (en) * 2001-09-10 2003-03-13 The Procter & Gamble Company Home laundry method
DE10320433A1 (de) * 2003-05-08 2005-02-17 Henkel Kgaa Frostresistente Konditioniermittel
TWI279518B (en) 2006-06-12 2007-04-21 Ind Tech Res Inst Loop type heat dissipating apparatus with spray cooling device

Family Cites Families (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US446047A (en) 1891-02-10 Vending machine
EP0038862B1 (en) * 1979-08-03 1984-02-01 Albright & Wilson Limited Compositions containing amido amine salts, and their use as fabric softeners
FR2482636A1 (fr) * 1980-05-14 1981-11-20 Lesieur Cotelle Et Associes Sa Composition adoucissante concentree pour fibres textiles
GB8312619D0 (en) * 1983-05-07 1983-06-08 Procter & Gamble Surfactant compositions
ZA858974B (en) * 1984-12-12 1987-07-29 Colgate Palmolive Co Concetrated stable non-aqueous fabric softener composition
US4769159A (en) * 1986-02-18 1988-09-06 Ecolab Inc. Institutional softener containing cationic surfactant and organic acid
EP0296995B1 (fr) * 1987-06-16 1994-05-04 Cotelle S.A. Compositions adoucissantes concentrées

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
HU9502258D0 (en) 1995-09-28
EP0681604A1 (en) 1995-11-15
HUT73057A (en) 1996-06-28
DE69402957D1 (de) 1997-06-05
ZA94540B (en) 1995-07-26
GB9301811D0 (en) 1993-03-17
CA2153784C (en) 2004-08-17
HU214101B (en) 1997-12-29
AU5885294A (en) 1994-08-15
PL309976A1 (en) 1995-11-13
JPH08505906A (ja) 1996-06-25
BR9405875A (pt) 1995-12-12
AU679483B2 (en) 1997-07-03
ES2102824T3 (es) 1997-08-01
SK95495A3 (en) 1996-04-03
CA2153784A1 (en) 1994-08-04
JP3283264B2 (ja) 2002-05-20
TW260724B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1995-10-21
CZ191095A3 (en) 1996-01-17
DE69402957T2 (de) 1997-08-28
WO1994017169A1 (en) 1994-08-04

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