EP0638956A1 - Aktive Antenne mit elektronischem Absuchen in Azimut und Elevation, insbesondere für Mikrowellen-Abbildung mittels Satellit - Google Patents

Aktive Antenne mit elektronischem Absuchen in Azimut und Elevation, insbesondere für Mikrowellen-Abbildung mittels Satellit Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0638956A1
EP0638956A1 EP94401772A EP94401772A EP0638956A1 EP 0638956 A1 EP0638956 A1 EP 0638956A1 EP 94401772 A EP94401772 A EP 94401772A EP 94401772 A EP94401772 A EP 94401772A EP 0638956 A1 EP0638956 A1 EP 0638956A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
sources
reflector
antenna
network
collector
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP94401772A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0638956B1 (de
Inventor
Régis Lenormand
Charles Villemur
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Alcatel Lucent SAS
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Alcatel Espace Industries SA
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Alcatel Espace Industries SA filed Critical Alcatel Espace Industries SA
Publication of EP0638956A1 publication Critical patent/EP0638956A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0638956B1 publication Critical patent/EP0638956B1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
    • H01Q3/26—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture
    • H01Q3/2658—Phased-array fed focussing structure
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q19/00—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic
    • H01Q19/10—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic using reflecting surfaces
    • H01Q19/18—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic using reflecting surfaces having two or more spaced reflecting surfaces
    • H01Q19/19—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic using reflecting surfaces having two or more spaced reflecting surfaces comprising one main concave reflecting surface associated with an auxiliary reflecting surface
    • H01Q19/192—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic using reflecting surfaces having two or more spaced reflecting surfaces comprising one main concave reflecting surface associated with an auxiliary reflecting surface with dual offset reflectors
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q25/00—Antennas or antenna systems providing at least two radiating patterns
    • H01Q25/007—Antennas or antenna systems providing at least two radiating patterns using two or more primary active elements in the focal region of a focusing device
    • H01Q25/008—Antennas or antenna systems providing at least two radiating patterns using two or more primary active elements in the focal region of a focusing device lens fed multibeam arrays

Definitions

  • the field of the invention is that of active antennas with electronic scanning, and more particularly antennas the effective opening of which must be wide relative to the dimensions of the array of radiating elementary sources.
  • Such an antenna generally consists of a reflector of an appropriate shape, illuminated by a network of elementary sources whose relative phases can be controlled to direct the beam around a mean direction.
  • the invention will be particularly suitable for obtaining decisive advantages when applied in the field of on-board antennas on satellite, for example for radar imaging applications.
  • the invention can also be used on board airplanes or any other aircraft for radar imaging applications.
  • the antenna according to the invention can also be adapted for land applications which require electronic scanning along one or two orthogonal axes.
  • the parameters of the orbit of the satellite do not allow to fly over a precise place at a given moment the observation of a given place must wait until the satellite is above this place.
  • the antenna of a SAR radar must be orientable to aim at the desired location, even if it is slightly offset from the satellite position.
  • the sighting directions are defined with respect to the trajectory of the satellite: the azimuth in the plane of the orbit, that is to say in front of and behind the vertical; and the elevation in a plane perpendicular to the plane of the orbit and to the trajectory of the satellite, that is to say the lateral aim on each side of the plane of the orbit.
  • the electromagnetic radiation beam is electronically orientable, without physical displacement of the antenna relative to the platform, whether it be a satellite or an aircraft.
  • several antenna performance parameters are particularly critical, particularly with regard to the radiation pattern.
  • the antenna design is pushed in the direction of very weak side lobes, in any case much less than -20 dB compared to the main lobe, and a narrow main lobe with steep flanks.
  • this finesse of control is obtained by relatively fine sampling of the area of the array.
  • Each sample of the network consists of one or more radiating elements, and the phase characteristic of the wave emitted or received by this sample is adjusted by microwave phase shifting equipment.
  • a direct radiation array antenna that meets the specifications of a system microwave radar imagery on board a satellite circulating around the earth in low orbit, typically has a radiating surface of the order of 200 x 500 cm and a number of samples of the order of 4000.
  • phase-shifters are variable phase-shifters, so 8000 control circuits must be provided to perform beam shaping and electronic scanning, as well as electronics for calculating and addressing commands to calculate and then apply the appropriate values to the phase shifters in order to obtain the appropriate beam parameters.
  • a reflector antenna In the case of a radar on board a satellite in low orbit, the antenna scanning domains are a few degrees in azimuth, and a few tens of degrees in elevation. These parameters lead to the use of a reflector having a cylindro-parabolic shape with its generatrices substantially perpendicular to the instantaneous direction of movement of the satellite.
  • the relative arrangement of the emitting source and the reflector on board the satellite is generally of a geometry called “offset", according to which the emitting source, which is located substantially at the focus of the reflector, is offset from the beam finally radiated after reflection from this cylindro-parabolic reflector.
  • the azimuth scanning which is carried out in the offset plane, is carried out by a synthesis of the focal task in the direction of the azimuth.
  • a satisfactory synthesis can only be obtained with a sufficient number of sources, each of these sources being excited with a weighting well determined in amplitude.
  • a reflector antenna of the known art is shown partially and schematically in FIG. 1. Only the parts necessary to obtain the azimuth scanning are represented in this FIG. 1.
  • the main transmitting (or receiving) source considered is source 1, constituted for example by a horn placed on the focal line (not shown) of reflector 5.
  • This source 1 is supplied via an amplifier A1 with gain adjustable, as well as an adjustable phase shifter D1.
  • the radiation diagram of this source 1 taken in isolation normally shows, on either side of the main lobe, two parasitic secondary lobes at -17 dB which it is necessary to remove in the case of a SAR mission.
  • This suppression of secondary lobes is achieved by the use of two other sources (2,3) which are arranged on either side of the main source 1.
  • These two sources are themselves also supplied via a adjustable amplifier and phase shifter, respectively A2, D2, A3, D3. They are each slightly offset in relation to the pointing direction from the main source 1, and more specifically they are pointed respectively towards the two secondary lobes on either side of the main lobe of the main source 1.
  • the adjustable phase shifters and amplifiers A2, D2, A3, D3 of this known device are adjusted to give these secondary sources 2, 3 an amplitude of -17 dB relative to the main source 1, but in phase opposition with the main lobe radiation of the latter, so as to cancel these secondary lobes by destructive interference.
  • source 3 At nominal power as the main source, and sources 1 and 4 with an amplitude of -17 dB and in phase opposition to cancel the secondary lobes of the main source. 3.
  • the displacement of the axis of the emitted radiation towards the reflector results in a deflection according to an azimuth angle determined by the relative geometry of the sources and the reflector.
  • This device is capable of transmitting (or receiving) the radar beam under the conditions desired for the SAR mission, however there are still some problems which are worrying for radars on board airborne or space platforms.
  • a reflector antenna of the prior art is shown partially and schematically in Figure 2. Only the parts necessary to obtain the elevation scan are shown in this figure 2.
  • the elevation scan must be possible on a domain of several tens of half-power beamwidth openings to ensure the desired ground coverage between two successive traces of passage of the satellite around the earth's surface.
  • the non-deflected beam is represented by lines 22, 21, 23, 24 which are directed parallel to the reflector 5. It can be seen that the radiation from the source 4, along line 24, is not useful because it is not reflected by the reflector 5. It is therefore necessary to give zero power (using the amplifier A4, for example) to this source when it is a question of radiating in this direction.
  • a known solution to this problem of overflow losses consists in providing an active network 6 larger than normally necessary for the central radiation 21,22,23 not yet depointed: in the simple example shown, this active network 6 then comprises a source additional 4, aligned with the other three and also associated with an adjustable amplifier and phase shifter A4, D4. As mentioned above, this source 4 will only be supplied in the event of a depointing.
  • the amplifier A4 is set to a non-zero gain, and the gain of the amplifier A2 is set to a zero value.
  • the antenna described in this document comprises two parabolic reflectors and an electromagnetic lens arranged in their common focus.
  • This structure is arranged in a periscopic configuration which makes it possible to reduce the dimensions of the active network 6.
  • the electromagnetic lens makes it possible, to dissociate the radioelectric constraints necessary to ensure the required performances of the antenna, of those of the mechanical implantations of the elements constituting the antenna.
  • fine-tuning phase shifters implanted within this electromagnetic lens make it possible to adjust parameters of the beam emitted to best ensure the direct line telecommunications mission.
  • telecommunications by microwave waves is carried out in direct line of sight between a transmitting antenna and a remote receiving antenna. The direction of the radiation is fixed according to this direct line of sight, therefore the antenna described by this document is not able to fulfill the SAR mission described above.
  • the two faces of said radio lens are parallel. According to another variant, the two faces of said radio lens are not parallel.
  • the collector network is of smaller dimensions than the primary network, although the two networks have the same number of sources. According to one characteristic, the sources of the collector network are smaller than the sources of the primary network.
  • transmitting antennas are also strictly transposable, provided that the power flow in the device is reversed, to receiving antennas.
  • the same physical device will generally be called upon to fulfill the two roles of transmission and reception; however, two amplification chains must be provided, one to provide the power amplification necessary for transmission, and the other to amplify the very weak signals received after reflection of the signal emitted by the radar target.
  • the processing of the two channels, reception and transmission is perfectly symmetrical with the exception of this detail, and for the clarity of the description which follows, it suffices to describe only the transmission channel, knowing that the channel inversion reception can be deduced unambiguously by the skilled person.
  • Such an antenna uses the principle of the optical periscope, and it includes an active array 6, of reduced dimensions compared to an active array with direct radiation capable of providing the same beam dimensions, for example the section D radiated by the antenna a double reflectors with "offset" configuration.
  • the beam 10 of section "d" which is radiated by the active network 6 is normally reflected by a first cylindro-parabolic reflector 7 called “auxiliary reflector”, which concentrates it in its focus , which, in a conventional Gregory antenna, coincides with the focal point of the second reflector 5 called “main reflector”.
  • auxiliary reflector a first cylindro-parabolic reflector 7 which concentrates it in its focus
  • main reflector 5 coincides with the focal point of the second reflector 5 called "main reflector”.
  • the beam after reflection and concentration by the auxiliary reflector 7 propagates by diverging to illuminate the main reflector 5 from which it is reflected in a beam 11 of section D in parallel rays.
  • the antenna is called "offset" because of the offset between the beam 10 emitted by the network of elementary sources 6, and the beam 11 finally radiated.
  • the elements of the Gregory antenna which have just been described are conventional.
  • the antenna according to the invention is distinguished by the particular characteristics which will now be described.
  • phase-shifters 8 are used in a well-known manner, to point at will the direction of the beam 10 emitted by the active network 6.
  • phase-shifters are followed by power amplifiers 9 in the case of a transmitting antenna, which, unlike the amplifiers A1, A2, A3, A4 of FIG. 1, are amplifiers which all operate with a fixed and predetermined gain.
  • the "small" receiving sources of the collector 13 correspond one by one, geographically homothetically, with the “large” re-emitting sources of the primary network 15, that is to say that the respective distributions of these sources are the same on each network 13, 15.
  • a source of the collector 13 is connected to the geographically corresponding source of the primary network 15 via a connector 16.
  • Other adjustable phase shifters can be provided inside the radio lens between the collector 13 and the primary network. 15 (marked 18 in Figure 4).
  • the primary network 15 is positioned in the focal plane of the focal point F 'of the reflector 5, while the collector 13 is placed in the focal plane of the focal point F of the reflector 7.
  • the collector 13 is, in the example of this figure, in is quite close to the primary network 15 and, as a first approximation, the two dishes 7 and 5 can be considered confocal, as in the classic Gregory antenna.
  • the connection between the collector 13 and the primary network 15 allows flexibility in the arrangement of the collector 13 and the primary network 15, which can be spaced from each other, or else arranged in a non-parallel configuration (not shown).
  • the beams 10, 14, 17, and 11 are as shown in FIG. 3.
  • the characteristics of the lens 12, and in particular the relative dimensions of the sources of the collector 13 and of the primary network 15, are such that the aforementioned amplitude and phase conditions are respected for the sources of the primary network: by considering (FIG. 1) a source 1 assumed for example at the point marked F ′ on the primary network of FIG. 3, this source is associated , on both sides, to two depointed sources 2 and 3 which are in phase and which re-emit at 17 dB below, so that finally the two parasitic side lobes of the source 1, at the point marked F ', s' find compensated and therefore practically erased.
  • the auxiliary reflector 7 reflects a beam 14 which is also deflected with respect to its initial focal task . It no longer focuses on the point marked F 'but on a neighboring source which will therefore collect a maximum of energy while the source located at the abovementioned point F will now collect much less energy.
  • FIG. 4 we see another example of an embodiment according to the invention of an antenna with electronic scanning in azimuth and in elevation.
  • This figure is identical to Figure 3 already described, with the exception of the phase shifters 18 within the electronic lens 12.
  • This variant is particularly advantageous in the case of an electronic scan in elevation with a large angle of movement.
  • the phase shifters 8 are used to obtain the electronic scanning of the beam.
  • the additional phase shifters 18 within the radio lens can be used to make fine adjustments to the ground tracing of the beam, which changes as a function of the lateral aiming angle.
  • FIG. 5 represents a section in a plane which contains a generator of each of the cylindro-parabolic reflectors, and which shows in more detail the principle of the scanning in elevation.
  • the primary network 15 is composed of a central core N1 of emissive sources which form, for this network 15 the central focal task F '(FIG. 4).
  • the beam 17 is emitted towards the reflector 5 by this central core N1 of elementary sources, and partially reflected according to the non-depointed beam 11 (FIGS. 4 and 5).
  • This central core N1 is framed on either side by additional sources S1, S2 which, as as will be seen below, do not emit energy in the absence of elevation scanning.
  • the collector 13 is homothetic to the primary network 15, and therefore comprises the same number of sources distributed in the same way, that is to say according to a central core n1, homologous to the core N1 but more small, framed by sources s1, s2 homologous respectively to sources S1, S2.
  • the dimensional characteristics of the auxiliary reflector 7 and of the collector 13 are determined so that in the absence of electronic scanning, the focal spot F which is illuminated by the reflected beam 14 corresponds to the aforementioned central core n1.
  • the sources s1, s2 therefore receive no energy from the reflector 7 so that the sources s1, s2 do not re-emit any energy in the direction of the reflector 5.
  • a deflection in elevation of the beam 11 without losses by overflow one acts on the one hand on the adjustable phase shifters 8 to spot the beam 10, and therefore also the beam 14 as indicated at 14 on FIG. 5, in order to shift, for example to the left (fig.5) this beam 14.
  • the nucleus N1 is displaced, on the primary network 15, to the left according to the retransmitting nucleus N2, which includes the sources S1 but no longer the sources S3, respectively homologous of the nucleus n2 and of the sources s1 and s3.
  • the emissive focal task being thus shifted, on the primary network 15, from N1 to N2, it then becomes possible to perform an elevation scan of the radiated beam 17.11 without risking loss by overflow.
  • This scanning is carried out by fine adjustment of the phase shifts due to the adjustable phase shifters 18, and the beam re-emitted and directed by the focal task N2 is designated by the references 17 ′, while the beam finally radiated towards the terrestrial surface is designated by the references 11 '.
  • the invention is not limited to the examples which have just been described, but it is capable of being implemented according to various variant embodiments as well as by the use of different equivalent means .
  • an electronic scanning antenna having reflectors of another shape, or intended for applications other than the SAR radar are entirely conceivable according to the invention among possible variants of embodiments.

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  • Variable-Direction Aerials And Aerial Arrays (AREA)
EP19940401772 1993-08-04 1994-08-02 Aktive Antenne mit elektronischem Absuchen in Azimut und Elevation, insbesondere für Mikrowellen-Abbildung mittels Satellit Expired - Lifetime EP0638956B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9309617 1993-08-04
FR9309617A FR2709877B1 (fr) 1993-08-04 1993-08-04 Antenne active à balayage électronique en azimut et en élévation, en particulier pour l'imagerie hyperfréquence par satellite.

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EP0638956A1 true EP0638956A1 (de) 1995-02-15
EP0638956B1 EP0638956B1 (de) 2002-05-08

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EP19940401772 Expired - Lifetime EP0638956B1 (de) 1993-08-04 1994-08-02 Aktive Antenne mit elektronischem Absuchen in Azimut und Elevation, insbesondere für Mikrowellen-Abbildung mittels Satellit

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EP (1) EP0638956B1 (de)
DE (1) DE69430556T2 (de)
FR (1) FR2709877B1 (de)

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0856908A1 (de) * 1997-02-03 1998-08-05 Alcatel Einrichtung zur Antennenstrahlbildung für Multiplexkanäle
EP1020952A1 (de) * 1999-01-15 2000-07-19 TRW Inc. Gregory Antenne
WO2002013310A1 (de) * 2000-08-10 2002-02-14 Woetzel Frank E Anordnung zur beeinflussung und steuerung elektromagnetischer wechselfelder und/oder antennen und antennendiagrammen
FR2868847A1 (fr) * 2004-04-13 2005-10-14 Eads Astrium Sas Soc Par Actio Dispositif de detection comprenant un miroir parabolique, et utilisation d'un tel dispositif a bord d'un engin de survol
GB2517661A (en) * 1995-10-24 2015-03-04 Thomson Csf An anti-jamming antenna
GB2546309A (en) * 2016-01-15 2017-07-19 Cambridge Broadband Networks Ltd An Antenna
US11831346B2 (en) 2021-03-29 2023-11-28 Pathfinder Digital, LLC Adaptable, reconfigurable mobile very small aperture (VSAT) satellite communication terminal using an electronically scanned array (ESA)

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN107645069B (zh) * 2017-10-09 2024-03-15 成都瑞德星无线技术有限公司 一种近场有源镜像聚焦天线

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2685551A1 (fr) * 1991-12-23 1993-06-25 Alcatel Espace Antenne active "offset" a double reflecteurs.

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2685551A1 (fr) * 1991-12-23 1993-06-25 Alcatel Espace Antenne active "offset" a double reflecteurs.
EP0548876A1 (de) * 1991-12-23 1993-06-30 Alcatel Espace Asymmetrische Spiegelantenne mit zwei Reflektoren

Non-Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
BUCCI ET AL.: "Reconfigurable Arrays by Phase-Only Control", IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, vol. 39, no. 7, July 1991 (1991-07-01), NEW YORK US, pages 919 - 925 *
DAVIS ET AL.: "A Scanning Reflector Using an Off-Axis Space-Fed Phased-Array Feed", IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, vol. 39, no. 3, March 1991 (1991-03-01), NEW YORK US, pages 391 - 400, XP000201346, DOI: doi:10.1109/8.76339 *
LENORMAND ET AL.: "LARGE ANGULAR ELECTRONIC BEAM STEERING ANTENNA FOR SPACE APPLICATION", IEEE ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION SOCIETY INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM, vol. 1, July 1992 (1992-07-01), CHICAGO,ILLINOIS,USA, pages 2 - 4, XP000342297, DOI: doi:10.1109/APS.1992.222021 *

Cited By (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2517661A (en) * 1995-10-24 2015-03-04 Thomson Csf An anti-jamming antenna
GB2517661B (en) * 1995-10-24 2016-03-30 Thomson Csf An anti-jamming antenna
FR2759204A1 (fr) * 1997-02-03 1998-08-07 Alsthom Cge Alcatel Unite de formation de faisceau de canaux multiplexes
US6023248A (en) * 1997-02-03 2000-02-08 Alcatel Multiplexed channel beam forming unit
EP0856908A1 (de) * 1997-02-03 1998-08-05 Alcatel Einrichtung zur Antennenstrahlbildung für Multiplexkanäle
EP1020952A1 (de) * 1999-01-15 2000-07-19 TRW Inc. Gregory Antenne
WO2002013310A1 (de) * 2000-08-10 2002-02-14 Woetzel Frank E Anordnung zur beeinflussung und steuerung elektromagnetischer wechselfelder und/oder antennen und antennendiagrammen
WO2005103756A1 (fr) * 2004-04-13 2005-11-03 Astrium Sas Dispositif de detection comprenant un miroir parabolique, et utilisation d'un tel dispositif a bord d'un engin de survol
US7378629B2 (en) 2004-04-13 2008-05-27 Astrium Sas Detection device comprising a parabolic mirror and use of said device in an overflight machine
FR2868847A1 (fr) * 2004-04-13 2005-10-14 Eads Astrium Sas Soc Par Actio Dispositif de detection comprenant un miroir parabolique, et utilisation d'un tel dispositif a bord d'un engin de survol
GB2546309A (en) * 2016-01-15 2017-07-19 Cambridge Broadband Networks Ltd An Antenna
GB2546309B (en) * 2016-01-15 2020-03-18 Cambridge Broadband Networks Ltd An Antenna
US11831346B2 (en) 2021-03-29 2023-11-28 Pathfinder Digital, LLC Adaptable, reconfigurable mobile very small aperture (VSAT) satellite communication terminal using an electronically scanned array (ESA)

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE69430556D1 (de) 2002-06-13
FR2709877A1 (fr) 1995-03-17
DE69430556T2 (de) 2003-01-16
FR2709877B1 (fr) 1995-10-13
EP0638956B1 (de) 2002-05-08

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