EP0621365B1 - Sole of an electric steam iron - Google Patents

Sole of an electric steam iron Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0621365B1
EP0621365B1 EP94106118A EP94106118A EP0621365B1 EP 0621365 B1 EP0621365 B1 EP 0621365B1 EP 94106118 A EP94106118 A EP 94106118A EP 94106118 A EP94106118 A EP 94106118A EP 0621365 B1 EP0621365 B1 EP 0621365B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
sole plate
steam
vaporisation
sole
area
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP94106118A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0621365A1 (en
Inventor
Jean-Paul Ange André Bouleau
Gérard Louis Henri Guillot
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
SEB SA
Original Assignee
Moulinex SA
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Publication of EP0621365A1 publication Critical patent/EP0621365A1/en
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Publication of EP0621365B1 publication Critical patent/EP0621365B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
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    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06FLAUNDERING, DRYING, IRONING, PRESSING OR FOLDING TEXTILE ARTICLES
    • D06F75/00Hand irons
    • D06F75/08Hand irons internally heated by electricity
    • D06F75/10Hand irons internally heated by electricity with means for supplying steam to the article being ironed
    • D06F75/20Arrangements for discharging the steam to the article being ironed

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an electric steam iron comprising a sole extending longitudinally from a point to a heel, and comprising a heating element overmolded in a boss and two vaporization chambers closed by a cover and separated by a partition, either a first main vaporization chamber supplied with water by means of a first device for injecting water through a first opening made in the cover and communicating with steam outlet orifices made in the sole near the lateral edges of said sole, ie a second vaporization chamber placed in the anterior region of the sole, supplied with water by means of a second device for injecting water through a second opening made in the cover and communicating with other steam outlet orifices made in the anterior central part of the soleplate, the orifices made near oximity of the lateral edges of the sole and the orifices made in the anterior central part of the sole forming on said sole a first vaporization range.
  • the soles for electric steam irons of known type made for example of aluminum usually have many transverse steam outlet orifices to distribute the vapor over the entire surface of the sole.
  • Such a sole described in patent US-2708 801 has transverse orifices distributed over a large part of the surface of the sole to ensure, in the direction of movement of the iron, good moistening of the laundry.
  • the numerous transverse orifices generally cause excessive humidification of the linen as well as humidification of the support on which the linen to be ironed rests such as an ironing board.
  • the object of the invention is to remedy the aforementioned drawbacks by using an electric steam iron, the sole of which improves the distribution of steam by increasing the quality of ironing.
  • the soleplate of the electric steam iron further comprises, on the underside, from the tip towards the heel, after the first spraying range, a first drying range, devoid of outlet orifices vapor, and extending transversely between the lateral edges of the sole, this so-called first drying range being followed by a second vaporization range extending transversely between the lateral edges of the sole and into which the outlet openings open of vapor, said second vaporization range being itself followed by a second drying range devoid of vapor outlet orifices and extending over the entire remaining posterior surface of the sole.
  • the clothes to be ironed undergo a double action effect ensuring better smoothing of the clothes. Indeed, during ironing, the laundry is first stretched, then sprayed, then dried, and secondly again sprayed and then dried.
  • the distribution of the vapor under the soleplate, via the pipes avoids significant projections of water to the outside, thus minimizing excessive humidification of the linen and / or the support to be ironed.
  • the successive distribution of the drying and spraying areas extending transversely between the lateral edges of the sole makes it easier to iron the laundry during a back and forth movement of the iron on the laundry.
  • an electric steam iron of known type has a sole 1, for example of aluminum, extending longitudinally from a point 3 towards a heel not shown in Figure 1, and comprising an element heater 4 molded in a boss and two vaporization chambers 5 and 6 closed by a cover 2 and separated by a partition 7.
  • the first vaporization chamber 5 is supplied with water by means of a first water injection device (not shown) which passes through a first opening 8 made in the cover 2.
  • the first vaporization chamber 5 communicates with outlet orifices 10 steam formed in the underside 9 of the sole near the side edges 30 and 40 of said sole 1.
  • the second vaporization chamber 6 is placed in the anterior region of the sole 1. It is supplied with water by means of a second water injection device (not shown) which passes through a second opening 11 made in the cover 2.
  • Said second vaporization chamber 6 communicates with other vapor outlet orifices 12 formed in the front central part of the sole 1.
  • the orifices 10 formed near the lateral edges of the sole 1 and the orifices 12 formed in the anterior central part of the sole 1 form, on said lower face 9 of the sole 1, a first vaporization range 14.
  • the sole 1 further comprises, on its underside 9, from the tip 3 towards the heel 20 after the first spraying range 14, a first range dryer 16 without vapor outlet orifices and extending transversely between the lateral edges 30 and 40 of the sole 1.
  • Said first drying range 16 is followed by a second vaporization range 17 which extends transversely between the lateral edges 30 and 40 of the sole 1 and into which open steam outlet orifices 10.
  • the second vaporization range 17 is itself followed by a second drying range 18 devoid of steam outlet openings and extending over the entire remaining posterior surface of the sole 1.
  • the second vaporization range 17 includes steam routing pipes 21 and 22 towards the central part 23 of the sole 1. Said pipes are adapted to distribute the steam coming from the steam outlet orifices 10 over the whole of said second range spray 17.
  • the metal sole 1 of the iron is covered with a stainless plate 15.
  • the steam pipes are formed by channels 21 and 22 covered by the plate 15.
  • Said plate 15 has, for this purpose, holes 35 located opposite the steam outlet orifices.
  • the channels 21 and 22 have circular recesses having a substantially different depth to, on the one hand, direct the flow of vapor and, on the other hand, reduce lime deposits.
  • the channels 21 and 22 are longitudinal channels 21 and transverse channels 22. The flow of steam from the steam outlet orifices 1 thus follows the path represented by the arrows in FIG. 3. In this way, the second vaporization range provided with channels 21 and 22 has the general lateral shape of a chevron, the top of the V is turned towards the tip 3 of the iron.
  • the steam flow is distributed over the two spraying areas 14 and 17 and alternating with the drying areas 16 and 18 improves the quality of ironing.

Description

L'invention concerne un fer à repasser électrique à vapeur comportant une semelle s'étendant longitudinalement d'une pointe vers un talon, et comprenant un élément chauffant surmoulé dans un bossage et deux chambres de vaporisation fermées par un couvercle et séparées par une cloison, soit une première chambre de vaporisation principale alimentée en eau au moyen d'un premier dispositif d'injection d'eau au travers d'une première ouverture pratiquée dans le couvercle et communiquant avec des orifices de sortie de vapeur pratiqués dans la semelle à proximité des bords latéraux de ladite semelle, soit une deuxième chambre de vaporisation placée dans la région antérieure de la semelle, alimentée en eau au moyen d'un deuxième dispositif d'injection d'eau au travers d'une deuxième ouverture pratiquée dans le couvercle et communiquant avec d'autres orifices de sortie de vapeur pratiqués dans la partie centrale antérieure de la semelle, les orifices pratiqués à proximité des bords latéraux de la semelle et les orifices pratiqués dans la partie centrale antérieure de la semelle formant sur ladite semelle une première plage de vaporisation.The invention relates to an electric steam iron comprising a sole extending longitudinally from a point to a heel, and comprising a heating element overmolded in a boss and two vaporization chambers closed by a cover and separated by a partition, either a first main vaporization chamber supplied with water by means of a first device for injecting water through a first opening made in the cover and communicating with steam outlet orifices made in the sole near the lateral edges of said sole, ie a second vaporization chamber placed in the anterior region of the sole, supplied with water by means of a second device for injecting water through a second opening made in the cover and communicating with other steam outlet orifices made in the anterior central part of the soleplate, the orifices made near oximity of the lateral edges of the sole and the orifices made in the anterior central part of the sole forming on said sole a first vaporization range.

Les semelles pour fers à repasser électriques à vapeur de type connu réalisées par exemple en aluminium comportent habituellement de nombreux orifices transversaux de sortie vapeur pour répartir la vapeur sur la totalité de la surface de la semelle. Une telle semelle décrite dans le brevet US-2708 801 comporte des orifices transversaux répartis sur une grande partie de la surface de la semelle pour assurer, selon la direction du mouvement du fer, une bonne humidification du linge. Cependant, les nombreux orifices transversaux entraînent généralement une humidification trop importante du linge ainsi qu'une humidification du support sur lequel repose le linge à repasser telle qu'une planche à repasser.The soles for electric steam irons of known type made for example of aluminum usually have many transverse steam outlet orifices to distribute the vapor over the entire surface of the sole. Such a sole described in patent US-2708 801 has transverse orifices distributed over a large part of the surface of the sole to ensure, in the direction of movement of the iron, good moistening of the laundry. However, the numerous transverse orifices generally cause excessive humidification of the linen as well as humidification of the support on which the linen to be ironed rests such as an ironing board.

Le but de l'invention est de remédier aux inconvénients précités en mettant en oeuvre un fer à repasser électrique à vapeur dont la semelle améliore la répartition de la vapeur en augmentant la qualité du repassage.The object of the invention is to remedy the aforementioned drawbacks by using an electric steam iron, the sole of which improves the distribution of steam by increasing the quality of ironing.

Selon l'invention, la semelle du fer à repasser électrique à vapeur comporte, en outre, sur la face inférieure, de la pointe vers le talon, après la première plage de vaporisation, une première plage de séchage, dépourvue d'orifices de sortie de vapeur, et s'étendant transversalement entre les bords latéraux de la semelle, cette dite première plage de séchage étant suivie d'une deuxième plage de vaporisation s'étendant transversalement entre les bords latéraux de la semelle et dans laquelle débouche les orifices de sortie de vapeur, ladite deuxième plage de vaporisation étant elle-même suivie d'une deuxième plage de séchage dépourvue d'orifices de sortie de vapeur et s'étendant sur toute la surface restante postérieure de la semelle.According to the invention, the soleplate of the electric steam iron further comprises, on the underside, from the tip towards the heel, after the first spraying range, a first drying range, devoid of outlet orifices vapor, and extending transversely between the lateral edges of the sole, this so-called first drying range being followed by a second vaporization range extending transversely between the lateral edges of the sole and into which the outlet openings open of vapor, said second vaporization range being itself followed by a second drying range devoid of vapor outlet orifices and extending over the entire remaining posterior surface of the sole.

Grâce à la répartition des différentes plages de séchage et de vaporisation sur la semelle du fer à repasser électrique à vapeur, le linge à repasser subit un effet double action assurant un meilleur défroissage du linge. En effet, lors du repassage, le linge est dans un premier temps étiré, puis vaporisé, ensuite séché, et dans un deuxième temps à nouveau vaporisé puis séché. D'autre part, la répartition de la vapeur sous la semelle, par l'intermédiaire des canalisations, évite des projections importantes d'eau vers l'extérieur, minimisant ainsi une trop grande humidification du linge et/ou du support à repasser. Enfin, la répartition successive des plages de séchage et de vaporisation s'étendant transversalement entre les bords latéraux de la semelle facilite le repassage du linge lors d'un mouvement de va-et-vient du fer à repasser sur le linge.Thanks to the distribution of the different drying and spraying areas on the soleplate of the electric steam iron, the clothes to be ironed undergo a double action effect ensuring better smoothing of the clothes. Indeed, during ironing, the laundry is first stretched, then sprayed, then dried, and secondly again sprayed and then dried. On the other hand, the distribution of the vapor under the soleplate, via the pipes, avoids significant projections of water to the outside, thus minimizing excessive humidification of the linen and / or the support to be ironed. Finally, the successive distribution of the drying and spraying areas extending transversely between the lateral edges of the sole makes it easier to iron the laundry during a back and forth movement of the iron on the laundry.

Les caractéristiques et avantages de l'invention ressortiront d'ailleurs de la description qui va suivre, prise à titre d'exemple non limitatif, en référence aux dessins annexés dans lesquels :

  • la figure 1 est une vue partielle de dessus d'une semelle d'un fer à repasser électrique non recouverte d'un couvercle fermant les chambres de vaporisation et existant dans l'état de la technique,
  • la figure 2 est une vue coupe selon la ligne I-I de la figure 1, dont les chambres de vaporisation sont recouvertes par le couvercle,
  • la figure 3 est une vue en plan de la face inférieure de la semelle d'un fer à repasser électrique selon l'invention,
  • la figure 4 est une vue en coupe selon la ligne II-II de la figure 3, et dans laquelle la semelle selon l'invention est recouverte d'une plaque inoxydable perforée.
The characteristics and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the description which follows, taken by way of nonlimiting example, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
  • FIG. 1 is a partial top view of a soleplate of an electric iron not covered with a cover closing the vaporization chambers and existing in the state of the art,
  • FIG. 2 is a sectional view along line II of FIG. 1, the vaporization chambers of which are covered by the cover,
  • FIG. 3 is a plan view of the underside of the soleplate of an electric iron according to the invention,
  • Figure 4 is a sectional view along line II-II of Figure 3, and wherein the sole according to the invention is covered with a perforated stainless plate.

Selon les figures 1 et 2, un fer à repasser électrique à vapeur de type connu comporte une semelle 1, par exemple en aluminium, s'étendant longitudinalement d'une pointe 3 vers un talon non représenté sur la figure 1, et comprenant un élément chauffant 4 surmoulé dans un bossage et deux chambres de vaporisation 5 et 6 fermées par un couvercle 2 et séparées par une cloison 7.According to Figures 1 and 2, an electric steam iron of known type has a sole 1, for example of aluminum, extending longitudinally from a point 3 towards a heel not shown in Figure 1, and comprising an element heater 4 molded in a boss and two vaporization chambers 5 and 6 closed by a cover 2 and separated by a partition 7.

La première chambre de vaporisation 5 est alimentée en eau au moyen d'un premier dispositif d'injection d'eau non représenté qui traverse une première ouverture 8 pratiquée dans le couvercle 2. La première chambre de vaporisation 5 communique avec des orifices 10 de sortie de vapeur pratiqués dans la face inférieure 9 de la semelle à proximité des bords latéraux 30 et 40 de ladite semelle 1. La deuxième chambre de vaporisation 6 est placée dans la région antérieure de la semelle 1. Elle est alimentée en eau au moyen d'un deuxième dispositif d'injection d'eau non représenté qui traverse une deuxième ouverture 11 pratiquée dans le couvercle 2. Ladite deuxième chambre de vaporisation 6 communique avec d'autres orifices 12 de sortie de vapeur pratiqués dans la partie centrale antérieure de la semelle 1. Les orifices 10 pratiqués à proximité des bords latéraux de la semelle 1 et les orifices 12 pratiqués dans la partie centrale antérieure de la semelle 1 forment, sur ladite face inférieure 9 de la semelle 1, une première plage de vaporisation 14.The first vaporization chamber 5 is supplied with water by means of a first water injection device (not shown) which passes through a first opening 8 made in the cover 2. The first vaporization chamber 5 communicates with outlet orifices 10 steam formed in the underside 9 of the sole near the side edges 30 and 40 of said sole 1. The second vaporization chamber 6 is placed in the anterior region of the sole 1. It is supplied with water by means of a second water injection device (not shown) which passes through a second opening 11 made in the cover 2. Said second vaporization chamber 6 communicates with other vapor outlet orifices 12 formed in the front central part of the sole 1. The orifices 10 formed near the lateral edges of the sole 1 and the orifices 12 formed in the anterior central part of the sole 1 form, on said lower face 9 of the sole 1, a first vaporization range 14.

Selon un mode de réalisation illustré sur les figures 3 et 4, la semelle 1 selon l'invention comporte, en outre, sur sa face inférieure 9, de la pointe 3 vers le talon 20 après la première plage de vaporisation 14, une première plage de séchage 16 dépourvue d'orifices de sortie de vapeur et s'étendant transversalement entre les bords latéraux 30 et 40 de la semelle 1. Ladite première plage de séchage 16 est suivie d'une deuxième plage de vaporisation 17 qui s'étend transversalement entre les bords latéraux 30 et 40 de la semelle 1 et dans laquelle débouchent des orifices de sortie de vapeur 10. La deuxième plage de vaporisation 17 est suivie elle-même d'une deuxième plage de séchage 18 dépourvue d'orifices de sortie de vapeur et s'étendant sur toute la surface restante postérieure de la semelle 1.According to an embodiment illustrated in Figures 3 and 4, the sole 1 according to the invention further comprises, on its underside 9, from the tip 3 towards the heel 20 after the first spraying range 14, a first range dryer 16 without vapor outlet orifices and extending transversely between the lateral edges 30 and 40 of the sole 1. Said first drying range 16 is followed by a second vaporization range 17 which extends transversely between the lateral edges 30 and 40 of the sole 1 and into which open steam outlet orifices 10. The second vaporization range 17 is itself followed by a second drying range 18 devoid of steam outlet openings and extending over the entire remaining posterior surface of the sole 1.

La deuxième plage de vaporisation 17 comporte des canalisations d'acheminements de vapeur 21 et 22 vers la partie centrale 23 de la semelle 1. Lesdites canalisations sont adaptées à répartir la vapeur issue des orifices de sortie de vapeur 10 sur la totalité de ladite deuxième plage de vaporisation 17.The second vaporization range 17 includes steam routing pipes 21 and 22 towards the central part 23 of the sole 1. Said pipes are adapted to distribute the steam coming from the steam outlet orifices 10 over the whole of said second range spray 17.

Dans un exemple particulier de réalisation représenté sur la figure 4, la semelle métallique 1 du fer à repasser est recouverte d'une plaque inoxydable 15. Dans un tel cas, les canalisations de vapeur sont formées par des canaux 21 et 22 recouverts par la plaque 15. Ladite plaque 15 présente, à cet effet, des trous 35 situés en regard des orifices de sortie de vapeur. Les canaux 21 et 22 comportent des évidements circulaires ayant une profondeur sensiblement différente pour, d'une part, diriger le flux de vapeur et, d'autre part, réduire les dépôts de calcaire. Les canaux 21 et 22 sont des canaux longitudinaux 21 et des canaux transversaux 22. Le flux de vapeur issue des orifices de sortie de vapeur 1 suit ainsi le cheminement représenté par les flèches sur la figure 3. De cette manière, la deuxième plage de vaporisation munie des canaux 21 et 22 présente la forme générale latérale d'un chevron, dont le sommet du V est tourné vers la pointe 3 du fer.In a particular embodiment shown in Figure 4, the metal sole 1 of the iron is covered with a stainless plate 15. In such a case, the steam pipes are formed by channels 21 and 22 covered by the plate 15. Said plate 15 has, for this purpose, holes 35 located opposite the steam outlet orifices. The channels 21 and 22 have circular recesses having a substantially different depth to, on the one hand, direct the flow of vapor and, on the other hand, reduce lime deposits. The channels 21 and 22 are longitudinal channels 21 and transverse channels 22. The flow of steam from the steam outlet orifices 1 thus follows the path represented by the arrows in FIG. 3. In this way, the second vaporization range provided with channels 21 and 22 has the general lateral shape of a chevron, the top of the V is turned towards the tip 3 of the iron.

Grâce à la semelle décrite selon l'invention, le flux de vapeur est réparti sur les deux plages de vaporisation 14 et 17 et l'alternance avec les plages de séchage 16 et 18 améliore la qualité du repassage.Thanks to the sole described according to the invention, the steam flow is distributed over the two spraying areas 14 and 17 and alternating with the drying areas 16 and 18 improves the quality of ironing.

Claims (6)

  1. Electric steam iron having a sole plate (1) extending longitudinally from a tip (3) to a heel (20), and comprising a heating element (4) moulded into a protrusion and two vaporisation chambers (5, 6) closed by a cover (2) and separated by a partition (7), that is to say a first main vaporisation chamber (5) fed with water by means of a first device for injecting water through a first opening (8) formed in the cover (2) and communicating with steam outlet orifices (10) formed in the sole plate in the vicinity of the lateral edges (30, 40) of the said sole plate (1), and a second vaporisation chamber (6) positioned in the front region of the sole plate (1), fed with water by means of a second device for injecting water through a second opening (11) formed in the cover (2) and communicating with other steam outlet orifices (12) formed in the front central part of the sole plate, the orifices (10) formed in the vicinity of the lateral edges of the sole plate and the orifices (12) formed in the front central part of the sole plate forming on the said sole plate a first vaporisation area (14),
    characterised in that the sole plate (1) also has, on its bottom face (9), from the tip (3) to the heel (20), after the first vaporisation area (14), a first drying area (16), with no steam outlet orifices, and extending transversely between the lateral edges (30 and 40) of the sole plate (1), this said first drying area (16) being followed by a second vaporisation area (17) extending transversely between the lateral edges (30 and 40) of the sole plate (1) and in which the steam outlet orifices (10) open out, the said second vaporisation area (17) itself being followed by a second drying area (18) with no steam outlet orifices and extending over the entire remaining rear surface of the sole plate.
  2. Electric steam iron according to claim 1,
    characterised in that the second vaporisation area (17) has ducts (21, 22) for conveying steam to the central part (23) of the sole plate (1), the said ducts (21 and 22) being adapted to distribute the steam issuing from the steam outlet orifices (10) over the whole of the said second area (17).
  3. Electric steam iron comprising a sole plate (1) covered with a non-corrodible plate (15) according to claim 1 or 2,
    characterised in that the steam ducts are formed by channels covered by the plate (15) which for this purpose has holes situated opposite the steam outlet orifices.
  4. Electric steam iron according to claim 3,
    characterised in that the channels have circular recesses with a substantially different depth.
  5. Electric steam iron according to claim 4,
    characterised in that the channels having circular recesses are longitudinal and transverse channels.
  6. Electric steam iron according to any one of the preceding claims,
    characterised in that the second vaporisation area provided with longitudinal and transverse channels has the shape of a chevron on which the apex of the V is turned towards the tip (3) of the iron.
EP94106118A 1993-04-23 1994-04-20 Sole of an electric steam iron Expired - Lifetime EP0621365B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9304850A FR2704247B1 (en) 1993-04-23 1993-04-23 SOLE OF AN ELECTRIC STEAM IRON.
FR9304850 1993-04-23

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0621365A1 EP0621365A1 (en) 1994-10-26
EP0621365B1 true EP0621365B1 (en) 1997-06-11

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EP94106118A Expired - Lifetime EP0621365B1 (en) 1993-04-23 1994-04-20 Sole of an electric steam iron

Country Status (6)

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US (1) US5532455A (en)
EP (1) EP0621365B1 (en)
CN (1) CN1072293C (en)
BR (1) BR9401574A (en)
DE (1) DE69403724T2 (en)
FR (1) FR2704247B1 (en)

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FR2891846B1 (en) * 2005-10-06 2007-12-14 Rowenta Werke Gmbh Ges Mit Bes IRON COMPRISING AN INSOLE COMPRISING A PARTICULAR STEAM OUTPUT HOLES NETWORK
ES2350144B1 (en) * 2008-07-30 2011-11-16 Bsh Krainel, S.A STEAM IRONING SOLE AND STEAM IRONING DEVICE
GB2485553B (en) * 2010-11-17 2014-01-22 Richards Morphy N I Ltd Electric iron with nozzle for water mist
CN105229219B (en) * 2013-07-25 2018-04-24 皇家飞利浦有限公司 For producing the device of steam
WO2016011161A1 (en) * 2014-07-15 2016-01-21 Sunbeam Products, Inc. Iron with steam channels and textured soleplate
CA159445S (en) 2014-09-26 2015-06-09 Richards Morphy N I Ltd Iron
EP3156538B1 (en) * 2015-10-12 2018-07-25 Rowenta Werke GmbH Iron comprising a steam chamber provided with two separate evaporation areas
FR3049962B1 (en) 2016-04-08 2019-05-03 Bernard Louison STEEL IRON INSOLE WITH STEAM
CN113136720A (en) * 2020-01-19 2021-07-20 漳州灿坤实业有限公司 Steam iron

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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0621365A1 (en) 1994-10-26
FR2704247B1 (en) 1995-11-10
US5532455A (en) 1996-07-02
BR9401574A (en) 1994-11-01
FR2704247A1 (en) 1994-10-28
CN1072293C (en) 2001-10-03
DE69403724T2 (en) 1997-10-30
DE69403724D1 (en) 1997-07-17
CN1099822A (en) 1995-03-08

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