EP0613943B1 - Additif pour détérgent pour agents de lavage adoucissant pour textile - Google Patents

Additif pour détérgent pour agents de lavage adoucissant pour textile Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0613943B1
EP0613943B1 EP94102507A EP94102507A EP0613943B1 EP 0613943 B1 EP0613943 B1 EP 0613943B1 EP 94102507 A EP94102507 A EP 94102507A EP 94102507 A EP94102507 A EP 94102507A EP 0613943 B1 EP0613943 B1 EP 0613943B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
agglomerates
cation exchanger
detergent
detergent additive
particles
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP94102507A
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German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0613943A1 (fr
Inventor
Rüdiger Dr. Hirsch
Reinhard Dr. Hähn
Norbert Dr. Schall
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Sued Chemie AG
Dalli Werke Waesche und Korperpflege GmbH and Co KG
Original Assignee
Sued Chemie AG
Dalli Werke Waesche und Korperpflege GmbH and Co KG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
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Publication of EP0613943A1 publication Critical patent/EP0613943A1/fr
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Publication of EP0613943B1 publication Critical patent/EP0613943B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
    • C11D3/02—Inorganic compounds ; Elemental compounds
    • C11D3/12—Water-insoluble compounds
    • C11D3/124—Silicon containing, e.g. silica, silex, quartz or glass beads
    • C11D3/1246—Silicates, e.g. diatomaceous earth
    • C11D3/1253—Layer silicates, e.g. talcum, kaolin, clay, bentonite, smectite, montmorillonite, hectorite or attapulgite
    • C11D3/1273—Crystalline layered silicates of type NaMeSixO2x+1YH2O
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D17/00—Detergent materials or soaps characterised by their shape or physical properties
    • C11D17/0039—Coated compositions or coated components in the compositions, (micro)capsules
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
    • C11D3/0005—Other compounding ingredients characterised by their effect
    • C11D3/001—Softening compositions
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
    • C11D3/02—Inorganic compounds ; Elemental compounds
    • C11D3/12—Water-insoluble compounds
    • C11D3/124—Silicon containing, e.g. silica, silex, quartz or glass beads
    • C11D3/1246—Silicates, e.g. diatomaceous earth
    • C11D3/1253—Layer silicates, e.g. talcum, kaolin, clay, bentonite, smectite, montmorillonite, hectorite or attapulgite
    • C11D3/126—Layer silicates, e.g. talcum, kaolin, clay, bentonite, smectite, montmorillonite, hectorite or attapulgite in solid compositions
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
    • C11D3/02—Inorganic compounds ; Elemental compounds
    • C11D3/12—Water-insoluble compounds
    • C11D3/124—Silicon containing, e.g. silica, silex, quartz or glass beads
    • C11D3/1246—Silicates, e.g. diatomaceous earth
    • C11D3/128—Aluminium silicates, e.g. zeolites

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a detergent additive for fabric softening detergents (softergents) based on agglomerates of a smectic layered silicate, which are coated with a fine particle, and a detergent containing such a detergent additive.
  • a conventional detergent is used to clean the laundry, which contains nonionic and anionic surfactants, among other things.
  • Cationic surfactants are used to achieve improved tissue softness. Since cationic and anionic surfactants inactivate in the wash bath due to the formation of a poorly soluble compound, the fabric softener must be used separately in the rinse cycle.
  • Softergents contain fabric softening additives that are not deactivated by the ingredients of the detergent and can therefore be part of the formulation of the detergent.
  • the most common fabric softening detergent additives are swellable, natural smectic layered silicates such as montmorillonite and hectorite.
  • the use of such sheet silicates in detergents is described, for example, in GB-A-2 121 843.
  • Such a detergent additive contains agglomerates of finely divided bentonite with a particle size of less than 74 microns, which are agglomerated into particles with a size of about 150 to 2000 microns and which have a moisture content of 8 to 13%.
  • the agglomerates contain about 1 to 5% by weight of a binder in the form of a water glass solution.
  • the detergents produced using such detergent additives contain an anionic or nonionic surfactant or a mixture of these surfactants, a builder or a builder mixture based on phosphates, preferably polyphosphates, or on nitrilotriacetates and on carbonates, such as sodium carbonate or sodium bicarbonate.
  • phosphates preferably polyphosphates
  • nitrilotriacetates preferably carbonates
  • carbonates such as sodium carbonate or sodium bicarbonate.
  • Zeolites such as zeolite A can also be used as builders. However, the zeolites are not linked to the bentonite aggregates, but are only added to the detergent formulation.
  • EP-A-0 385 748 also discloses detergent additives for fabric softening detergents based on agglomerates of a smectic layered silicate, such as bentonite, which are coated with a finely divided white pigment in order to increase the whiteness.
  • the agglomerates contain additives of non-ionic surfactants which are intended to improve the adhesion of the fine-particle white pigment to the agglomerates.
  • the detergents produced using such detergent additives can contain the same components as the detergents according to GB-A-2 121 843, ie also zeolites, but these zeolites are not with the bentonite agglomerates connected so that hard water is not softened before entering the bentonite agglomerates.
  • EP-A 0 026 529 discloses detergent formulations which, in addition to the customary surfactants, contain bentonite, quaternary ammonium compounds and tertiary amines. Some of these detergent formulations contain zeolite, but it is not used to coat agglomerated bentonite.
  • fabric softener agglomerates based on smectic layered silicates are known, which are coated with dispersants, such as quaternary ammonium salts. This measure is intended to prevent the clogging of automatic washing machines.
  • a fabric softening detergent which, in addition to the usual constituents, contains zeolite particles which are attached to the surface of builder particles (sodium carbonate, etc.) with the aid of nonionic surfactants. It is essentially a granulate consisting of sodium carbonate, nonionic surfactants, a coating of zeolite and optionally quaternary ammonium compounds.
  • the zeolite is said to powder the granules which have become sticky due to the surfactant and to bind calcium ions in the wash liquor.
  • a granular detergent additive which contains 20 to 20% by weight of a layered silicate such as bentonite, 15 to 20% by weight of finely crystalline, synthetic zeolite and 0 to 5% by weight of water-soluble Contains alkali salts from the class of sulfates, carbonates and phosphates, 0 to 7 wt .-% polymeric acrylic acid salts and 0 to 20 wt .-% nonionic surfactants.
  • An aqueous batch is produced from these components and is spray-dried. It is not intended to coat dry bentonite granules with zeolite.
  • DE-A-39 42 066 describes the preparation of a granular detergent additive which comprises 30 to 90% by weight of a layered silicate, 1 to 40% by weight of finely crystalline synthetic zeolite and 0 to 30% by weight of water-soluble alkali salts from the Class containing sulfates, carbonates and silicates.
  • the zeolite is distributed homogeneously in the granules and is not on the surface of the bentonite granules.
  • the invention has for its object to provide a mechanically stable agglomerated detergent additive in the dry state, which on the other hand swells and disintegrates easily in a wash liquor with high water hardness.
  • the invention thus relates to a detergent additive of the type defined in the introduction, which is characterized in that the agglomerates are coated with particles of a cation exchanger which pass through a sieve with a mesh size of 45 ⁇ m and which have an average particle size of less than 10 ⁇ m are, wherein the amount of the cation exchange particles is 2 to 30 wt .-% (based on the dry weight of the non-coated agglomerates).
  • An inorganic cation exchanger is preferably used.
  • the smectitic layered silicate is used in the form of agglomerates, it is very important for the effectiveness that the layered silicate swells immediately after contact with the water. With the resulting swelling pressure, the agglomerate particle must disintegrate as quickly as possible into small particles, which then by further swelling in the water and by the mechanical movement during the washing process into primary particles of the layered silicate.
  • Optimal swelling and dispersion of the agglomerates is achieved when there are no polyvalent cations in the wash liquor.
  • Polyvalent cations such as Ca 2+ or Mg 2+ , as they are contained in non-softened water, delay the swelling of the agglomerates, which leads to a deterioration in the dispersibility in hard water and thus to a deterioration in the softening effect. Since the detergents are used in areas where water up to a hardness of 40 ° dH occurs, there is a need to ensure the optimal swelling and dispersibility of the agglomerates even in areas with very hard water.
  • the agglomerates can optimally disintegrate into smaller particles after contact with the softened water.
  • the improved dispersibility and swellability there is a significant improvement in the fabric softening properties of the smectic layered silicate.
  • the amount of cation exchange particles depends on the above range depends on the hardness of the washing water.
  • the stated particle sizes are important insofar as the cation exchange particles no longer adhere so well to the agglomerates at larger particle sizes.
  • Finely ground bentonite is preferably used as the smectitic layered silicate.
  • Bentonite contains montmorillonite as the main mineral, which is a swellable dioctahedral natural layered silicate of the general formula Na 0.66 (OH) 4 Si 8 (Al 3.34Mg 0.66 ) O 20 represents.
  • One layer is composed of three sub-elements, with two tetrahedral layers with Si as the central atom enclosing an octahedron layer with Al as the central atom.
  • Al 3+ is partly isomorphically replaced by Mg 2+ .
  • the resulting excess charge is balanced between the layers by Na + or Ca 2+ .
  • the bentonite powder preferably has a residual moisture content of about 10% by weight and a sieve residue of at most 30% to 45 ⁇ m.
  • the whiteness of the cation exchange particles is preferably 75 to 96%.
  • the degree of whiteness is measured as R 457 (reflection at a wavelength of 457 nm using an Elrepho device (Datacolor 2000) against a barium sulfate standard.
  • the residual moisture of the agglomerates is preferably 5 to 20% by weight, in particular 7 to 13% by weight. At lower residual moisture levels, the adhesion of the cation exchange particles to the agglomerates is reduced. It is surprising, however, that the cation exchange particles adhere to the agglomerates at the specified, relatively low residual moisture values even without a binder, without segregation taking place.
  • the amount of the cation exchange particles is preferably 7 to 15% by weight (based on the dry weight of the non-coated agglomerates).
  • the calcium binding capacity of the cation exchanger should be as high as possible since only a relatively small amount of it adheres to the surface of the agglomerates, but on the other hand as many calcium ions as possible should be bound.
  • the cation exchanger therefore preferably has a calcium binding capacity of 120 to 200 mg CaO / g.
  • the cation exchanger is also said to belong to a group of substances which is already used in detergents, e.g. a sodium aluminum silicate, preferably a zeolite. These particles completely attach themselves to the agglomerate surface without there being any unbound particles between the agglomerates. Synthetic sodium silicates with a layer structure behave similarly favorably.
  • the invention further relates to a process for the preparation of the detergent additive defined above, which is characterized in that a powdery smectic layered silicate is agglomerated by adding water at a total water content of about 20 to 40% by weight (based on the dry powder), the moist agglomerate optionally dries to a residual moisture content of about 5 to 20%, preferably about 7 to 13% by weight, the agglomerate is mixed with the powdered cation exchanger essentially without further comminution until it is completely attached to the surface of the agglomerates, whereupon the adduct, if not previously dried, is dried.
  • a powdery smectic layered silicate is agglomerated by adding water at a total water content of about 20 to 40% by weight (based on the dry powder)
  • the moist agglomerate optionally dries to a residual moisture content of about 5 to 20%, preferably about 7 to 13% by weight
  • the agglomerate is mixed with the
  • Water which can also contain anionic or nonionic surfactants, is preferably used for the agglomeration of the smectic layered silicate.
  • the agglomeration can preferably be carried out by adding water to the powder of the smectitic layered silicate in a forced mixer at high speed of the mixing tool (e.g. in an Eirich mixer). At around 20%, the powder begins to agglomerate. The moist agglomerate can then be dried in a dryer to the specified residual moisture. The agglomerate is brought into any grain fractions between 0.2 and 2 mm by sieving over a tumble sieve.
  • the powdered cation exchanger is brought into the mixer at low mixer speed.
  • the cation exchanger powders the surface of the agglomerates and increases their whiteness.
  • the cation exchanger remains on the surface of the agglomerate particles and thus increases the whiteness of the sieved agglomerate.
  • no powder of the cation exchanger remains in the end product. Due to the irregular surface of the agglomerates, the particles of the cation exchanger adhere very well to the agglomerate surface, so that no subsequent segregation occurs. If the agglomerates have not been dried before the powdered cation exchanger is mixed in, the adduct is dried.
  • the invention further relates to a detergent which contains the detergent additive described above. All other components of the detergent (surfactant, builder, etc.) are conventional.
  • This agglomerate was in a Telschig drum mixer with 10 wt .-% sodium aluminum silicate with an average particle size of 3 microns and a degree of whiteness (R 457) of 95% (zeolite A; commercial product Wessalith P from Degussa) at 30 rpm Dry mixed for 5 minutes.
  • R 457 degree of whiteness
  • zeolite A commercial product Wessalith P from Degussa
  • the swelling was determined 1 hour after the end of the agglomerate addition by reading the height of the swollen agglomerate on the scale graduation of the measuring cylinder. It was found that the swelling properties of the non-coated agglomerate deteriorated significantly with degrees of hardness above 20 ° dH, whereas they practically did not change in the agglomerates coated according to the invention.
  • agglomerates were stirred in 1 liter of water of various degrees of hardness at 500 rpm and the time was measured until the agglomerates were completely dispersed visually, ie until all agglomerate particles had disintegrated.
  • the agglomerates coated according to the invention disintegrated more quickly than the non-coated agglomerates.
  • a handle test was carried out in a household washing machine to confirm the relationship between the softening effect and dispersibility.
  • Bentonite agglomerates were produced analogously to Example 1, but were coated with 4, 6 and 10% by weight of a synthetic sodium silicate with a layer structure and an average particle size of 5 ⁇ m (ground SKS 6, commercial product from Hoechst AG). The sodium silicate powder adhered firmly to the agglomerates.
  • Bentonite agglomerates were produced analogously to Example 1.
  • the agglomerates were not dried (moisture content 25% by weight).
  • 10% by weight of the zeolite from Example 1 (based on the dry bentonite) were mixed into the moist agglomerates at low speed (300 rpm). After a one-minute mixing time, the agglomerates were dried (residual moisture 10%) and the grain fraction 0.2 to 1.0 mm was sieved off.
  • the degrees of whiteness of the coated agglomerates obtained according to Examples 2 and 3 and the degrees of whiteness of the white pigments are given in Table II.
  • the degree of whiteness of the uncoated bentonite was 48% as in Example 1.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Detergent Compositions (AREA)
  • Treatments For Attaching Organic Compounds To Fibrous Goods (AREA)

Claims (9)

  1. Additif pour détergent adoucissant pour textile, à base d'agglomérats d'un silicate lamellaire de type smectite, qui sont enrobés de particules finalement divisées, caractérisé en ce que les agglomérats sont enrobés de particules d'un échangeur de cations qui passe à travers un tamis ayant une ouverture de maille de 45 µm et qui ont une granulométrie moyenne inférieure à 10 µm, la quantité des particules d'échangeur de cations étant de 2 à 30 % en poids (par rapport au poids à sec des agglomérats non enrobés).
  2. Additif pour détergent selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que le degré de blancheur des particules d'échangeur de cations est de 75 à 96 % (R 457 Elrepho).
  3. Additif pour détergent selon la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisé en ce que l'humidité résiduelle des agglomérats est de 5 à 20 % en poids et de préférence de 7 à 13 % en poids.
  4. Additif pour détergent selon l'une des revendications 1 à 3, caractérisé en ce que la quantité des particules d'échangeur de cations est de 5 à 15 % en poids (par rapport au poids à sec des agglomérats non enrobés).
  5. Additif pour détergent selon l'une des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisé en ce que l'échangeur de cations a un pouvoir de fixation du calcium de 120 à 200 mg CaO/g.
  6. Additif pour détergent selon l'une des revendications 1 à 5, caractérisé en ce que l'échangeur de cations est un aluminosilicate de sodium, de préférence une zéolite.
  7. Additif pour détergent selon l'une des revendications 1 à 5, caractérisé en ce que l'échangeur de cations est un silicate de sodium synthétique à structure lamellaire.
  8. Procédé pour fabriquer un additif pour détergent selon l'une des revendications 1 à 7, caractérisé en ce qu'on agglomère un silicate lamellaire de type smectite pulvérulent par addition d'eau, pour une teneur totale en eau d'environ 20 à 40 % en poids (par rapport à la poudre sèche), on sèche éventuellement l'agglomérat humide jusqu'à une humidité résiduelle d'environ 5 à 20 % et de préférence d'environ 7 à 13 % en poids, on mélange avec l'agglomérat, essentiellement sans broyage plus poussé, l'échangeur de cations en poudre, jusqu'à ce que ce dernier soit complètement fixé à la surface des agglomérats, après quoi on sèche le mélange, au cas où il n'aurait pas encore été séché.
  9. Détergent contenant un additif pour détergent selon l'une des revendications 1 à 7, ou préparé par le procédé selon la revendication 8.
EP94102507A 1993-03-03 1994-02-19 Additif pour détérgent pour agents de lavage adoucissant pour textile Expired - Lifetime EP0613943B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE4306665A DE4306665A1 (de) 1993-03-03 1993-03-03 Waschmittelzusatz für gewebeweichmachende Waschmittel
DE4306665 1993-03-03

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0613943A1 EP0613943A1 (fr) 1994-09-07
EP0613943B1 true EP0613943B1 (fr) 1996-07-31

Family

ID=6481859

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP94102507A Expired - Lifetime EP0613943B1 (fr) 1993-03-03 1994-02-19 Additif pour détérgent pour agents de lavage adoucissant pour textile

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (1) US5480578A (fr)
EP (1) EP0613943B1 (fr)
AT (1) ATE140954T1 (fr)
DE (2) DE4306665A1 (fr)
DK (1) DK0613943T3 (fr)
ES (1) ES2091643T3 (fr)

Families Citing this family (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
ES2132687T3 (es) * 1994-07-04 1999-08-16 Unilever Nv Procedimiento y composicion de lavado.
DE19525197A1 (de) * 1995-07-11 1997-01-16 Hoechst Ag Granularer Waschmittelbuilder
DE19952383A1 (de) * 1999-10-30 2001-05-17 Henkel Kgaa Wasch- und Reinigungsmittel
DE10042455A1 (de) * 2000-08-29 2002-03-14 Sued Chemie Ag Verbesserte quellfähige Schichtsilicate
GB0124456D0 (en) * 2001-10-11 2001-12-05 Unilever Plc Improvements relating to fabric treatment compositions
BRPI0401766A (pt) * 2004-05-17 2006-08-01 Bentonit Uniao Nordeste Sa processo para revestimento de pós granulados secos, produto detergente e amaciante
US7691443B2 (en) 2005-05-31 2010-04-06 Goodrich Corporation Non-pressure gradient single cycle CVI/CVD apparatus and method
EP1894993A1 (fr) * 2006-08-28 2008-03-05 Süd-Chemie Ag Additif détergent au base de minéraux d'argile et des copolymers contenant du PVP

Family Cites Families (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4339335A (en) * 1976-12-02 1982-07-13 Colgate Palmolive Co. Free flowing high bulk density particulate detergent-softener
EP0026529B2 (fr) * 1979-09-29 1992-08-19 THE PROCTER & GAMBLE COMPANY Compositions détergentes
US4488972A (en) * 1982-04-08 1984-12-18 Colgate-Palmolive Company Bentonite agglomerates
DE3413571A1 (de) * 1984-04-11 1985-10-24 Hoechst Ag, 6230 Frankfurt Verwendung von kristallinen schichtfoermigen natriumsilikaten zur wasserenthaertung und verfahren zur wasserenthaertung
GB8414877D0 (en) * 1984-06-11 1984-07-18 Procter & Gamble Fabric softener agglomerates
GB8818277D0 (en) * 1988-08-01 1988-09-07 Ecc Int Ltd Coated clay granules
DE3833648A1 (de) * 1988-10-04 1990-04-05 Henkel Kgaa Verfahren zur herstellung teilchenfoermiger waschmittel
GB8904750D0 (en) * 1989-03-02 1989-04-12 Unilever Plc Agglomerates for addition to detergent powders
DE3942066A1 (de) * 1989-12-20 1991-06-27 Henkel Kgaa Verfahren zur herstellung eines granularen, avivierend wirkenden waschmitteladditivs
DE3943019A1 (de) * 1989-12-27 1991-07-04 Henkel Kgaa Granulares, avivierend wirkendes waschmitteladditiv und verfahren zu seiner herstellung
GB9008462D0 (en) * 1990-04-12 1990-06-13 Ecc Int Ltd Granules for detergent compositions

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ATE140954T1 (de) 1996-08-15
DE4306665A1 (de) 1994-09-08
ES2091643T3 (es) 1996-11-01
US5480578A (en) 1996-01-02
DK0613943T3 (da) 1996-11-25
DE59400461D1 (de) 1996-09-05
EP0613943A1 (fr) 1994-09-07

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