EP0589998B1 - Immersion casting pipe for thin slabs - Google Patents

Immersion casting pipe for thin slabs Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0589998B1
EP0589998B1 EP92912758A EP92912758A EP0589998B1 EP 0589998 B1 EP0589998 B1 EP 0589998B1 EP 92912758 A EP92912758 A EP 92912758A EP 92912758 A EP92912758 A EP 92912758A EP 0589998 B1 EP0589998 B1 EP 0589998B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
side walls
immersion
casting pipe
mold
narrow side
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP92912758A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0589998A1 (en
Inventor
Georg Hofmann
Lothar Parschat
Fritz-Peter Pleschiutschnigg
Peter Wahls
Hans Butz
Ulrich Siegers
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
FEUERFESTWERK BAD HONNINGEN GmbH
Vodafone GmbH
Original Assignee
FEUERFESTWERK BAD HONNINGEN GmbH
Mannesmann AG
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Publication date
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Publication of EP0589998A1 publication Critical patent/EP0589998A1/en
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Publication of EP0589998B1 publication Critical patent/EP0589998B1/en
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Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D41/00—Casting melt-holding vessels, e.g. ladles, tundishes, cups or the like
    • B22D41/50—Pouring-nozzles

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a dip tube according to the generic term of Claim 1.
  • the mold consists of broad walls and Narrow side walls that extend the wide side walls by a distance of 50 Hold up to 100 mm and limit the narrow sides of the strand.
  • the Immersion pipes have been adapted to the mold format in such a way that the Immersion pipes first of all from a connection to the casting tank Pipe section exist, which in the direction of the narrow side walls of the Mold extended in cross-section and in a direction perpendicular to it is reduced.
  • Dipping spouts with outlet openings are common, that point in the direction of the narrow sides (see DE 37 09 188 A1) or also have more in the casting direction, as is the case, for example, in EP 0 403 808 A1 is known.
  • Last but not least, diving spouts are common, too have a pouring spout in the pouring direction (see Steel and Iron (1991), No. 9, p. 107). These diving spouts allow a satisfactory Operation at a strand lowering speed of up to 3 m / min.
  • the invention is therefore based on the object of a diving spout develop that avoids these disadvantages and the use of higher Line lowering speeds of up to 6 m / min allowed at String dimensions from 50 to 100 mm thick and 600 mm to 2000 mm wide and above.
  • the immersion pouring tube consists of a upper tubular section 4, to which another section 4 ' connects.
  • Section 4 'of the immersion pouring tube is in one plane flared and has a wedge-shaped center Provide bottom piece 3.
  • Those protruding into the dip tube Side surfaces 3 'of the bottom piece 3 form together with the inner walls 1 of the expanding part 4 'flow channels 7.
  • the axes 8 of the Flow channels 7 each close with the dip tube axis 9 Angle between 10 and 22 °.
  • the Broad side walls 2 a distance from each other between 50 to 100 mm , the angle in question is selected in such a way that the angle of 10 ° a distance between the narrow side walls 2 'of Mold of about 600 mm and the larger angle a distance of Narrow side walls of the mold of 2000 mm and more are assigned.
  • the outlet openings of the channels 7 lie in a plane perpendicular to the Immersion tube axis 9.
  • an embodiment is also conceivable in which the plane of the outlet openings of the channels 7 perpendicular to the axes 8 the channels 7 are arranged.
  • the position of the channels 7 of section 4 'of the immersion pouring tube is through defines the angle ⁇ that one of the channel axes 8 with the Immersion tube axis 9 includes.
  • Slab width Angle between axes 8 and 9: 600 to 1000 mm 10 to 15 ° 900 to 1400 mm 13 to 19 ° 1200 to 2000 mm 16 to 22 °
  • This free cross-sectional area of the inlet opening of the immersion pouring tube 4 is given by Fig. 1 by the annular gap between the plug 5 and the spout 6 of a casting container, not shown.
  • the spout 6 is embedded in a known manner in the bottom of the casting container and the dip tube 4 is on the bottom plate of the pouring container under the spout flanged. It is advisable to use a seal at the parting line Sealing ring 12 in a recess in the flange 4 ′′ of the immersion pouring tube 4 intended.
  • Fig. 3 shows an embodiment of the immersion pouring tube 4 for the case represents that the immersion pouring tube 4 is inserted into the bottom of the casting container is.
  • the upper section 13 of the immersion pouring tube 4 is conical to the outside expanded scope then corresponds to the spout 6 as shown in Fig. 1.

Abstract

The invention is directed to an immersion casting pipe for feeding molten steel from a casting vessel into a mold having wide side walls and narrow side walls for the production of flat products. The immersion casting pipe has a pipe piece which adjoins the casting vessel and expands in cross section in the direction of the narrow side walls of the mold. The pipe piece is provided with a central base member at the lower end which allows for outlet openings for the melt. For the purpose of developing an immersion outlet which allows higher slab withdrawal speed of up to 6 m/min with slabs measuring 50 to 100 mm in thickness and 600 mm to 2000 mm in width, the inner wall of the portion of the immersion casting pipe which widens in cross section forms flow channels in conjunction with the opposite wall parts of the base member. The axes of the flow channels enclose an angle alpha between 10 DEG and 22 DEG , where the smaller angle corresponds to a distance of approximately 600 mm between the narrow side walls of the mold and the larger angle corresponds to a distance of 2000 mm or more between the narrow side walls of the mold. The distance between the wide side walls of the mold is 50 to 100 mm.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Tauchgießrohr gemäß Gattungsbegriff des Anspruches 1.The invention relates to a dip tube according to the generic term of Claim 1.

Beim Stranggießen von Flachprodukten aus Stahl bedient man sich eines Gießrohres, das die Schmelze aus einem Vorratsbehälter in eine Kokille leitet. Die Kokille besteht dabei aus Breitseltenwänden und Schmalseitenwänden, die die Breitseitenwände auf einen Abstand von 50 bis 100 mm halten und die Schmalseiten des Stranges begrenzen. Die Tauchgießrohre hat man dem Kokillenformat derart angepaßt, daß die Tauchgießrohre zunächst aus einem an den Gießbehälter anschließendem Rohrstück bestehen, das in Richtung auf die Schmalseitenwände der Kokille im Querschnitt erweitert und in einer dazu senkrechten Richtung reduziert ist. Üblich sind dabei Tauchausgüsse mit Austrittsöffnungen, die in Richtung der Schmalseiten weisen (s. DE 37 09 188 A1) oder auch mehr in Gießrichtung weisen, wie es beispielsweise aus der EP 0 403 808 A1 bekannt ist. Nicht zuletzt sind auch Tauchausgüsse üblich, die nur eine Ausgußöffnung in Gießrichtung aufweisen (s. Stahl u. Eisen (1991), Nr. 9, S. 107). Diese Tauchausgüsse erlauben eine zufriedenstellende Arbeitsweise bei einer Strangabsenkgeschwindigkeit von bis zu 3 m/min. One uses one for the continuous casting of flat products made of steel Pouring tube that takes the melt from a reservoir into a mold directs. The mold consists of broad walls and Narrow side walls that extend the wide side walls by a distance of 50 Hold up to 100 mm and limit the narrow sides of the strand. The Immersion pipes have been adapted to the mold format in such a way that the Immersion pipes first of all from a connection to the casting tank Pipe section exist, which in the direction of the narrow side walls of the Mold extended in cross-section and in a direction perpendicular to it is reduced. Dipping spouts with outlet openings are common, that point in the direction of the narrow sides (see DE 37 09 188 A1) or also have more in the casting direction, as is the case, for example, in EP 0 403 808 A1 is known. Last but not least, diving spouts are common, too have a pouring spout in the pouring direction (see Steel and Iron (1991), No. 9, p. 107). These diving spouts allow a satisfactory Operation at a strand lowering speed of up to 3 m / min.

Im praktischen Betrieb ist festzustellen, daß die aus dem Tauchrohr austretende Schmelze eine instabile Strömung aufweist, derart, daß die in die Kokille eindringende Schmelze zwischen der rechten und linken Begrenzungswand des Tauchausgusses hin und her pendelt. Dies führt zu einem unruhigen Gießspiegel in Form einer pulsierenden Auf- und Abwärtsbewegung innerhalb der Kokille. Ebenso wird bei höheren Strangabsenkgeschwindigkeiten und demzufolge höheren Durchsatzleistungen durch den Tauchausguß der Gießspiegel aufgewirbelt und Gießpulver- und Schlackenteilchen werden in die Schmelze gerissen und als nichtmetallische Einschlüsse im Gießprodukt wiedergefunden. Ursache für die Aufwirbelung des Gießspiegels ist bei größeren Durchsatzmengen die höhere kinetische Energie des Gießstrahles, die örtlich zu großen Turbulenzen im Schmelzensumpf führt. Der Austrittsimpuls des Gießstrahles kann bei den bisher bekannten Tauchrohrformen nicht gleichmäßig abgebaut und vernichtet werden.In practical operation it can be seen that the from the dip tube emerging melt has an unstable flow, such that the melt penetrating the mold between the right and left Boundary wall of the diving spout swings back and forth. this leads to a restless casting mirror in the form of a pulsating opening and closing Downward movement within the mold. Likewise at higher Line lowering speeds and consequently higher throughput rates whirled up by the immersion spout and pouring powder and Slag particles are torn into the melt and as Non-metallic inclusions found in the cast product. Cause of the swirling of the pouring level is the case with larger throughputs higher kinetic energy of the pouring stream, the locally too large Turbulence in the melt pool leads. The exit impulse of the Pouring stream can not with the previously known dip tube shapes be broken down and destroyed evenly.

Der Erfindung liegt daher die Aufgabe zugrunde, einen Tauchausguß zu entwickeln, der diese Nachteile vermeidet und die Anwendung höherer Strangabsenkgeschwindigkeiten von bis zu 6 m/min erlaubt bei Strangabmessungen von 50 bis 100 mm Dicke und 600 mm bis 2000 mm Breite und darüber.The invention is therefore based on the object of a diving spout develop that avoids these disadvantages and the use of higher Line lowering speeds of up to 6 m / min allowed at String dimensions from 50 to 100 mm thick and 600 mm to 2000 mm wide and above.

Bei einem Tauchausguß gemäß Gattungsbegriff des Anspruches 1 wird die Aufgabe erfindungsgemäß mit den Merkmalen des kennzeichnenden Teiles von Anspruch 1 gelöst. Weitere erfinderische, vorteilhafte Ausgestaltungen sind in den Unteransprüchen enthalten.In a diving spout according to the preamble of claim 1 Task according to the invention with the features of the characterizing part of Claim 1 solved. Further inventive, advantageous refinements are contained in the subclaims.

Anhand der Zeichnung, die Ausführungsbeispiele der Erfindung darstellen, sei die Erfindung näher erläutert. With reference to the drawing, which represent exemplary embodiments of the invention, the invention is explained in more detail.

Es zeigen:

Fig. 1
einen Längsschnitt durch den in die Kokille hineinragenden Tauchausguß,
Fig. 2
eine Draufsicht in der Schnittebene A-A nach Fig. 1 und
Fig. 3
eine weitere Ausführungsform eines erfindungsgemäßen Tauchausgusses im Längsschnitt.
Show it:
Fig. 1
a longitudinal section through the immersion nozzle protruding into the mold,
Fig. 2
a plan view in the sectional plane AA of FIG. 1 and
Fig. 3
a further embodiment of an immersion spout according to the invention in longitudinal section.

Gemäß Fig. 1 ragt in eine Plattenkokille für das Stranggießen von Dünnbrammen mit dem Breitseitenwänden 2 und den Schmalseitenwänden 2' ein Tauchgießrohr 4, 4' bis unter den Badspiegel 10 des sich in der Kokille bildenden Stranges 11. Das Tauchgießrohr besteht aus einem oberen rohrförmigen Abschnitt 4, an den sich ein weiterer Abschnitt 4' anschließt. Der Abschnitt 4' des Tauchgießrohres ist in einer Ebene konisch erweitert und ist mit einem mittig angeordneten keilförmigen Bodenstück 3 versehen. Die in das Tauchgießrohr hineinragenden Seitenflächen 3' des Bodenstückes 3 bilden zusammen mit den Innenwänden 1 des sich erweiternden Teiles 4' Strömungskanäle 7. Die Achsen 8 der Strömungskanäle 7 schließen mit der Tauchgießrohrachse 9 jeweils einen Winkel zwischen 10 und 22° ein. In Verbindung mit einer Kokille, deren Breitseitenwände 2 einen Abstand voneinander zwischen 50 bis 100 mm aufweisen, wird der jeweilig in Betracht kommende Winkel derart gewählt, daß der Winkel von 10° einem Abstand der Schmalseitenwände 2' der Kokille von ca. 600 mm und der größere Winkel einem Abstand der Schmalseitenwände der Kokille von 2000 mm und mehr zugeordnet ist.1 protrudes into a plate mold for the continuous casting of Thin slabs with the broad side walls 2 and the narrow side walls 2 ' a dip tube 4, 4 'to below the bath level 10 in the Mold-forming strand 11. The immersion pouring tube consists of a upper tubular section 4, to which another section 4 ' connects. Section 4 'of the immersion pouring tube is in one plane flared and has a wedge-shaped center Provide bottom piece 3. Those protruding into the dip tube Side surfaces 3 'of the bottom piece 3 form together with the inner walls 1 of the expanding part 4 'flow channels 7. The axes 8 of the Flow channels 7 each close with the dip tube axis 9 Angle between 10 and 22 °. In connection with a mold, the Broad side walls 2 a distance from each other between 50 to 100 mm , the angle in question is selected in such a way that the angle of 10 ° a distance between the narrow side walls 2 'of Mold of about 600 mm and the larger angle a distance of Narrow side walls of the mold of 2000 mm and more are assigned.

Die Austrittsöffnungen der Kanäle 7 liegen in einer Ebene senkrecht zur Tauchgießrohrachse 9. Es ist aber auch eine Ausführung denkbar, bei der die Ebene der Austrittsöffnungen der Kanäle 7 senkrecht zu den Achsen 8 der Kanäle 7 angeordnet sind. The outlet openings of the channels 7 lie in a plane perpendicular to the Immersion tube axis 9. However, an embodiment is also conceivable in which the plane of the outlet openings of the channels 7 perpendicular to the axes 8 the channels 7 are arranged.

Die Lage der Kanäle 7 des Abschnittes 4' des Tauchgießrohres ist durch den Winkel α definiert, den eine der Kanalachsen 8 mit der Tauchgießrohrachse 9 einschließt.The position of the channels 7 of section 4 'of the immersion pouring tube is through defines the angle α that one of the channel axes 8 with the Immersion tube axis 9 includes.

Der Winkel α bestimmt sich nach der Formel α = 1,5 x arc tan (b1,57 v ) The angle α is determined according to the formula α = 1.5 x arc tan ( b 1.57 BC )

Hierin bedeuten:

  • b = Kokillenbreite (Abstand der Schmalseiten voneinander)
  • v = Gießgeschwindigkeit.
    • Here mean:
  • b = mold width (distance of the narrow sides from each other)
  • v = casting speed.

    • Um die Anzahl der Tauchausgüsse in einem vertretbaren Rahmen im Hinblick auf die große Anzahl möglicher Brammenbreiten zu halten, kann folgende vereinfachte Zuordnung vorgenommen werden: Brammenbreite: Winkel zwischen den Achsen 8 und 9: 600 bis 1000 mm 10 bis 15° 900 bis 1400 mm 13 bis 19° 1200 bis 2000 mm 16 bis 22° In order to keep the number of diving spouts within a reasonable range in view of the large number of possible slab widths, the following simplified assignment can be made: Slab width: Angle between axes 8 and 9: 600 to 1000 mm 10 to 15 ° 900 to 1400 mm 13 to 19 ° 1200 to 2000 mm 16 to 22 °

    Durch die Zuordnung der Stellung der Achsen 8 der Kanäle 7 zu einer bestimmten Brammenbreite und unter Berücksichtigung der Gießgeschwindigkeit wird die im Strang vorhandene Schmelze bzw. die Erstarrungsfront in die Ausbildung der Strömung mit einbezogen. Dadurch ergibt sich bei im wesentlichen nach unten gerichteter Strömung und nur einem geringfügigen Anteil der einfließenden Schmelze entgegen der Stranggießrichtung ein ruhiger ungestörter Schmelzbadspiegel in der Kokille. Zu diesem ruhigen Strömungsverlauf trägt im wesentlichen auch die weitere Ausbildung des Tauchgießrohres bei, derart, daß die gemeinsame Querschnittsfläche der Ausflußöffnungen der Kanäle 7 größer ist als die freie Querschnittsfläche der Einlauföffnung des Tauchgießrohres 4.By assigning the position of the axes 8 of the channels 7 to one certain slab width and taking into account the Casting speed is the melt or the existing in the strand Solidification front included in the formation of the flow. Thereby results with essentially downward flow and only a small proportion of the inflowing melt against the Continuous casting direction a calm undisturbed melt pool level in the Mold. This calm flow course also contributes essentially the further training of the immersion pouring tube in such a way that the common cross-sectional area of the outflow openings of the channels 7 larger is the free cross-sectional area of the inlet opening of the Immersion pouring tube 4.

    Diese freie Querschnittsfläche der Einlauföffnung des Tauchgießrohres 4 ist nach Fig. 1 gegeben durch den Ringspalt zwischen dem Stopfen 5 und dem Ausguß 6 eines nicht dargestellten Gießbehälters. Der Ausguß 6 ist in an sich bekannter Weise im Boden des Gießbehälters eingelassen und das Tauchrohr 4 ist an das Bodenblech des Gießbehälters unter dem Ausguß angeflanscht. Zweckmäßig ist an der Trennfuge zur Abdichtung ein Dichtring 12 in einer Ausnehmung des Flansches 4'' des Tauchgießrohres 4 vorgesehen.This free cross-sectional area of the inlet opening of the immersion pouring tube 4 is given by Fig. 1 by the annular gap between the plug 5 and the spout 6 of a casting container, not shown. The spout 6 is embedded in a known manner in the bottom of the casting container and the dip tube 4 is on the bottom plate of the pouring container under the spout flanged. It is advisable to use a seal at the parting line Sealing ring 12 in a recess in the flange 4 ″ of the immersion pouring tube 4 intended.

    Natürlich ist es auch möglich, einen Schieberverschluß für die Ausgußöffnung des Gießbehälters zu verwenden. In diesem Fall wird das Tauchgießrohr in an sich bekannter Weise unter den Schieberverschluß geflanscht und die einlaufseitige Querschnittsfläche ist durch die Öffnungen in den Schieberplatten in ihrer jeweiligen Stellung zueinander gegeben.Of course it is also possible to use a slide lock for the Use the pouring spout of the pouring container. In this case Immersion pouring tube in a manner known per se under the slide closure flanged and the inlet cross-sectional area is through the Openings in the slide plates in their respective positions to each other given.

    Fig. 3 stellt eine Ausführungsform des Tauchgießrohres 4 für den Fall dar, daß das Tauchgießrohr 4 in den Boden des Gießbehälters eingesetzt ist. Der obere Abschnitt 13 des Tauchgießrohres 4 mit nach außen konisch erweitertem Umfang entspricht dann dem Ausguß 6 nach der Darstellung in Fig. 1.Fig. 3 shows an embodiment of the immersion pouring tube 4 for the case represents that the immersion pouring tube 4 is inserted into the bottom of the casting container is. The upper section 13 of the immersion pouring tube 4 is conical to the outside expanded scope then corresponds to the spout 6 as shown in Fig. 1.

    Claims (3)

    1. Immersion casting pipe for introducing molten steel from a casting container into a mould consisting of wide side walls with a distance from one another of 50 to 100 mm and narrow side walls for the production of flat products, consisting of a piece of pipe which is attached to the casting container and which widens in cross-section-in the direction of the narrow side walls of the mould and is provided at the lower end with a centrally disposed bottom piece, leaving outlet apertures for the melt, characterised in that the bottom piece (3) is wedge-shaped and has side faces (3') projecting into the immersion casting pipe and in that the inner wall (1) of the part of the immersion casting pipe (4) widening the cross-section together with the opposite side faces (3') of the bottom piece (3) forms flow channels (7), whose axes (8) include with the immersion casting pipe axis (9) an angle α of between 10 and 22°, the smaller angle of 10° being associated with a distance of the narrow side walls (2') of the mould of approx. 600 mm and the larger angle of 20° being associated with a distance of the narrow side walls (2') of the mould of 2000 mm or more.
    2. Immersion casting pipe according to claim 1, characterised in that the angle α is determined in accordance with the formula α = 1.5 x arc tan b1,57 v where
      b = mould width in m
      v = casting rate in m/min.
    3. Immersion casting pipe according to claim 1, characterised in that the common cross-sectional area of the outlet apertures of the channels (7) is larger than the free cross-sectional area of the inlet aperture of the immersion casting pipe (4).
    EP92912758A 1991-06-21 1992-06-22 Immersion casting pipe for thin slabs Expired - Lifetime EP0589998B1 (en)

    Applications Claiming Priority (5)

    Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
    DE4120999 1991-06-21
    DE4120999 1991-06-21
    DE4142447 1991-12-18
    DE4142447A DE4142447C3 (en) 1991-06-21 1991-12-18 Immersion nozzle - thin slab
    PCT/DE1992/000517 WO1993000191A1 (en) 1991-06-21 1992-06-22 Immersion casting pipe for thin slabs

    Publications (2)

    Publication Number Publication Date
    EP0589998A1 EP0589998A1 (en) 1994-04-06
    EP0589998B1 true EP0589998B1 (en) 2000-03-15

    Family

    ID=25904900

    Family Applications (1)

    Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
    EP92912758A Expired - Lifetime EP0589998B1 (en) 1991-06-21 1992-06-22 Immersion casting pipe for thin slabs

    Country Status (12)

    Country Link
    US (1) US5402993A (en)
    EP (1) EP0589998B1 (en)
    JP (1) JP2965217B2 (en)
    KR (1) KR100226530B1 (en)
    AT (1) ATE190533T1 (en)
    CA (1) CA2111981C (en)
    DE (2) DE4142447C3 (en)
    DK (1) DK0589998T3 (en)
    ES (1) ES2147552T3 (en)
    GR (1) GR3033633T3 (en)
    UA (1) UA26335C2 (en)
    WO (1) WO1993000191A1 (en)

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    EP3624964B1 (en) * 2017-05-15 2021-02-24 Vesuvius USA Corporation Asymetric slab nozzle and metallurgical assembly for casting metal including it
    CN112548086B (en) * 2020-12-03 2022-05-17 一重集团大连工程技术有限公司 Plate blank immersion type water gap for inhibiting liquid level fluctuation

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    GB8814331D0 (en) * 1988-06-16 1988-07-20 Davy Distington Ltd Continuous casting of steel
    DE3918228C2 (en) * 1989-06-03 1996-11-07 Schloemann Siemag Ag Immersion pouring tube for introducing molten steel into a continuous casting mold
    US5205343A (en) * 1989-06-03 1993-04-27 Sms Schloemann-Siemag Aktiengesellschaft Pouring tube for feeding molten steel into a continuous casting mold
    DE4032624A1 (en) * 1990-10-15 1992-04-16 Schloemann Siemag Ag SUBMERSIBLE PIPE FOR INLETING STEEL MELT IN A CONTINUOUS MOLD

    Also Published As

    Publication number Publication date
    CA2111981A1 (en) 1993-01-07
    KR940701312A (en) 1994-05-28
    DE4142447C3 (en) 1999-09-09
    DK0589998T3 (en) 2000-06-05
    EP0589998A1 (en) 1994-04-06
    DE4142447C2 (en) 1993-11-11
    WO1993000191A1 (en) 1993-01-07
    JP2965217B2 (en) 1999-10-18
    US5402993A (en) 1995-04-04
    ES2147552T3 (en) 2000-09-16
    JPH06508559A (en) 1994-09-29
    DE4142447A1 (en) 1992-12-24
    UA26335C2 (en) 1999-08-30
    GR3033633T3 (en) 2000-10-31
    DE59209821D1 (en) 2000-04-20
    ATE190533T1 (en) 2000-04-15
    CA2111981C (en) 1999-04-06
    KR100226530B1 (en) 1999-10-15

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