EP0582709B1 - Metall iodid lampe - Google Patents

Metall iodid lampe Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0582709B1
EP0582709B1 EP93908137A EP93908137A EP0582709B1 EP 0582709 B1 EP0582709 B1 EP 0582709B1 EP 93908137 A EP93908137 A EP 93908137A EP 93908137 A EP93908137 A EP 93908137A EP 0582709 B1 EP0582709 B1 EP 0582709B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
iodide
lamp
discharge
rare earth
discharge lamp
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
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EP93908137A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0582709A1 (de
Inventor
Alfred E. Feursanger
Charles William Struck
William M. Keeffe
Michael J. Shea
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Flowil International Lighting Holding BV
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Flowil International Lighting Holding BV
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Publication of EP0582709A1 publication Critical patent/EP0582709A1/de
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J61/00—Gas-discharge or vapour-discharge lamps
    • H01J61/02—Details
    • H01J61/12—Selection of substances for gas fillings; Specified operating pressure or temperature
    • H01J61/125—Selection of substances for gas fillings; Specified operating pressure or temperature having an halogenide as principal component

Definitions

  • This invention relates to metal iodide lamps, and more particularly to metal iodide high intensity discharge (HID) lamps having improved color rendering.
  • HID high intensity discharge
  • Metal halide lamps have an inner quartz arc tube containing a fill and are surrounded by an outer glass envelope.
  • the metal halide lamp's arc tube fill includes a rare gas for starting, a quantity of mercury to establish the arc at the desired power level, and one or more metal halides, usually iodides. These metal halides are responsible for a much higher luminous efficacy and color rendering index for the lamp output than is possible for the mercury vapor lamp.
  • the color rendering index of light source is a measure of the degree of color shift objects undergo when illuminated by the light source as compared with the color of those same objects when illuminated by a reference source of comparable color temperature.
  • the CRI rating consists of a General Index, R a , based on a set of eight test-color samples that have been found adequate to cover the color gamut.
  • the color appearance of a lamp is described by its chromaticity coordinates which can be calculated from the spectral power distribution according to standard methods.
  • Luminous efficacy of a source of light is the quotient of the total luminous flux emitted by the total lamp power input as expressed in lumens per watt (LPW or lm/W).
  • the luminous efficacy, color rendering index and other lamp output characteristics may be varied, depending upon the particular composition of the metal halides in the arc tube.
  • GTE's Metalarc M100/U lamp with a NaIScI 3 CsI chemistry, has a color rendering index (CRI) of 65, an initial lumens per watt (LPW) of 85, and a 10,000 hour lifetime. In the lighting industry, these specifications are considered very good for standard lighting applications.
  • Each chemical in the lamp fill is chosen to contribute specific effects to the lamp's performance.
  • the alkali metal halides improve the color quality, contribute to lumen output of the lamp through strong emissions, and adjust the current-voltage characteristics.
  • Scandium is added to the lamp as an iodide and as a pure metal. Scandium iodide improves color quality by adding a multitude of lines to the emission spectrum.
  • the elemental scandium chip is used to adjust the metal/iodine ratio in the lamp and to getter oxygen impurities.
  • the above chemistry can be modified by the replacement of the element cesium with lithium to form a chemistry of NaIScI 3 LiI.
  • the resulting lamp has an improved CRI of 73 while still maintaining the 10,000 hour life and the 85 LPW efficacy.
  • a CRI of 73 must be further improved for the excellent color rendering needed for showroom lighting, displays in stores, and decorative illumination, both for indoor and outdoor use.
  • HID lamps such as the Osram POWERSTAR R HQI-TS metal halide lamp
  • CCT correlated color temperature
  • the POWERSTAR R lamps depend on a rare earth chemistry, HoI 3 , TmI 3 , and DyI 3 plus NaI. These lamps generally have a lower LPW than NaI-ScI 3 types and a pronounced decline of LPW with operating time. Lamps of this type are generally designed with a higher wall temperature for the arc tube in order that sufficient concentration of the rare earth elements will be present in the arc discharge. The attendant disadvantage of these lamps is their shortened life, which is a consequence of the elevated operating temperature.
  • the sodium scandium lamp has achieved popularity due to its very good luminous efficacy and long operating life.
  • the patent describes a metal halide lamp having a discharge sustaining fill within an arc tube consisting essentially of a rare gas, mercury, and the halides of sodium and scandium, characterized in that the fill additionally contains thallium halide in the mole ratio of sodium halide to thallium halide of about 280:1 to 75:1 whereby the luminous efficacy of the lamp is increased without substantially adversely affecting the color rendering index of the lamp.
  • U.S. patent 4,053,805 to Scholz et al relates to a red emitting metal halide arc discharge lamp utilizing a fill of mercury, scandium and lithium iodide. Lithium iodide imparts a red component to the emitted light. Problems encountered with lithium iodide as a lamp fill component, as set forth in the above patent, include lamp starting problems and electrode attack. These problems were reduced by the addition of scandium metal to the fill.
  • U.S. patent 4,709,184 to Keeffe et al relates to a metal halide lamp where the fill consists essentially of sodium iodide and scandium iodide in a molar ratio in the range of about 20:1 to 28:1, elemental mercury, scandium, and an inert gas.
  • U.S. patent 4,963,790 of White et al describes a floating frame structure for reducing the sodium electrolysis process.
  • U.S. patent 5,057,743 to Keeffe and Krasko relates to a metal halide lamp having a chemical fill including sodium iodide, lithium iodide, and scandium iodide. Although lamps exhibit long life, high luminous efficacy, and good color temperature, a further improvement in the color rendering index would be desirable.
  • lamps utilizing a chemical fill of NaIScI 3 LiI with a scandium metal getter are highly desirable.
  • their color rendering properties due to their color rendering properties, their commercial use in certain color-critical applications has been limited.
  • a discharge lamp including a discharge tube, said discharge tube having a chemical fill for forming an electric discharge during lamp operation, said fill comprising an inert starting gas, mercury, alkali metal iodides consisting substantially of sodium iodide and lithium iodide, scandium iodide, and at least one iodide of a rare earth, characterised in that the molar ratio of said iodide of a rare earth to scandium iodide is between 1:1 to 30:1, and in that the lamp emission has its color temperature between 3000 Kelvin and 5000 Kelvin and its color rendering index greater than 80.
  • the iodide of a rare earth and scandium iodide are present in amounts sufficient to form a complex for increasing the density of the rare earth in the discharge gas during lamp operation. Due to the increased density of the rare earth in the discharge gas at lower temperatures of operation, the wall temperature of the arc tube is desirably maintained at a temperature between about 800 to 1000 degrees Celsius so that the resulting lamp has a lifetime in excess of 10,000 hours.
  • FIGURE 1 there is shown the structural features of a metal iodide discharge lamp.
  • the illustrated lamp includes a fused quartz discharge tube or arc tube 1 disposed within an outer sealed glass envelope 11.
  • a pair of electrical conductors 18 and 19, which are sealed into and pass through the stem member 14, are connected to external base member 10 for the flow electrical current from an external source (not shown) for energization of the discharge lamp.
  • the arc tube 1 has a pair of spaced apart electrodes 2 and 3 which project into the interior of the arc tube 1 at respective ends.
  • Each electrode 2 and 3 comprises a tungsten rod surrounded by tungsten wire coils.
  • the electrodes 2 and 3 are connected to respective metal foils 4 and 5.
  • the metal foils 4 and 5 are formed of molybdenum and are sealed in the ends of the arc tube 1, typically by pinch sealing.
  • the metal foils 4 and 5 are connected to lead-in conductors 6 and 7 which project outwardly away from opposite ends of the arc tube 1 along the longitudinal axis of the arc tube 1.
  • Arc tube 1 is generally made of fused quartz although other types of material, such as alumina (PCA), yttria, or sapphire, may be used.
  • the arc tube for use in a 100 watt size lamp, for example, has an internal diameter of 10 mm and an arc length of 14 mm.
  • the wall temperature of the arc tube 1 is determined by the design parameters.
  • the wall temperature is dependent on multiple factors such as the radiation transmission properties, the thermal conductance, diameter, length, and wall thickness of the arc tube. Providing an evacuated outer jacket tends to increase the arc tube temperature at a fixed power loading.
  • the outer envelope 11 is most preferably evacuated with the outer envelope 11 hermetically sealed to the glass stem member 14.
  • the wall temperature of the arc tube in the lamp of the present invention is preferably between about 800 to about 1000 degrees Celsius.
  • the electrodes 2 and 3 are electrically connected to respective electrical conductors 18 and 19.
  • This electrical connection which is illustrated in detail in Fig. 1, also provides support for the arc tube 1.
  • Lead-in conductor 7 which extends from the lower end of the arc tube 1 is directly connected to conductor 19.
  • Lead-in conductor 6 which extends from the upper end of the arc tube 1 is indirectly connected to conductor 18 through support conductors 25, 27, and 29.
  • Support conductors 27, 29 extend in the same direction away from the longitudinal axis of the arc tube 1 so that interconnecting support conductor 25 extends exterior to the radiation shield 13.
  • the lead-in conductors 6,7 and support conductors 25, 27 and 29 are sufficiently rigid so as to provide adequate and independent support for arc tube 1.
  • the arc tube 1, which is positioned interior to the radiation shield 13, is electrically isolated from the radiation shield 13 and the support structure 12.
  • Such a "floating frame" structure is used to control the loss of alkali metal from the arc tube fill by electrically isolating the support structure.
  • Such a structure is described in U.S. patent 5,056,743 to Krasko et al and in U.S. patent 4,963,790 of White et al which specification is incorporated by reference into the present specification.
  • the radiation shield 13 is referred to as a heat loss reducing member.
  • the arc tube is disposed within the heat loss reducing member.
  • a support for the heat loss reducing member is electrically isolated from the electrical conductors and the electrodes.
  • support member 12 which is electrically insulated from the electrical conductors 18 and 19, holds radiation shield 13.
  • Support member 12 which extends substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the lamp, is secured to an insulated portion of glass stem member 14 at one end and to outer envelope 11 at the other end.
  • the envelope attachment 15 is in the form of a circular configuration which mates with a dimpled upper partition of the envelope 11 so as to maintain the support structure 12 electrically isolated and properly aligned.
  • a pair of getters 20 and 21 are shown mounted to the support structure 12.
  • the radiation shield 13 is secured to the support structure 12 by spaced apart straps 16 and 17 which are welded to a vertically aligned portion of the support member 12.
  • the radiation shield 13 has a cylindrical shape and is typically in the form of a quartz sleeve which can have a domed shaped closure at one end:
  • Each of the straps 16 and 17 is made of a spring-like material so as to hold the shield 13 firmly in position.
  • the diameter and length of the radiation shield may be chosen with respect to the arc tube dimensions to achieve the optimal radiation redistribution resulting in uniform arc tube wall temperatures.
  • the lamp may include other structural features commonly found in metal iodide lamps, such as an auxiliary starting device. Although the drawing illustrates a medium screw type base 10. it is contemplated that the lamp may have a double-ended configuration with a recessed single-contact base.
  • a chemical fill which forms an electrical discharge sustaining gas for emitting radiation is disposed within the arc tube 1.
  • the chemical fill contains a base chemistry of an inert starting gas, mercury, alkali metal iodides, and scandium iodide.
  • the desired base chemistry contributes to the desirable lamp characteristics of low wall temperature, high LPW, moderate CRI, and long life.
  • the lamp emission due to the base chemistry is approximately on the black body chromaticity locus.
  • the chemical fill comprises at least one iodide of a rare earth element which is at least partially vaporized during lamp operation.
  • the iodide of a rare earth and scandium iodide are present in a molar ratio sufficient to form a complex for increasing the concentration of the rare earth in the discharge gases during lamp operation at a low arc tube wall temperature. Due to the formation of the complex, the vapor phase concentration of the rare earth is increased at the arc tube wall temperature beyond what is obtainable using the rare earth iodide alone.
  • the wall temperature of the arc tube in the lamp of the present invention is preferably maintained between about 800 to about 1000 degrees Celsius.
  • the improved chemical fill comprising the base chemistry and at least one rare earth iodide enhances the color rendering index of the lamp. Due to the presence of the rare earth atoms in the discharge gas, the lamp has a color rendering index greater than about 80. Preferably, the color rendering index is greater than 85 and more preferably greater than 90.
  • High color rendering indices on the order of about 90, are easier to realize at high correlated color temperatures (CCT).
  • CCT correlated color temperatures
  • the present invention achieves high R a at relatively low CCT between 3000 and 4000 Kelvin.
  • the amount of rare earth in the arc is sufficient to produce an enhanced color rendering index while maintaining the relatively low arc tube wall temperature that is conducive to long lamp life.
  • the formation of complex molecules of the rare earth with scandium iodide results in an increased density of rare earth atoms in the arc.
  • rare earth is present in an amount sufficient to complex with scandium iodide in order to increase the density of the rare earth atoms in the vapor during lamp operation to the desired level.
  • the molar ratio of the rare earth iodide to scandium iodide in the fill is between 1:1 to 30:1, and more preferably between about 5:1 to about 20:1. A most preferred molar ratio is about 15:1.
  • the rare earths are selected from the group consisting of La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu and mixtures thereof.
  • the choice of rare earth depends on the desired radiation characteristics.
  • the preferred rare earths for enhanced CRI are the iodides of cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, and lutetium.
  • the rare earth iodide is present as a single rare earth iodide selected from the above preferred group. Even more preferred are the rare earth iodides of cerium, praseodymium, dysprosium, holmium, and thulium.
  • a charge of mercury is present in a sufficient amount so as to establish the electrical characteristics of the lamp by desirably increasing the electric field strength to sustain a desirable power loading.
  • Such an amount should provide an operating mercury pressure between 1 to about 100 atmospheres (1 to 100 ⁇ 10 5 Pa), and preferably between about 1 to about 20 atmospheres (1 to 20 ⁇ 10 5 Pa).
  • an inert ionizable starting gas such as argon is contained within the arc tube 1. It is contemplated that other noble gases can be substituted for argon provided an appropriate pressure is maintained that is conducive to starting the lamp.
  • the scandium iodide and the alkali metal iodides are present in the fill and in the discharge gas during lamp operation.
  • These ingredients form a base chemistry which is conducive to the low arc tube wall temperature and long lamp life.
  • These ingredients also improve color quality by adding a variety of lines to the emission spectrum and are preferably present in amounts for producing emission with its color substantially on the black body radiator chromaticity locus.
  • the molar ratio of sodium iodide to scandium iodide is between about 5:1 to about 25:1.
  • the ratio of sodium iodide to lithium iodide is between about 1:1 to about 5:1.
  • the alkali metal iodides adjust the current-voltage characteristics, stabilize the arc by reducing arc constriction, improve the color quality, and contribute to lumen output of the lamp through strong emissions.
  • the "efficacy" in lumens per watt (LPW) is preferably greater than about 75, and more preferably greater than about 80.
  • the addition of a rare earth iodide substantially maintains the LPW near or above 80 while improving the CRI from about 73 to above 80, and while preserving the CCT between 3000 and 5000 Kelvin.
  • the selection of fill ingredients results in a desirable color temperature between 3000 K and 5000 K, more preferably between 3000 to about 4000 Kelvin.
  • the molar ratios of the ingredients are selected also so that the resulting emission color is near the highly desirable black body (BB) chromaticity locus at this desired color temperature.
  • scandium, thorium, cadmium, or zinc may be added to the fill as metals or alloys to adjust the metal/iodine ratio in the lamp and to getter oxygen impurities.
  • the preferred additive is scandium.
  • the scandium metal weight dosage is preferably about 100 micrograms per cubic centimeter of arc tube volume at all wattages.
  • the total fill weight varies with lamp operating power between about 4 and about 20mg.
  • the 100 watt lamp fill is preferably between about 4mg and about 8 mg, and more preferably between about 5.5 and about 6.5 mg.
  • the arc tube has a volume of 0.3-2.2 cm 3 , respectively.
  • the chemical fill has a base chemistry of about 13 to 8 mg/cm 3 mercury, respectively, and about 90 to about 150 torr (12 to 20 ⁇ 10 3 Pa) starting gas; about 0.1 to about 0.5 mg/cm 3 scandium iodide; about 1 to about 3 mg/cm 3 sodium iodide; about 0.3 to about 0,5 mg/cm 3 lithium iodide; about 0.1 to about 0.2 mg/cm 3 scandium metal.
  • thulium iodide about 2.5 to about 4 mg/cm 3 thulium iodide is included.
  • the tube has a wall loading in the range of about 12 to 17 watts/cm 2 , respectively, for the 40-150 W lamps.
  • the total amount of fill is between about 4 mg to about 20 mg.
  • the iodide compound may be synthesized in situ by introducing the constituents in other forms. For example, instead of introducing a rare earth iodide, the rare earth iodide may be synthesized within the arc tube by using, as the lamp fill components, the rare earth metal plus mercury iodide rather than the rare earth iodide plus mercury metal.
  • Two sets of 100-watt metal iodide lamps were made to compare lamps of the present invention with lamps not including scandium iodide in order to demonstrate that scandium iodide acts as a complexing agent component for the rare earth iodide.
  • This first example utilizes thulium iodide.
  • Each of the lamps included a quartz arc tube having an internal volume of about 1.25 cm 3 , an arc gap of about 14 mm, an electrode insertion length of about 2.5 mm, and an inside diameter of 10 mm.
  • the fill of the arc tube of the first set is set forth in Table 1.
  • the fill components are set forth in weight and in micromoles.
  • the second set of lamps contained the same fill as the first set except for the scandium component.
  • Fig. 3 shows the observed emission spectrum between 380 and 800 nm. Indeed the continuum level is truly non-zero, i.e. Fig. 3 shows unresolved or broadened Tm emissions of significant output power as an underlying continuum.
  • the zero level is a true zero and the continuum level in Fig. 3 is at least twice that in Fig. 2.
  • a spectroscopic abundance determination based on these and other spectra of thulium indicates that the thulium concentration in lamps with the scandium is two orders of magnitude greater than what is expected based solely on the vapor pressure of the non-complexed thulium iodide at the wall temperature. With the scandium free lamp fill, for the same power dissipation, the Tm emissions were weaker by a factor of about 50.

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  • Discharge Lamp (AREA)

Claims (11)

  1. Entladungslampe mit einer Entladungsröhre (1), welche eine chemische Füllung für die Bildung einer elektrischen Entladung während des Lampenbetriebs aufweist, wobei diese Füllung ein inertes Startgas, Quecksilber und Alkalimetalljodide umfaßt, die im wesentlichen aus Natriumjodid, Lithiumjodid, Scandiumjodid und zumindest einem Jodid einer seltenen Erde bestehen, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Molverhältnis des Jodids einer seltenen Erde zum Scandiumjodid zwischen 1 : 1 bis 30 : 1 beträgt, und daß die Farbtemperatur der Lampenemission zwischen 3000 Kelvin und 5000 Kelvin und ihr Farbwiedergabeindex größer als 80 sind.
  2. Entladungslampe nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Entladungsröhre bei einer Entladungsröhrenwandtemperatur von zwischen 800 bis 1000 Grad Celsius arbeitet.
  3. Entladungslampe nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Molverhältnis des Natriumjodids zum Scandiumjodid zwischen 5 : 1 bis 25 : 1 beträgt.
  4. Entladungslampe nach Anspruch 1, 2 oder 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Molverhältnis des Natriumjodids zum Lithiumjodid zwischen 1 : 1 bis 5 : 1 beträgt.
  5. Entladungslampe nach irgendeinem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche , dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß zumindest ein Jodid einer seltenen Erde aus der Gruppe ausgewählt ist, die aus den Jodiden des Zeriums, Praseodymiums, Neodymiums, Dysprosiums, Holmiums, Erbiums, Thuliums, Luteziums und Mischungen aus denselben besteht.
  6. Entladungslampe nach irgendeinem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Scandiumjodid und die Alkalimetalljodide in Mengen zur Erzeugung einer Emission vorhanden sind, deren Farbe sich im wesentlichen im Farbart- und Farbsättigungsbereich des Schwarzkörperstrahlers befindet.
  7. Entladungslampe nach irgendeinem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die chemische Füllung im wesentlichen aus 13 bis 8 mg/cm3 Quecksilber und 12 kPa (90 Torr) bis 20 kPa (150 Torr) Startgas, 0,2 bis 0,51 mg/cm3 Scandiumjodid, 1 bis 3 mg/cm3 Natriumjodid, 0,3 bis 0,5 mg/cm3 Lithiumjodid und 2,5 bis 4 mg/cm3 Thuliumjodid besteht.
  8. Entladungslampe nach irgendeinem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Entladungsröhre (1) eine Gesamtfüllmenge zwischen 4 mg bis 20 mg aufweist.
  9. Entladungslampe nach irgendeinem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Entladungsröhre (1) eine Wandladung im Bereich von 12 bis 17 Watt/cm2 aufweist.
  10. Entladungslampe nach irgendeinem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß sie außerdem einen Strahlungsschild (13) und eine Halterung (12) dafür aufweist, wobei die Entladungsröhre (1) innerhalb des Strahlungsschilds angeordnet ist und die Halterung von der Entladungsröhre elektrisch isoliert ist.
  11. Entladungslampe nach irgendeinem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Lampe eine Leistung von 30 bis 150 Watt besitzt.
EP93908137A 1992-03-03 1993-03-03 Metall iodid lampe Expired - Lifetime EP0582709B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US84528592A 1992-03-03 1992-03-03
US845285 1992-03-03
PCT/NL1993/000049 WO1993018541A1 (en) 1992-03-03 1993-03-03 Metal iodide lamp

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0582709A1 EP0582709A1 (de) 1994-02-16
EP0582709B1 true EP0582709B1 (de) 1999-12-15

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EP93908137A Expired - Lifetime EP0582709B1 (de) 1992-03-03 1993-03-03 Metall iodid lampe

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EP (1) EP0582709B1 (de)
CA (1) CA2090360A1 (de)
DE (1) DE69327275T2 (de)
WO (1) WO1993018541A1 (de)

Families Citing this family (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CA2111426A1 (en) * 1992-12-18 1994-06-19 Alfred E. Feuersanger Electrodeless lamp bulb
US5694002A (en) * 1996-05-08 1997-12-02 Osram Sylvania Inc. Metal halide lamp with improved color characteristics
JP2001332215A (ja) * 2000-05-19 2001-11-30 Ushio Inc 光線力学治療及び光線力学診断用ランプ
EP1525606A2 (de) * 2002-07-17 2005-04-27 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Metallhalidlampe
GB2420220B (en) * 2004-11-10 2009-10-14 Gen Electric Ceramic metal halide lamps
WO2010001316A1 (en) * 2008-07-04 2010-01-07 Philips Intellectual Property & Standards Gmbh Mercury-free and zinc-free high intensity gas-discharge lamp
WO2011018741A2 (en) * 2009-08-13 2011-02-17 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Mercury-free high intensity gas-discharge lamp
DE102009056753A1 (de) * 2009-12-04 2011-06-09 Heraeus Noblelight Gmbh Elektrische Hochdruckentladungslampe für kosmetische Hautbehandlung

Family Cites Families (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3979624A (en) * 1975-04-29 1976-09-07 Westinghouse Electric Corporation High-efficiency discharge lamp which incorporates a small molar excess of alkali metal halide as compared to scandium halide
US4983889A (en) * 1989-05-15 1991-01-08 General Electric Company Discharge lamp using acoustic resonant oscillations to ensure high efficiency
JP2650463B2 (ja) * 1989-05-31 1997-09-03 岩崎電気株式会社 メタルハライドランプ

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EP0582709A1 (de) 1994-02-16
CA2090360A1 (en) 1993-09-04
WO1993018541A1 (en) 1993-09-16
DE69327275T2 (de) 2000-05-31
DE69327275D1 (de) 2000-01-20

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