EP0570419A1 - Copying machine with a belt-type image-carrier transfer element. - Google Patents
Copying machine with a belt-type image-carrier transfer element.Info
- Publication number
- EP0570419A1 EP0570419A1 EP92903698A EP92903698A EP0570419A1 EP 0570419 A1 EP0570419 A1 EP 0570419A1 EP 92903698 A EP92903698 A EP 92903698A EP 92903698 A EP92903698 A EP 92903698A EP 0570419 A1 EP0570419 A1 EP 0570419A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- printing
- transfer
- transfer element
- toner images
- copying machine
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 238000007639 printing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 54
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 238000010023 transfer printing Methods 0.000 claims description 24
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000005294 ferromagnetic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000032258 transport Effects 0.000 claims 15
- 238000007786 electrostatic charging Methods 0.000 claims 2
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000007651 thermal printing Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000004040 coloring Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003213 activating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- WBFMCDAQUDITAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N arsenic triselenide Chemical compound [Se]=[As][Se][As]=[Se] WBFMCDAQUDITAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000806 elastomer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000976 ink Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005291 magnetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010297 mechanical methods and process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005226 mechanical processes and functions Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G15/00—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern
- G03G15/01—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for producing multicoloured copies
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G15/00—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern
- G03G15/01—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for producing multicoloured copies
- G03G15/0105—Details of unit
- G03G15/0131—Details of unit for transferring a pattern to a second base
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G15/00—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern
- G03G15/14—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for transferring a pattern to a second base
- G03G15/16—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for transferring a pattern to a second base of a toner pattern, e.g. a powder pattern, e.g. magnetic transfer
- G03G15/1605—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for transferring a pattern to a second base of a toner pattern, e.g. a powder pattern, e.g. magnetic transfer using at least one intermediate support
- G03G15/161—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for transferring a pattern to a second base of a toner pattern, e.g. a powder pattern, e.g. magnetic transfer using at least one intermediate support with means for handling the intermediate support, e.g. heating, cleaning, coating with a transfer agent
Definitions
- Printing or copying machine with a ribbon-shaped transfer element with associated electrostatic device for taking over toner images from an intermediate carrier.
- the invention relates to a printing or copying device for single or multicolor simplex or duplex printing using a ribbon-shaped transfer element and a method for printing on recording media with such a printing or copying device.
- Printing or copying machines of the type mentioned are such. E. from US-A-4 477 176 and US-A-4 537 493.
- These are electrophotographic devices with a photoconductor on which at least two charge images can be arranged one behind the other and which has a transfer printing station with associated single sheet positioning device (turning device), which makes it possible to operate the electrophotographic printing device in two operating modes, namely in a first operating mode , in which the colored toner images arranged one behind the other on the charge image carrier are arranged one above the other or next to one another on one side of the single sheet and a second operating mode in which the sequence of the toner images located on the charge image carrier is arranged on the front and back of the single sheet.
- the toner images are fixed on the single sheets with the help of a roller fixing station using pressure and very high temperatures.
- GB-A-2 040226 electrophotographic printing devices are known in which character-dependent charge images are generated on an photoconductor with the aid of an exposure device and a developer station is fed. The developed charge image is then mechanically lifted from the photoconductor by means of a band-shaped transfer element and transferred to a recording medium.
- the toner image on the belt-shaped transfer element is heated with the aid of a heating device and the heated toner image is applied to the recording medium by pressure and heat via a roller arrangement. After the transfer of the toner image onto the recording medium, the intermediate carrier is cleaned of adhering toner in a cleaning station.
- the image information is transferred from the photoconductor to the belt-shaped transfer element in a purely mechanical manner by pressure and rolling.
- the transfer element is relatively well able to mechanically capture individual toner particles. Print images that consist of several layers of toner, however, are transferred only inadequately or with very poor transfer efficiency.
- the technology required for this is not useful for high-performance printers for economic reasons and because of the technical effort.
- the conventional, proven technology of high-performance printers working on the electrophotographic principle is the so-called two-component development process, a process in which a mixture of ferromagnetic carrier particles and toner particles is used as the developer mixture.
- This developer process is inexpensive and is generally used in conjunction with arsenic triselenide photoconductor drums or OPC photoconductor tapes.
- this technology results in a significant background coloring as well as several layers of toner in the developed printed image, it is not possible to do this purely mechanical transfer to a ribbon-shaped transfer element with very high print quality requirements.
- the aim of the invention is therefore to provide a printing and copying device with a band-shaped transfer element and an associated printing process which enables the use of conventional known development processes in which the developed printing image of the toner can be arranged in several layers.
- Another object of the invention is to provide a printing or copying device with a ribbon-shaped transfer element that is simple and reliable, guarantees high print quality and enables simplex and duplex printing.
- the toner particles of the printed image have enough time to melt on the way from the transfer area of the transfer element to the transfer and fixing area.
- the result of this is that, in contrast to the roller fixing method, essentially no energy transfer takes place in the transmission and fixing area, but only mechanical rolling. As a result, considerably lower absolute temperatures are necessary for this process.
- the band-shaped transfer element has a surface that is many times larger than that of the conventional fixing rollers, there is a significantly improved service life with a quality of wear that remains constant over a long period of operation.
- the recording medium in the transmission and fixing areas is both printed and fixed at the same time. This makes it possible to guide the record carrier on both sides in the entire paper path.
- the very critical entry into the transfer printing and fixing nip can, in contrast to the conventional roller fixing methods, be optimally designed using appropriate paper guides.
- pre-printed recording media can also be processed without any problems using conventional printing inks.
- a second transmission and fixing area downstream of the first transmission and fixing area and by arranging a turning station between the transmission and fixing areas, which is advantageously designed as a contact turning station it is possible to separate the front and rear to print the back immediately one behind the other. This allows a very simple paper path to be designed without overtaking and waiting loops.
- the control structure and the mechanical processes are clear and simple. This has a very advantageous effect on operating behavior and ease of servicing. An embodiment of the invention is shown in the drawings and is explained in more detail below, for example.
- Figure 1 is a schematic sectional view of an electrophotographic printing device with a ribbon-shaped transfer element with associated electrostatic device for taking over toner images from an intermediate carrier, which is suitable for both simplex and duplex operation.
- Figure 2 is a schematic sectional view of the structure of a transfer element and Figure 3 is a schematic sectional view of a transfer station with an integrated charging station.
- An electrophotographic printing device shown schematically in FIG. 1 contains a band-shaped intermediate carrier 10 in the form of a photoconductor, e.g. B. an OPC tape, which is guided via guide rollers 11 driven by an electric motor.
- a photoconductor e.g. B. an OPC tape
- a photoconductor drum can also be arranged.
- the various units for the electrophotographic process are grouped around the intermediate carrier 10. These are essentially: a charging device LE in the form of a charging corotron for charging the intermediate carrier; a character generator ZG with a light-emitting diode comb for character-dependent exposure of the intermediate carrier 10; Developer stations EY, EM, EC and EB for coloring the character-dependent discharged charge on the intermediate carrier 10 with the help of the colored toner.
- the developer station EY contains yellow toner, the developer station EM toner with the color magenta, the developer station EC toner with the color cyan and the developer station EB black toner.
- a cleaning station RS is provided, with a cleaning brush 13 integrated therein with an associated suction device and an unloading device.
- the developer stations EY, EM, EC and EB are designed to be interchangeable and can e.g. B. pulled out of the device via slide guides and inserted into the device. They are constructed in the usual way and contain developer rollers 14 for coloring the charge image as well as guide rollers 11/1 to 11/4 which can be swiveled in and out for swiveling the intermediate carrier 10 in and out against the developer rollers 14 by means of electromagnetic swivel devices 15.
- the swivel devices 15 can, for. B. as plunger magnets or z. B. be designed as a swing magnet.
- An exposure station B which serves to loosen the developed toner image before transfer printing, is arranged downstream of the developer stations in the direction of movement of the intermediate carrier 10. Instead of an exposure station B, it is also possible to arrange an unloading corotron.
- the printing device contains a transfer station T, which serves to transfer the toner image onto a belt-shaped transfer element 16.
- the band-shaped transfer element consists of a temperature-resistant carrier fabric 17, e.g. B. made of glass fibers or similar materials, with an elastic cover layer 18 made of an elastomer arranged thereon.
- the band-shaped transfer element 16 is guided over guide elements in such a way that the elastic cover layer faces the intermediate carrier 10.
- the band-shaped transfer element 16 is driven by an electric motor.
- the transfer station T contains a lower guide roller 20 and an upper guide roller 21, between which the transfer element 16 and the band-shaped intermediate carrier 10 are passed in slight contact.
- the transfer of the toner image from the belt-shaped intermediate carrier 10 to the belt-shaped transfer element 16 is carried out by electrostatic transfer.
- Derar Developmental mixtures produce toner images that are built up in multiple layers. However, it is also conceivable to use toner of a different structure, which also produces developed toner images with a multilayer structure.
- the belt surface of the belt-shaped transfer element 16 is electrostatically charged directly in front of the transfer station T with the transfer zone by means of a charging station 22, which may consist, for example, of a corotron.
- the corotron 22 can be arranged between two upper guide rollers 21/1, 21/2.
- the toner image thus transferred to the belt-shaped transfer element 16 is heated, for example with the aid of an infrared heating device 23, until the toner image is sticky. It is then transferred from below to a recording medium 24 in a first transfer printing station U1.
- the transfer printing station U1 serves both as a transfer printing station and as a fixing station. For this purpose, it contains two rollers, namely an upper roller 25 and a lower roller 26, between which the transfer element 16 and the recording medium are passed.
- the upper roller 25 consists of a turning device in the form of a suction roller, as z. B. is known from US-A-4 477 176 or from a roller with mechanical gripping devices arranged thereon for gripping the individual sheets (paper clip device). Their function will be explained later.
- the lower roller 26 is designed to be pivotable on and off with the aid of an electromagnetic device 27. However, it is also possible to design the lower roller 26 as a stationary roller and the upper roller 25 as a roller that can be pivoted on and off. In the pivoted-down state of the lower roller 26, the band-shaped transfer element 16 is guided so that it does not come into contact with the recording medium 24.
- the driven band-shaped transfer element 16 also passes through a second transfer station U2, which is constructed in accordance with the first transfer station U1.
- a cleaning roller 19 is arranged downstream of the second transfer printing station U2. It serves to remove the residual toner from the belt-shaped transfer element 16.
- the belt-shaped transfer element 16 is unloaded via a subsequent unloading station 28 before it is brought to a defined state of charge again via the charging station 22.
- a paper channel P is provided for feeding the single sheets 24 from a supply area with supply stacks 29 arranged there to the transfer printing and fixing stations U1 and U2, which contains, as is known, a large number of paper transport rollers, not shown here for reasons of clarity.
- the transfer printing and fixing stations U1 and U2 which contains, as is known, a large number of paper transport rollers, not shown here for reasons of clarity.
- An alignment zone 30 in which known alignment means, e.g. B. stops etc., a targeted alignment of the single sheets.
- a paper preheating zone 31 is located immediately upstream of the first transfer printing and fixing station. It serves to separate the individual sheets from the Preheat the toner image onto the cut sheets.
- the paper preheating zone 31 contains, for example, a multiplicity of pressure rollers 32 with an associated heating device 33 in the form of a heating saddle, the individual sheets being passed between the pressure rollers 32 and heating saddle 33.
- the heating saddle can have a metal carrier in which heating elements are arranged.
- a turning device W which is designed in the form of a stop turning station. In its rear area, it contains a stop bar 34 for aligning the single sheets 24 on their front edge.
- a stop bar 34 for aligning the single sheets 24 on their front edge.
- three transport elements arranged one above the other, which are driven by an electric motor and which, in the case shown, consist of paper rollers covering the paper channel P.
- the paper transport rollers are divided into a lower 35, a middle 36 and an upper 37 paper transport roller.
- the upper and lower paper transport rollers rest elastically on the middle paper transport roller 36, the middle paper transport roller 36 being driven by an electric motor 38, namely counterclockwise.
- the distance between the paper transport rollers 35, 36 and 37 and the stop bar 34 is shorter than the length of the single sheets 24.
- the single sheets 24 are first transported between the upper and middle transport rollers 36, 37 until they rest against the stop bar 34.
- the single sheets bulge and their trailing edge is carried along by the central transport roller 37 in the direction of movement of the paper transport roller 37 and thus snaps into the transport area between the lower 35 and middle 36 paper transport rollers.
- There the trailing edge of the single sheets is grasped by the lower 35 and the middle 36 paper transposing roller and transported out of the turning station. This the individual sheets 24 are set and deflected continuously, and the paper transport rollers 35, 36 and 37 need not be stopped and controlled in particular.
- the single sheets are deflected by deflection elements (not shown here) and fed to the transfer printing and fixing station U2.
- a merging station 39 Downstream of this second transfer and fixing station U2 is a merging station 39, it is constructed in the usual manner and provides for a necessary merging if, as shown, recording media are guided and printed in parallel in the paper channel ("two up" print mode ") In this case, the individual sheets must be brought together in a stacking device S prior to stacking.
- the print image is first generated in a conventional manner in the electrophotographic printing unit.
- This print image is then transferred in the transfer station T from the photoconductor to the heated ribbon-shaped transfer element 16, specifically as described, electrostatically.
- the print image now transferred to the belt-shaped transfer element melts under the influence of the belt temperature or the additional infrared heating device 23, while it is being transported in the direction of the first transfer printing and fixing station U1.
- the individual sheets 24 to be printed are guided in a controlled manner by the control device of the printing device in the paper channel P in such a way that they coincide with the print image adhering to the transfer element 16 in the first transfer printing station U1.
- the printed image is on the recording medium 24, which was previously in the preheating zone 31 was preheated, rolled.
- This transfer results in a simultaneous fixation of the print information.
- the recording medium 24 is then realigned in the turning station W, turned over and then transported through the second transfer printing and fixing station U2 in the direction of the stacking device S.
- the lower roller 26 is pivoted down with the aid of an electromagnetic device 27, so that the recording media 24 are freely guided through the second transfer printing and fixing station U2.
- the back of the recording medium must be printed in the area of the second transfer and fixing station U2.
- the toner image for the rear side is generated on the intermediate carrier 10 immediately after the generation of the toner image for the front side and is likewise transferred to the belt-shaped transfer element 16 immediately after the transfer of the toner image of the front side.
- the lower roller 26 is pivoted down with the aid of an electromotive pivoting device 27 and thus runs freely through the transfer printing station.
- the printing information is not damaged and strikes the turned recording medium 24 in the second transfer printing and fixing station U2. Transfer printing and fixing take place here with the lower roller 26 pivoted.
- the information is generally transferred in the first transfer printing and fixing station U1.
- the single sheets can be fed directly one after the other within the framework of a fixed clock window.
- Duplex printing naturally requires a gap in the feed cycle.
- the functional sequence corresponds to the sequence described for single-color simplex or duplex operation, only that, depending on the type of color printing, the individual sheets are fed to the corresponding transfer zones via the suction rollers 25 until the corresponding color separations are all transferred to the corresponding side of the single sheet 24.
Abstract
Une imprimante ou un photocopieur comprennent un support intermédiaire (10) associé à une station d'enregistrement et de développement (EY, EM, EC, EB) qui génère des images en toner en une ou en plusieurs couleurs sur le support intermédiaire (10). Les images en toner sont électrostatiquement transférées à un élément de transfert (16) en forme de courroie, dans une zone de transfert (T), puis sont imprimées sur la face inférieure de supports d'enregistrement (24), dans des zones de reproduction et de fixation (U1, U2). Des éléments chauffants (23, 31) des images en toner sur l'élément de transfer (16) et/ou du support d'enregistrement (24) sont disposés dans les stations de reproduction et de fixation (U1, U2) afin de faciliter la fixation de l'image reproduite. Une station de renversement (W) est disposée entre les première et deuxième stations de reproduction et de fixation (U1, U2). L'imprimante ou le photocopieur peuvent être exploités dans des modes d'impression sur une ou sur deux faces, en une ou en plusieurs couleurs.A printer or photocopier includes an intermediate medium (10) associated with a recording and developing station (EY, EM, EC, EB) which generates toner images in one or more colors on the intermediate medium (10) . Toner images are electrostatically transferred to a belt-shaped transfer member (16) in a transfer area (T) and then printed on the underside of recording media (24) in copy areas and fixing (U1, U2). Heating elements (23, 31) of the toner images on the transfer element (16) and/or of the recording medium (24) are arranged in the copying and fixing stations (U1, U2) in order to facilitate fixation of the reproduced image. A reversing station (W) is arranged between the first and second duplicating and fixing stations (U1, U2). The printer or copier can be operated in single or double sided, single or multi-color printing modes.
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP91101539 | 1991-02-05 | ||
EP91101539 | 1991-02-05 | ||
PCT/EP1992/000224 WO1992014192A1 (en) | 1991-02-05 | 1992-02-03 | Copying machine with a belt-type image-carrier transfer element |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0570419A1 true EP0570419A1 (en) | 1993-11-24 |
EP0570419B1 EP0570419B1 (en) | 1994-07-20 |
Family
ID=8206371
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP92903698A Expired - Lifetime EP0570419B1 (en) | 1991-02-05 | 1992-02-03 | Copying machine with a belt-type image-carrier transfer element |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5408302A (en) |
EP (1) | EP0570419B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JPH06504855A (en) |
DE (1) | DE59200300D1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1992014192A1 (en) |
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DE4203265C2 (en) * | 1991-02-25 | 1996-12-19 | Siemens Nixdorf Inf Syst | Printing or copying machine with intermediate carriers arranged on both sides of a recording medium transport channel for single or multi-color simplex or duplex printing |
EP0699315B1 (en) * | 1993-05-19 | 1996-10-30 | Siemens Nixdorf Informationssysteme AG | Electrographic printing device for printing recording media shaped as tapes of various widths |
EP0657790B1 (en) * | 1993-12-09 | 2003-06-25 | Nec Corporation | Method and apparatus for forming images on both sides of a recording paper without reversing the paper |
EP0671668B1 (en) * | 1994-03-11 | 1998-04-29 | Xeikon Nv | An electrostatographic printer for forming a toner image onto a receptor element web |
JP3206290B2 (en) * | 1994-04-15 | 2001-09-10 | 日立工機株式会社 | Image forming system |
DE4420196C1 (en) * | 1994-06-09 | 1995-12-14 | Siemens Nixdorf Inf Syst | Device for preheating single sheets |
JPH0815935A (en) * | 1994-06-30 | 1996-01-19 | Fujitsu Ltd | Multicolor image forming device |
USRE37644E1 (en) | 1994-11-04 | 2002-04-09 | Oce Printing Systems Gmbh | Multi-functional electrographic printer device |
US5713071A (en) * | 1994-11-04 | 1998-01-27 | Siemens Nixdorf Informationssysteme Aktiengesellschaft | Multi-functional electrographic printer device |
US5570172A (en) * | 1995-01-18 | 1996-10-29 | Xerox Corporation | Two up high speed printing system |
US6108513A (en) * | 1995-04-03 | 2000-08-22 | Indigo N.V. | Double sided imaging |
US5612773A (en) * | 1995-08-18 | 1997-03-18 | Xerox Corporation | Intermediate transfer member |
KR970028908A (en) * | 1995-11-24 | 1997-06-24 | 엘 드 샴펠라에레 | Single Pass Multicolor Blackout Photo Printer |
JPH09171306A (en) * | 1995-12-19 | 1997-06-30 | Fuji Xerox Co Ltd | Image forming device |
US6075965A (en) * | 1996-07-29 | 2000-06-13 | Eastman Kodak Company | Method and apparatus using an endless web for facilitating transfer of a marking particle image from an intermediate image transfer member to a receiver member |
US5710964A (en) * | 1996-07-29 | 1998-01-20 | Eastman Kodak Company | Mechanism for facilitating removal of receiver member from an intermediate image transfer member |
US6271870B1 (en) * | 1999-04-22 | 2001-08-07 | Hewlett-Packard Company | Producing photographic images on a matte laser printer |
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1992
- 1992-02-03 US US08/094,105 patent/US5408302A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1992-02-03 JP JP4503256A patent/JPH06504855A/en active Pending
- 1992-02-03 WO PCT/EP1992/000224 patent/WO1992014192A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1992-02-03 EP EP92903698A patent/EP0570419B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1992-02-03 DE DE59200300T patent/DE59200300D1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See references of WO9214192A1 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE59200300D1 (en) | 1994-08-25 |
US5408302A (en) | 1995-04-18 |
JPH06504855A (en) | 1994-06-02 |
EP0570419B1 (en) | 1994-07-20 |
WO1992014192A1 (en) | 1992-08-20 |
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