EP0568315B1 - Dispositif et méthode pour nettoyer par jet sous pression de surfaces métalliques - Google Patents

Dispositif et méthode pour nettoyer par jet sous pression de surfaces métalliques Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0568315B1
EP0568315B1 EP19930303275 EP93303275A EP0568315B1 EP 0568315 B1 EP0568315 B1 EP 0568315B1 EP 19930303275 EP19930303275 EP 19930303275 EP 93303275 A EP93303275 A EP 93303275A EP 0568315 B1 EP0568315 B1 EP 0568315B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
mpa
jets
water
psi
coating
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP19930303275
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP0568315A1 (fr
Inventor
Lewis L. Vankuiken, Jr.
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Progressive Blasting Systems Inc
Azenta Inc
Original Assignee
Progressive Technologies Inc
Progressive Blasting Systems Inc
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Publication date
Application filed by Progressive Technologies Inc, Progressive Blasting Systems Inc filed Critical Progressive Technologies Inc
Publication of EP0568315A1 publication Critical patent/EP0568315A1/fr
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Publication of EP0568315B1 publication Critical patent/EP0568315B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
    • C23C4/02—Pretreatment of the material to be coated, e.g. for coating on selected surface areas

Definitions

  • This invention pertains to an apparatus and method for blasting the cylinder walls of aluminium engine blocks in preparation for the coating of the same with a wear-resistant coating material. It also broadly pertains to an apparatus and method for blasting other products for subsequent treatment.
  • JP-A-63162160 describes dulling the surface of a roller used for preparing steel sheet for painting by spraying the surface with water containing a dulling agent such as iron sand, steel grit or silica sand, the water pressure being between 100 and 1500 kgf/cm 2 (9.8 MPa and 147.2 MPa).
  • a dulling agent such as iron sand, steel grit or silica sand
  • the water pressure being between 100 and 1500 kgf/cm 2 (9.8 MPa and 147.2 MPa).
  • Use of blasting grit creates the problem of ensuring that all of the grit is removed from the engine block in order to avoid the grit or abrasive contaminating parts of the engine. Further, the grit itself could probably lodge in crevices of the engine block or the cylinder bore surface itself.
  • a method of preparing a metal surface for subsequent application of a coating comprises: creating water jets consisting only of water having pressures at least as high as 173 MPa (25,000 psi), and directing said jets against said surface to clean and erode said surfaces to provide irregular surfaces with under cut portions whereby such irregular surfaces have increased adhesive characteristics.
  • apparatus for preparing the surfaces of the cylindrical wall portions of the cylinder bore of an engine block for application of a wear-resistant coating comprising: a high pressure water pump; a supply of fluid consisting only of water connected to the inlet of said pump; a member connected to the outlet of said pump and having orifices for creating water jets consisting only of water having pressures between 173 MPa and 414 MPa (25,000 and 60,000 psi), preferably about 345 MPa (50,000 psi), so as to clean and erode the surfaces of said cylinder wall portions to provide an irregular surface with undercut portions thereof to increase the adhesive characteristics thereof; said member being rotatable about an axis and having means for directing the jets in a direction substantially radially outwardly of said axis against the surfaces of said cylinder wall portions; and a moveable support for moving said member in said cylinder bore for directing said jets against said surfaces of said cylinder wall portions to concomitantly clean and erode said surfaces to provide said irregular
  • the surfaces are prepared using substantially pure water as the blasting media; by pure water is meant that there is no grit and essentially no other materials added to the water.
  • the pressures of the water jets exceed 173 MPa and may be between 173 MPa and 414 MPa (25,000 and 60,000 pounds per square inch - psi) and preferably about 345 MPa (50,000 psi), particularly for the very best results in preparing aluminium 319 alloy for coating as described in US-A-5 080 056.
  • water jets will roughen the surface of the aluminium cylinder bore and clean them at the very same time.
  • the water jets not only roughen the surface to increase the surface area to which the thermal sprayed composition can attach but, also, attack the pores of micro structure, that is the interstices of the metal, so as to form undercuts that provide superior adhesion for the coatings as compared to prior known methods.
  • the processes of the invention clean the surface to eliminate leaving any pre-existing contaminated material on the surfaces, etch the surface to provide superior adhesion for the coating and leave no harmful residue of itself.
  • Figs. 1 and 2 show a schematic representation of a cast aluminium engine 1 having four cylinder chambers 2, one of which is cutaway to disclose the cylinder walls 3.
  • the engine block 1 is a casting of a suitable aluminium alloy such as the aluminium 319 alloy, which is well-known as an alloy that can be readily cast into complex configurations such as engine blocks.
  • the aluminium 319 alloy is a low-silicon aluminium alloy having the composition and characteristics set forth in the Metals Handbook, 8th Edition, America Society of Metals. It not only contains by weight 90.2% aluminium, 6.3% silicone and 3.5% copper, but it is a malleable ductile metal having a surface hardness of Brinell 70-95.
  • the 319 aluminium alloy is the only metal that we are familiar with as being easily cast into an engine block and which can be treated by our method and apparatus to produce the objects and advantages of our invention, it is believed that other malleable ductile metals can be treated by our method to produce the same objects and advantages. It is believed that the criteria necessary for our invention to properly treat the surface requires a metal that has a Brinell hardness of between about 50-100.
  • These alloys include the zinc alloy AG40A which has a composition of 95.96% zinc, 4% aluminium and 0.04% magnesium and a Brinell hardness of 82; a copper-hardened rolled zinc having the composition of 99% zinc and 1% copper and a Brinell hardness of 60; a rolled zinc alloy having a composition of 98.99% zinc, 1% copper and 0.010% magnesium and a Brinell hardness of 80; a magnesium alloy AM100A having a composition of 89.9% magnesium, 10% aluminium and 0.1% manganese with a Brinell hardness of 52-69; a magnesium alloy AZ63A having a composition 90.8% magnesium, 6% aluminium, 3% zinc and 0.2% manganese with a Brinell hardness of 50-73; a magnesium alloy AZ92A having a composition of 88.9% magnesium, 9% aluminium, 2% zinc and 0.1% manganese and a Brinell hardness of 63-81; and the magnesium alloy AZ31B having a composition of 95.8% magnesium,
  • water is pumped at a high pressure through the rotating conduit 4 to the cylindrical head 5 which is rotating with the conduit 4.
  • the head 5 has a plurality of orifices 6; a very small diameter preferably between 0.127 and 0.152 mm (.005 and .006 inch).
  • the pressure of the water forced through the conduit 4 and out of the orifices 6 creates a number of water jets 7 that have a pressure at least as high as 173 MPa (twenty-five thousand pounds per square inch, 25,000 psi) and, as high as 414 MPa (60,000 psi), or higher.
  • the preferred pressure of water jets 7 is about 345 MPa (fifty thousand pounds per square inch) 50,000 psi).
  • the surface 8 or portions thereof are coated by the method described in US-A- 5 080 056.
  • aluminium-bronze alloy is supplied to the centre of the coating head in the form of a wire 16, which is provided on a spool.
  • a commercially available thermal spray gun apparatus is employed to coat the cylinder. This is accomplished by using a high velocity oxy-fuel thermal spray method.
  • a combustion mixture of propylene and oxygen (HVOF) flowing at a supersonic speed is introduced down the centre of the coating head 17 and ignited using an electric spark (not shown) of high voltage and low amperage inside the tip of the coating head 17. Once ignited, the flame is self-sufficient.
  • HVOF propylene and oxygen
  • the aluminium-bronze alloy is melted and blown as a spray by the high velocity gas of the head 17 and deposited on the interior surface 8 of the cylinder wall 3.
  • the metal spray gun apparatus automatically rotates the coating head 17 about the wire 16 and directs the droplets 18 of the molten wire material against the cylinder walls surface 8 by moving the head up and down the axis of the cylinder walls.
  • Fig. 7 shows a robot mechanism for producing the motions as described in relation to Figs. 1 and 2.
  • reference numeral 4 designates the conduit 4 as shown in Figs. 1 and 2. It is rotated by a rotary lance drive mechanism 10.
  • a motor 11 drives the lance 12 to which the conduit 4 and the cylinder head 5 are attached and rotatable therewith.
  • the unit 10 includes a passageway member extending from one side to which a water conduit 13 is connected.
  • a high pressure pump 14 of the type known as an ultra-high pressure water intensifier sold by Flow Systems International as Model 12XT is connected to the conduit 13 for supplying water under pressure to the rotating conduit 4 and cylinder head 5.
  • the unit 10 is secured to the bottom end of a mast assembly 20 which extends upwardly through the roof of compartment 21 and is adapted to be moved upwardly and downwardly as indicated by the arrows 22. This is accomplished by the mast being connected to a screw 23 which is rotated by a motor 24. The actuation of this mast in a vertical up and down direction is similar to that described in US-A-5 067 285.
  • a carriage 30 is provided which is attached to a nut 31 which is mounted for movement on a screw 32.
  • the screw 32 is actuated by a motor 33 so that turning of the screw 32 moves the nut 31 and the carriage 30.
  • Figs. 4a, 4b and 4c illustrate the unusual result obtained by the present method and apparatus.
  • Fig. 4a shows a surface such as a very small section of the surface 8 of one of the cylinders 2. It shows a relatively smooth surface which has been prepared as described in US-A-5 080 056.
  • Fig. 4b shows the surface 8 after it has been treated by the described method and apparatus.
  • the high pressure water jets have, in fact, eroded the surface. They have not cut into the surface as might occur with grit such as glass particles, but have actually eroded and formed undercut portions 9a, 9b and 9c. It is believed some metal structures have a porosity which is exposed by the erosion of the surface leaving a surface that is undercut.
  • Fig. 4c shows the coating 40 that is held to, and retained by, the increased surface area and particularly by the undercuts 9a, 9b, 9c and others not specifically designated.
  • Figs. 5 and 6 are schematics of apparatus for treating such surfaces.
  • Fig. 5 shows a tubular water conduit 104 connected to a cylindrical head 105.
  • the head has a plurality of orifices 106 the same size as orifice 6 of Figs. 1 and 2.
  • Orifices 106 are located on the bottom surface of the cylinder 105.
  • the jets 107 are directed downwardly on the surface 108; the spacing between the bottom of the cylindrical head 105 is approximately 12.7 to 25.4 mm (one half to one inch).
  • the speed of rotation of the conduit 104 and head 105, the pressure of the water jets 107 and the standoff distance i.e., the distance between the bottom face of the head 105 and the surface 108, are preferably the same as that previously described with relation to Figs. 1 and 2, although such parameters can change depending upon many circumstances all as described above.
  • the conduit 104 and head 105 is moved by an apparatus such as that shown in Fig. 7.
  • the conduit 104 would be attached to the lance 12 and in place of the engine block 1 the workpiece 100 would be substituted. All of the advantages enumerated above with relation to Figs. 1 and 2 would also be obtained on a flat or contoured piece such as the workpiece 100 of Figs. 5 and 6.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Cylinder Crankcases Of Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)
  • Coating By Spraying Or Casting (AREA)

Claims (9)

  1. Procédé de préparation d'une surface de métal pour application ultérieure d'un revêtement, un tel métal étant un métal ductile malléable, comportant les étapes consistant à : créer des jets d'eau constitués seulement d'eau, ayant des pressions au moins aussi élevées que 173 MPa (25.000 psi), et diriger lesdits jets contre ladite surface à nettoyer et éroder lesdites surfaces pour fournir des surfaces irrégulières ayant des parties en creux de sorte que de telles surfaces irrégulières ont des caractéristiques d'adhésion augmentées.
  2. Procédé selon la revendication 1, dans lequel les pressions des jets sont comprises entre 173 MPa et 414 MPa (60.000 psi) et de préférence sont aux environs de 345 MPa (50.000 psi).
  3. Procédé selon la revendication 1 ou 2, dans lequel la surface a une dureté de surface Brinell comprise entre 50 et 100, de préférence une dureté de surface Brinell d'environ, 70 à 95.
  4. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1, 2 ou 3, qui est suivi par l'application d'un matériau de revêtement résistant à l'usure sur les surfaces préparées (8) pour remplir les creux et faire coller de manière mécanique et adhésive, le revêtement sur les surfaces.
  5. Procédé selon la revendication 4, dans lequel l'étape consistant à appliquer ledit revêtement est effectuée par pulvérisation thermique.
  6. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 5, dans lequel le métal ductile malléable est un alliage d'aluminium ou un alliage de magnésium.
  7. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 6, dans lequel la surface de métal est une partie de paroi cylindrique (3) d'un bloc moteur.
  8. Dispositif pour préparer les surfaces (8) des parties de paroi cylindrique (3) de l'alésage d'un cylindre d'un bloc moteur pour l'application d'un revêtement résistant à l'usure comportant : une pompe à eau à pression élevée (14) ; une alimentation de fluide constitué seulement d'eau reliée à l'entrée de ladite pompe, un élément (5) relié à la sortie de ladite pompe ayant des orifices (6) pour créer des jets d'eau (7) constitués seulement d'eau ayant des pressions comprises entre 173 MPa et 414 MPa (25.000 psi et 60.000 psi), de préférence d'environ 345 MPa (50.000 psi), de manière à nettoyer et éroder les surfaces (8) desdites parties de paroi cylindrique pour fournir une surface irrégulière ayant des parties en creux pour augmenter les caractéristiques d'adhésion de celle-ci ; ledit élément (5) pouvant être mis en rotation autour d'un axe et ayant des moyens (6) pour diriger les jets dans une direction sensiblement radialement vers l'extérieur dudit axe contre les surfaces desdites parties de paroi cylindrique ; et un support mobile (10, 20) pour déplacer ledit élément dans ledit alésage de cylindre pour diriger lesdits jets (7) contre lesdites surfaces (8) desdites parties de paroi cylindrique pour nettoyer et éroder de manière concomitante lesdites surfaces pour fournir lesdites surfaces irrégulières ayant des caractéristiques d'adhésion augmentées.
  9. Dispositif selon la revendication 8, dans lequel les orifices ont des diamètres compris entre 0,127 et 0,152 mm (0,005 et 0,006 pouce).
EP19930303275 1992-04-28 1993-04-27 Dispositif et méthode pour nettoyer par jet sous pression de surfaces métalliques Expired - Lifetime EP0568315B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US87528092A 1992-04-28 1992-04-28
US875280 1992-04-28

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EP0568315A1 EP0568315A1 (fr) 1993-11-03
EP0568315B1 true EP0568315B1 (fr) 1997-06-18

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EP (1) EP0568315B1 (fr)
JP (1) JP2586986B2 (fr)
CA (1) CA2094954C (fr)
DE (1) DE69311626T2 (fr)

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2007087989A1 (fr) * 2006-02-02 2007-08-09 Daimler Ag Conditionnement de surface pour couCHEs de pulvérisation thermique
EP2246457A1 (fr) 2009-04-30 2010-11-03 Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft Procédé de dépolissage d'une surface métallique, notamment d'une paroi cylindrique d'un carter
WO2011044979A1 (fr) 2009-10-14 2011-04-21 Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft Moteur à combustion interne muni d'un carter de vilebrequin ainsi que procédé de fabrication d'un carter de vilebrequin
DE102009055679A1 (de) 2009-11-25 2011-05-26 Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft Verfahren zum Aufrauhen einer Bauteiloberfläche, insbesondere einer Lauffläche eines Zylinders eines Verbrennungsmotors
DE202017102179U1 (de) 2017-04-11 2018-04-13 Piller Entgrattechnik Gmbh Vorrichtung zum Aufrauen von Zylinderlaufflächen
DE102019117851A1 (de) * 2019-07-02 2021-01-07 Nemak, S.A.B. De C.V. Verfahren zum Verbinden eines Bauteils mit einem weiteren Bauteil

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DE4419276A1 (de) * 1994-06-01 1995-12-07 Heraeus Elektrochemie Verfahren zur Vorbereitung des Beschichtungsprozesses von aktivierbaren oder reaktivierbaren Elektroden für elektrolytische Zwecke
US5520516A (en) * 1994-09-16 1996-05-28 Praxair S.T. Technology, Inc. Zirconia-based tipped blades having macrocracked structure
US5480497A (en) * 1994-09-28 1996-01-02 Ford Motor Company High speed electrical discharge surface preparation internal surfaces for thermal coatings
US5648122A (en) * 1994-09-28 1997-07-15 Ford Motor Company Using electrical discharge surface preparation for thermal coatings
EP0727504A3 (fr) * 1995-02-14 1996-10-23 Gen Electric Procédé de revêtement pour plasma pour améliorer la liaison de revêtements sur des substrats
JPH0911200A (ja) * 1995-06-19 1997-01-14 Praxair St Technol Inc 液体ジェットを使用するスーパーアロイの表面侵食のための方法
FR2758284B1 (fr) * 1997-01-15 1999-03-05 Seb Sa Procede pour rendre une surface adherente et recipients culinaires obtenus selon ce procede
US5820938A (en) * 1997-03-31 1998-10-13 Ford Global Technologies, Inc. Coating parent bore metal of engine blocks
WO2001032352A1 (fr) * 1999-11-04 2001-05-10 Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha Procede de formation de depressions de surface et element avec depression de surface
DE10153305A1 (de) * 2001-10-31 2003-05-28 Daimler Chrysler Ag Verfahren zum Eingießen eines metallischen Halbzeugs
JP4131371B2 (ja) * 2002-03-08 2008-08-13 トヨタ自動車株式会社 シリンダブロックの製造方法
DE102004038177B4 (de) * 2004-08-06 2016-09-08 Daimler Ag Verfahren zum thermischen Beschichten einer gegossenen Zylinderbohrung
DE102005055708B4 (de) * 2005-11-23 2014-02-13 Daimler Ag Thermisch gespritzte Gleitschichten mit verbesserter Schichthaftung und deren Herstellungsverfahren
US9056387B2 (en) 2012-01-30 2015-06-16 Siemens Energy, Inc. Media blasting carriage for a stator slot
DE102013211324A1 (de) * 2013-06-17 2014-12-18 Dürr Ecoclean GmbH Verfahren und Anlage zum Vorbereiten und Beschichten einer Werkstückoberfläche
DE102013109715A1 (de) * 2013-09-05 2015-03-05 Piller Entgrattechnik Gmbh Vorrichtung zum Aufrauhen der Zylinderbohrungen von Zylinderkurbelgehäusen
US20160018315A1 (en) * 2014-07-21 2016-01-21 GM Global Technology Operations LLC Non-destructive adhesion testing of coating to engine cylinder bore
DE102016223772A1 (de) * 2016-11-30 2018-05-30 Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft Verfahren zum Bearbeiten einer Zylinderwand und Zylinderkurbelgehäuse mit bearbeiteter Zylinderwand
CN112309278B (zh) * 2020-12-04 2022-07-08 重庆渝都文化传媒股份有限公司 一种自动清洁的太阳能led广告灯牌装置
TWI753768B (zh) * 2021-02-03 2022-01-21 甲富工業機械廠股份有限公司 內孔噴洗機

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CH677897A5 (en) * 1989-03-17 1991-07-15 Edi Mark Frame for levelling, roughening and cleaning large surfaces - has moving nozzle which directs high pressure water jet onto surface
US5067285A (en) 1990-04-16 1991-11-26 Progressive Blasting Systems, Inc. Seal belt assembly for compartments in which blasting, spraying and the like operations are performed
US5080056A (en) 1991-05-17 1992-01-14 General Motors Corporation Thermally sprayed aluminum-bronze coatings on aluminum engine bores

Cited By (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2007087989A1 (fr) * 2006-02-02 2007-08-09 Daimler Ag Conditionnement de surface pour couCHEs de pulvérisation thermique
DE102009019674B4 (de) * 2009-04-30 2016-09-01 Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft Verfahren zum Beschichten einer Zylinderwandung eines Kurbelgehäuses
EP2246457A1 (fr) 2009-04-30 2010-11-03 Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft Procédé de dépolissage d'une surface métallique, notamment d'une paroi cylindrique d'un carter
DE102009019674A1 (de) 2009-04-30 2010-12-23 Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft Verfahren zum Aufrauhen einer Metalloberfläche, insbesondere einer Zylinderwandung eines Kurbelgehäuses
WO2011044979A1 (fr) 2009-10-14 2011-04-21 Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft Moteur à combustion interne muni d'un carter de vilebrequin ainsi que procédé de fabrication d'un carter de vilebrequin
US10145331B2 (en) 2009-10-14 2018-12-04 Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft Internal combustion engine having a crankcase and method for producing a crankcase
DE102009049323A1 (de) 2009-10-14 2011-06-01 Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft Verbrennungsmotor mit einem Kurbelgehäuse sowie Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Kurbelgehäuses
DE102009049323B4 (de) * 2009-10-14 2011-11-10 Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft Verbrennungsmotor mit einem Kurbelgehäuse sowie Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Kurbelgehäuses
EP2327512A1 (fr) 2009-11-25 2011-06-01 Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft Procédé destiné à rendre rugueux une surface de composant, notamment une surface de roulement d'un cylindre d'un moteur à combustion
DE102009055679A1 (de) 2009-11-25 2011-05-26 Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft Verfahren zum Aufrauhen einer Bauteiloberfläche, insbesondere einer Lauffläche eines Zylinders eines Verbrennungsmotors
DE202017102179U1 (de) 2017-04-11 2018-04-13 Piller Entgrattechnik Gmbh Vorrichtung zum Aufrauen von Zylinderlaufflächen
WO2018189179A1 (fr) 2017-04-11 2018-10-18 Piller Entgrattechnik Gmbh Dispositif et procédé pour grainer des glaces de cylindre
DE102019117851A1 (de) * 2019-07-02 2021-01-07 Nemak, S.A.B. De C.V. Verfahren zum Verbinden eines Bauteils mit einem weiteren Bauteil
WO2021001778A1 (fr) 2019-07-02 2021-01-07 Nemak, S.A.B. De C.V. Procédé pour relier un premier élément structural à un autre élément structural

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0568315A1 (fr) 1993-11-03
DE69311626T2 (de) 1997-10-02
JPH06297331A (ja) 1994-10-25
DE69311626D1 (de) 1997-07-24
CA2094954C (fr) 1999-12-14
JP2586986B2 (ja) 1997-03-05
CA2094954A1 (fr) 1993-10-29

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