EP0562921A1 - Verbindungsvorrichtung ohne elektrischen Kontakt - Google Patents

Verbindungsvorrichtung ohne elektrischen Kontakt Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0562921A1
EP0562921A1 EP93400698A EP93400698A EP0562921A1 EP 0562921 A1 EP0562921 A1 EP 0562921A1 EP 93400698 A EP93400698 A EP 93400698A EP 93400698 A EP93400698 A EP 93400698A EP 0562921 A1 EP0562921 A1 EP 0562921A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
transformer
machine
winding
signal
axis
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP93400698A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0562921B1 (de
Inventor
Jean-Pierre Meur
Bernard Vermesse
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Quadient Technologies France SA
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Neopost Technologies SA
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Publication date
Application filed by Neopost Technologies SA filed Critical Neopost Technologies SA
Publication of EP0562921A1 publication Critical patent/EP0562921A1/de
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Publication of EP0562921B1 publication Critical patent/EP0562921B1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F38/00—Adaptations of transformers or inductances for specific applications or functions
    • H01F38/14—Inductive couplings
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F38/00—Adaptations of transformers or inductances for specific applications or functions
    • H01F38/14—Inductive couplings
    • H01F2038/143—Inductive couplings for signals

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a connection device without electrical contact, making and breaking at will a link transmitting electrical energy and / or an electrical signal from a first part to a second part of a machine.
  • connection devices conventionally include electrical contacts and are subject to breakdowns caused either by pollution, oxidation or wear, or by shocks during the assembly or disassembly of the machine.
  • French patent application No. 2 655 753 describes a connection device with electrical contacts, comprising two parts which can be plugged into each other and comprising a manually controlled device making it possible to retract one of these two parts, so avoid the two parts of the connection device colliding during the disassembly or assembly of the machine.
  • This known device therefore makes it possible to avoid damage to the connection device when the various parts of a machine are assembled or disassembled, but it is subject, like all connection devices with electrical contacts, to pollution, oxidation, and wear of the contact elements.
  • connection device comprising at least one conductive ring and at least one conductive brush rubbing on this ring, the number of rings being multiplied according to the number of circuits to be established.
  • Such a device wears out particularly quickly if the relative movement is very frequent or permanent.
  • the disassembly and reassembly of a machine comprising such a connection device is particularly delicate: there is always a risk of damaging the brushes or the rings.
  • each image line period comprises a majority part which effectively represents image elements, and a minority part which is only used for synchronization and return of the scanning spot. a cathode ray screen.
  • the device transmits electrical energy periodically during time intervals when the video signal does not represent picture elements.
  • the device transmits the video signal during the rest of each line period.
  • the single transformer is therefore used alternately for the transmission of energy and for the transmission of a signal.
  • This device does not have the wear phenomenon of ring and brush devices, and it does not have the bulk of a connecting device with a double rotating transformer, but it nevertheless has two drawbacks: it is not designed to allow easy mounting and dismounting of the drum, and it is too specifically adapted for the transmission of video signals. It cannot be used if it is necessary to continuously transmit a signal to or from the drum, since a periodic interruption is necessary for the transmission of electrical energy.
  • a franking machine has electronic circuits cut into several parts which must be linked, on the one hand to receive electrical energy supplied by the power supply located in the base, and on the other hand to exchange digital signals, with a throughput of a few hundred kilobits per second.
  • a connection device is necessary to make or break at will a link transmitting electrical energy and electrical signals between the base and the machine head.
  • the head has electronic postage accounting circuits. It is removable to allow the postal administration to record postage made, based on data stored in non-volatile electronic memories. The head must therefore be dismantled and reassembled frequently on the base. Its mass is important. If the head is connected to the base by a conventional connector, a shock between the two parts of this connector can damage it.
  • the device described in French patent application No. 2 655 753 overcomes this problem by making it possible to retract one of the two parts of a conventional connector, during the trial and error necessary for mounting the head on the base. But it leaves the problems of pollution, wear, and oxidation of the metal contacts.
  • connection device for connecting the electronic circuits located in the drum, to the electronic electronic circuits located in the rest of the head. Disassembly of the drum, out of the head, is a rare operation, but which must be able to be carried out without the connection device posing difficulties. Again, it must be easily removable and reassemblable.
  • the object of the invention to provide a connection device allowing a reliable connection, in particular by avoiding all the problems of damage to the metallic contact elements during assembly and disassembly, and which allows to make or break a link at will.
  • its aim is to propose a device which can simultaneously convey electrical energy and a signal in one direction, and possibly also a second signal in the opposite direction to the first signal.
  • connection devices can be used by a fraudster as an access to try to sabotage electronic circuits accounting for franking operations, by injecting high voltages.
  • An additional object of the invention is therefore to propose a connection device which is particularly resistant to these sabotage attempts.
  • the device thus characterized makes it possible to transmit electrical energy and a signal simultaneously because the same current is used for the two functions.
  • This signal can consist of digital data to be transmitted between the base and the head of a postage meter, for example. It can also be an analog signal such as a video signal.
  • the characteristics of the chopping and the type of modulation are chosen according to the type of signal to be transmitted.
  • the device according to the invention therefore overcomes the drawback of the device known from US Pat. No. 4,926,273, where the transmission of energy could not take place at the same time as the transmission of a signal.
  • the first variant thus characterized not only supplies power to the electronic circuits located in the second part of the machine but it also makes it possible to exchange signals between the two parts of the machine. It is particularly suitable in the case where the signals are transmitted in alternation because the alternation avoids any possibility of mixing the two signals, without any other precaution.
  • a full duplex transmission is possible provided that modulation and demodulation means are used, working with clearly different frequencies for the two directions of transmission, for example.
  • the variant thus characterized has a larger footprint than that of the first variant, but it has the advantage of allowing a simpler embodiment when it is a full duplex transmission. There is no risk of mixing the two signals thanks to the independence between the two directions of transmission, which the two separate transformers provide. There is therefore no need to complicate the modulation means and the demodulation means to ensure the separation of the signals.
  • FIG. 1 schematically shows, by way of example, a franking machine comprising a removable part 102 called the print head, connected to a fixed part 101 called the base, by means of a first embodiment of the device according to invention.
  • the device according to the invention comprises means electronics which are not shown in FIG. 1, but which will be described later, with reference to FIG. 7.
  • the head 102 is represented at a time when it is approached from the base 101, according to the direction represented by an arrow, just before the connection is actually made.
  • the head 102 comprises positioning and mechanical locking means which are not shown in this figure. They can consist of known means described in French patent application no.
  • 2,655,753 four fingers, projecting from the wall 157 of the head 102, and which penetrate into four holes provided in this wall 158 of the base 101.
  • Each of the four fingers has a circular groove located approximately halfway up this finger.
  • a locking device fixed to the base 101 is manually controlled to move four forks which are inserted respectively in the grooves of the four fingers to prevent them from coming out of the four holes.
  • the head 102 comprises electronic circuits 103 which are to be connected to electronic circuits 100 located in the base 101, in order to supply the circuits 103 with electrical energy, and for exchange data signals in both directions.
  • FIG. 2 shows in more detail this exemplary embodiment of the connection device according to the invention. It shows the guide parts 143 and 144 in the position where they are when the connection is actually made.
  • the two halves 146 and 147 of the transformer, and the guide parts 143 and 144 have the same axis of symmetry of revolution, XX, when the connection is actually made.
  • the outermost surface of the part 144 has a cylindrical surface with a circular section which slides through a circular window 153 formed in the wall 157 of the head 102. Part of the part 144 protrudes outside the wall 157. The part 144 tends to come out of the head 102 under the action of the springs 141 and 142 which push a circular crown 155 surrounding the part 144, bearing on arms 154 and 156 secured to the wall 157 of the head 102. When the connection n is not carried out, the crown 155 also plays the role of a stop preventing the part 144 from coming out completely from the head 102.
  • the springs 141 and 142 have the function of pressing the guide piece 144 against the guide piece 143 to make up for the play which may exist between the wall 157 of the head 102, on the one hand, and the surface 152 of the part 143, which extends the wall 158 of the base 101, on the other hand.
  • the window 153 has a diameter large enough to leave a little play around the guide piece 144 and make it possible to make up for a positioning error of the head 102 relative to the base 101, in a plane parallel to their contacting surface.
  • the guide piece 144 has a certain range of freedom in the direction of the axis XX and also in a plane perpendicular to this axis.
  • the cavity of the guide piece 144 has a frustoconical surface 163 truncated by a flat surface orthogonal to the axis XX.
  • This flat surface has the shape of a crown and constitutes a stop surface 164.
  • a cylindrical hole 151 is drilled in the center of this crown.
  • Half 147 of the transformer is glued to the bottom of this hole 151 with epoxy adhesive 150.
  • Half 147 does not not protrude out of hole 151. It is therefore very well protected against any impact.
  • the guide piece 144 therefore has the concave shape of a funnel, to receive the projecting part 145 of the guide piece 143, having a complementary shape.
  • the cavity 149 of the guide piece 143 has at its periphery a cylindrical surface 165 of circular section, of diameter equal to that of the window 153, for example, in order to leave play in the guide piece 144 as it penetrates. inside this cavity 149.
  • the projecting part 145 located at the center of the cavity 149 of the guide piece 143 has a frustoconical surface 162 truncated by a flat surface orthogonal to the axis XX. This flat surface has the shape of a crown and constitutes a stop surface 161.
  • a cylindrical hole 160 is drilled in the center of this crown.
  • Half 146 of the transformer is glued to the bottom of hole 160 with epoxy adhesive 159.
  • Half 146 protrudes out of hole 160 and enters hole 161.
  • Its visible face is close to the visible face of the other half, 147 , of the transformer, but there is a space between the two faces.
  • the plane of the visible face of the part 146 is located in the extension of the surface 152 of the part 143 and of the wall 158. In other words, the part 146 does not protrude outside the base 101, in order to avoid a risk of damage to this part 146.
  • the abutment surface 164 of the guide piece 144 is in abutment on the abutment surface 161 of the guide piece 143; and the concave frustoconical surface 163 of the guide piece 144 is in abutment on the convex frustoconical surface 162 of the guide piece 143.
  • the frustoconical surfaces 162 and 163 have the function of centering the two halves 146 of the transformer one opposite the other.
  • the surfaces of stop 161 and 164 have the function of determining more precisely the distance between the two halves of the transformer.
  • the half 147 of the transformer is placed in abutment at the bottom of the hole 151 in the guide piece 144 and is then glued to the wall of this hole.
  • the half 146 of the transformer is placed in abutment at the bottom of the hole 160 in the guide piece 143, then is glued to the wall of this hole.
  • the production of this collage will be detailed a little later in the following description.
  • the thickness of each of the halves 146 and 147 of the transformer is known with precision, therefore the width of the air gap between these two halves is perfectly well defined when the guide parts 144 and 143 are pressed one against the other.
  • the width of the air gap is chosen to be non-zero in such a way that there is never contact and therefore never collisions between the two halves of the transformer, so as to avoid any risk of damage during assembly operations. and disassembly of the head 102 on the base 101.
  • the width of the air gap is chosen to be sufficiently small to allow transmission of energy and data signals with reasonable efficiency.
  • FIG. 3 shows in section and in perspective the transformer 146, 147.
  • the two halves 146, 147 of the transformer have similar structures. They each consist of a conventional ferrite half-pot 123, 124.
  • Each half-pot 123, 124 has the shape of a flat cylinder comprising a circular groove 119, 120 hollowed out on one of its flat faces, and each containing a single winding 121, 122.
  • the ends of the windings 121, 122 are connected to the outside through holes drilled in the half-friends 123, 124, but not shown in the figure.
  • the half-friends 123 and 124 are conventionally provided with a cylindrical hole 125, 126 along the axis of symmetry of revolution XX. In this case, these holes 125 and 126 are not used for fixing the two halves of the transformers.
  • the magnetic field lines are shown in dotted lines.
  • FIG. 4 schematically represents a section of the first embodiment example, in the direction of view IV IV. It shows that the half 147 of the transformer is inserted into a hole 151 having a diameter slightly greater than the diameter of this half 147, and which has three edges 127a, 127b, 127c making it possible to wedge the half of transformer 147.
  • the epoxy adhesive 150 is then poured into the space remaining between the half of the transformer 147 and the wall of the hole 151.
  • the half 146 of the transformer is fixed by a similar method, in the hole 160 of the guide piece 143.
  • the guide parts 143 and 144 are made, for example, of metal according to a conventional manufacturing process. It is also possible to make them out of plastic.
  • FIG. 5 schematically shows in section the head 31 of another franking machine comprising a second embodiment of the connection device according to the invention.
  • the connection device comprises electronic means which are not shown but which will be described later, with reference to FIG. 7.
  • FIG. 5 shows the machine when the connection has been made.
  • the head 31 comprises a rotary printing drum 32 provided with a plurality of printing knobs 33 and an electronic circuit 39 rotating with the drum 32.
  • the drum 32 comprises a hollow shaft 37 supported by bearings 41 and 36
  • the rotary drum 32 is rotated about the axis YY by means not shown, comprising a spindle provided with a key and which is fitted inside the hollow shaft 37, on the right side in the figure, when the head 32 is mounted on a base not shown.
  • connection device 42 to 47, is placed at the other end of the shaft 37, on the left side in the figure. It allows the electronic circuits 39 which rotate with the drum 32 to be connected without electrical contact to electronic circuits 40 which are integral with the rest of the head 31 and which are therefore fixed.
  • the connection device comprises a transformer sectionable into two halves, 46 and 47, which are held opposite with an air gap of predetermined width, by means of two guide parts 43 and 44, d 'a finger 45, and a spring 42.
  • the shaft 37 is free to rotate around the YY axis, and is free to translate along the YY axis in one direction only, to the left in the figure. It is immobilized in translation in the opposite direction, to the right in the figure, by a crown 34 integrated into this shaft 37 and resting on a crown 35 integrated into the wall of the head 31.
  • the transformer used in this exemplary embodiment is similar to that described above. It has a symmetry of revolution around the YY axis.
  • the two halves 46 and 47 of the transformer are identical and are placed opposite one another, so that the transformer is sectionable along a plane which constitutes a plane of symmetry for the transformer, and which plane is perpendicular to the axis YY.
  • FIG. 6 schematically represents a section of this second embodiment of the connection device according to the invention, showing certain details.
  • the part 44 comprises an ear 59 provided with a cylindrical hole 58 in which slides the cylindrical finger 45 which is shown in FIG. 5.
  • the part 44 comprises another ear 67 symmetrical with the previous one and comprising a hole 65 for fixing a first end of the spring 42.
  • the other end of the spring 42 is fixed to a fixed part of the head 31.
  • All the parts constituting this second exemplary embodiment have an axis of symmetry of revolution YY coincident with the axis of rotation of the drum 32 , set share the two ears 59, 67 of the part 44 which are however symmetrical with respect to this axis YY, and apart from the finger 45 and the spring 42.
  • the half 47 of the transformer is supported by the guide piece 43 which has a first external cylindrical surface 60 fitting inside the hollow shaft 37.
  • the piece 43 is secured to this shaft 37 by means of grooves not shown .
  • the part 43 also has a second external cylindrical surface 62 which fits into a cylindrical hole 63 in the guide part 44 which supports the half 46 of the transformer.
  • Parts 44 and 43 have play to ensure freedom of rotation and translation.
  • the freedom of translation makes it possible to mount and dismount the piece 44 on the piece 43. After assembly, this freedom of translation allows the spring 42 to press the piece 44 against the piece 43. The spring 42 thus catches any transverse positioning error of the shaft 37 and of the part 43.
  • the freedom of rotation allows the part 43 to rotate with the shaft 32 while the part 44 is immobilized by the finger 45.
  • the part 43 has a flat face perpendicular to the axis YY, having the shape of a circular crown and which constitutes an abutment surface 61.
  • a cylindrical hole 50 located in the center of this crown contains the half 47 of the transformer, fixed with epoxy glue 59 in a similar manner to that described above.
  • the half 47 of the transformer protrudes from the part 43 to enter a cavity in the part 44.
  • This cavity has three internal cylindrical surfaces 63, 68, 69 having the same axis of symmetry of revolution YY, and having respectively three diameters decreasing by the entrance to the bottom of the cavity.
  • the surface 63 adjusts to the surface 62 of the guide piece 43, as mentioned previously.
  • a flat surface orthogonal to the axis YY constitutes a stop surface 64 in the form of a circular crown.
  • the surface 68 has a diameter significantly greater than the diameter of the transformer 46, 47 in order to allow the introduction of the half 47 into the cavity without risking that the half 47 strike this surface 68.
  • the cylindrical surface 69 has a diameter slightly greater than that of the transformer and it has three edges similar to the edges 127a, 127b, 127c described above . These edges are not shown, and are used to pinch half 47 of the transformer. The latter is bonded to the surface 69 with epoxy adhesive 70.
  • the parts 44 and 43 can be made of polyamide, for example, so as to reduce the friction forces and wear at the abutment surfaces 61 and 64.
  • connection device can be easily disassembled for maintenance operations. It suffices to unhook the spring 42 from the hole 65 and to pull on the part 44. The reassembly is possible without risk of damaging the transformer halves 46, 47 because they are guided towards one another by the surfaces 63 and 62 of the guide parts 43 and 44, as soon as the part 44 has been engaged on the part 43. On the other hand, the part 44 has a low mass which is easy to handle.
  • FIG. 7 represents the block diagram of an exemplary embodiment of electronic means used in a device according to the invention for transmitting energy and a data signal from a first part to a second part of a machine.
  • These electronic means can be used in the connection devices that comprise two franking machines described above with reference to Figures 1 and 5.
  • These electronic means are composed of two sub-assemblies 71 and 72, located respectively in the two machine parts. They are preferably used for half-duplex transmission, since in this case the separation of the data signals in both directions does not require any particular precaution.
  • These means cooperate with a single sectionable transformer having a first winding 75 on the side of the part 71 and a second winding 81 on the side of the part 72. The fact of using a single transformer allows a particularly reduced bulk of the connection device.
  • the cutter-modulator 74 is interposed between the source 73 and the first winding 75, on the one hand to cut the DC voltage, and on the other hand to modulate one of the characteristics of the cut current, so as to transmit the applied signal at the input 76.
  • the two ends of the winding 75 are connected respectively to two outputs of the cutter-modulator 74 and in addition to two inputs of the data receiver 77.
  • FIG. 8 represents a timing diagram of the intensity of the current flowing through winding 75 during the transmission of a data signal successively taking the values 1 0 0 1.
  • the current consists of pulses having a duty cycle always equal at 50% whatever the value of the transmitted bit, but the duration of each bit depends on its value: a bit of value 1 has a duration of 4 microseconds, while a bit of value 0 has a duration of 2 microseconds per example. It is therefore a modulation by frequency displacement, but where the duration of a bit changes with the value of this bit.
  • This type of modulation allows a high throughput and a very simple embodiment of the chopper-modulator 74.
  • It can for example comprise a transistor, used as a switch, controlled by a logic circuit providing a period of a first clock signal if the bit has the value 0, or provides a period of a second clock signal if the bit has the value 1.
  • modulation can be envisaged, such as position modulation, phase modulation, frequency modulation, amplitude modulation.
  • the winding 81 has two ends connected respectively to a first and a second input of the filter rectifier 82 and the demodulator 85, and to a first and a second output of the data transmitter 86.
  • the demodulator 85 extracts the signal Vd data modulating the voltage induced in the winding 81, by measuring the duration separating a rising edge and a successive falling edge. Depending on whether this duration is equal to one microsecond or two microseconds, it provides on the output terminal 84 a signal having the logic value 0 or the logic value 1.
  • input 75 To transmit energy, input 75 must receive a data signal. These data can possibly consist of padding reasons, which are not significant. In order for party 72 to transmit in turn, it it is necessary to periodically interrupt the transmission of energy and data by the part 71.
  • the rectifier-filter 82 must have sufficient filtering capacity to continue to supply the part 72 during the time intervals when the part 71 does not provides no energy.
  • the sequences of bits transmitted in each direction constitute coded frames, constituting messages.
  • the content of these messages is used to manage the internship.
  • the transmission is synchronous.
  • the data transmitter 96 may consist of a cutter-modulator similar to the cutter-modulator 74, so as to use a modulation identical to that performed by the latter.
  • the data receiver 77 is analogous to the demodulator 85.
  • a modulation by frequency shifting can be used in each direction, with four clearly distinct frequencies to allow filtering of frequencies in the data receiver 77, and in the demodulator 85.
  • the output of the data transmitter 86 ' is completely independent of the first transformer 75', 81 '. Consequently, the type of modulation used in the data transmitter 86 can be the same as that used in the chopper-modulator 74 ′, since there is no risk of interference between the two directions of transmission. On the other hand, the data transmitter 86 'can transmit continuously without this raising any particular problems. On the contrary, it thus provides energy without stopping.
  • FIG. 10 schematically represents in section a device combining the two transformers 75 ', 81', and 93, 94. It comprises two halves 103 and 104 which are identical which essentially consist each of a piece of ferrite having the shape of a flat cylinder hollowed out by three concentric grooves all having an axis of symmetry of revolution coincident with that of the flat cylinder.
  • the magnetic field lines specific to each of the two transformers are shown in dotted lines.
  • Figure 11 shows a front view of a half 104 of this device.
  • a first groove near the periphery contains the winding 81 ', respectively the winding 75'.
  • a second groove contains an electrostatic screen 112, respectively 111.
  • the second groove has the effect of increasing the separation between the field lines specific to each of the two transformers.
  • the electrostatic screens 111 and 112 are respectively connected to a reference potential of the part 91 and to a reference potential of the part 92, by connections not shown. They reduce the interaction between the two transformers by capacitive effect.
  • a third groove contains the winding 94, respectively 93, and is located closer to the axis of symmetry of revolution of the transformer.
  • a cylindrical central hole 106, respectively 105 can optionally be used for fixing the device, or else for the device mounting operations.
  • the various windings are connected by wires, not shown, passing through the ferrite pieces through holes not shown.
  • the scope of the invention is not limited to the exemplary embodiments given above. It is possible in particular to increase the number of transformers combined in a single pair of ferrite parts, in order to increase the number of data transmission channels independent of the data transmission channel associated with the energy transfer.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Coils Or Transformers For Communication (AREA)
  • Recording Or Reproducing By Magnetic Means (AREA)
EP93400698A 1992-03-23 1993-03-18 Verbindungsvorrichtung ohne elektrischen Kontakt Expired - Lifetime EP0562921B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9203458 1992-03-23
FR9203458A FR2688930B1 (fr) 1992-03-23 1992-03-23 Dispositif de connexion sans contact electrique.

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0562921A1 true EP0562921A1 (de) 1993-09-29
EP0562921B1 EP0562921B1 (de) 1997-03-05

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EP93400698A Expired - Lifetime EP0562921B1 (de) 1992-03-23 1993-03-18 Verbindungsvorrichtung ohne elektrischen Kontakt

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US (1) US5438496A (de)
EP (1) EP0562921B1 (de)
DE (1) DE69308343T2 (de)
FR (1) FR2688930B1 (de)

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DE10234402B4 (de) * 2001-09-21 2015-10-08 Heidelberger Druckmaschinen Ag Unabhängiger Direktantrieb für Papier verarbeitende Druckmaschinen
DE102007050382B4 (de) * 2007-10-22 2012-07-19 Braun Gmbh Induktionsspulenanordnung zur Energieübertragung von einer Ladestation zu einem Elektrogerät
JP5910951B2 (ja) * 2011-09-30 2016-04-27 アナロジック コーポレイション 稼動部に送電する方法および装置
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US5438496A (en) 1995-08-01
FR2688930B1 (fr) 1995-06-16
EP0562921B1 (de) 1997-03-05
DE69308343T2 (de) 1997-06-12
FR2688930A1 (fr) 1993-09-24
DE69308343D1 (de) 1997-04-10

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