EP0545742A1 - Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Unterdrückung von Harmonischen, ausgestrahlt aus einer aktiven Antenne mit elektonischer Abtastung - Google Patents

Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Unterdrückung von Harmonischen, ausgestrahlt aus einer aktiven Antenne mit elektonischer Abtastung Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0545742A1
EP0545742A1 EP92402834A EP92402834A EP0545742A1 EP 0545742 A1 EP0545742 A1 EP 0545742A1 EP 92402834 A EP92402834 A EP 92402834A EP 92402834 A EP92402834 A EP 92402834A EP 0545742 A1 EP0545742 A1 EP 0545742A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
power amplifiers
phase shift
radiating elements
active antenna
harmonics
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
EP92402834A
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Gérard Thomson-CSF Cachier
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Thales SA
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Thomson CSF SA
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Thomson CSF SA filed Critical Thomson CSF SA
Publication of EP0545742A1 publication Critical patent/EP0545742A1/de
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
    • H01Q3/26—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q13/00—Waveguide horns or mouths; Slot antennas; Leaky-waveguide antennas; Equivalent structures causing radiation along the transmission path of a guided wave
    • H01Q13/08—Radiating ends of two-conductor microwave transmission lines, e.g. of coaxial lines, of microstrip lines
    • H01Q13/085—Slot-line radiating ends
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q23/00—Antennas with active circuits or circuit elements integrated within them or attached to them

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to active antennas with electronic scanning consisting of a network of radiating elements excited, on emission, by individual power amplifiers arranged in active modules placed as close as possible to the radiating elements. It relates, more particularly, to the reduction in the level of the harmonics emitted which are due to the inevitable non-linearities of the power amplifiers. This reduction in the level of harmonics is useful in order to avoid parasitic interference between the various items of equipment of an aircraft. It is also known that the absence of harmonics makes it possible to better optimize the circuits at the frequency of use, therefore to improve the power and the electronic efficiency.
  • a known method of reducing the level of harmonics is filtering. However, it cannot be used for harmonics that fall within the bandwidth of the antenna. In addition, with microwave antennas, the small volume available for the active modules which are arranged as close as possible to the radiating elements makes it difficult to produce harmonic filters.
  • Another known method for limiting the harmonics consists in reducing the operating power of the power amplifiers supplying the excitation signals, but this results in a lower efficiency and in a loss of transmission power for the active antenna.
  • the present invention aims to reduce the harmonics emitted by an active antenna while fighting against the aforementioned drawbacks.
  • This method consists in dividing the individual power amplifiers into at least two groups and in imposing on the amplifiers of each group a common non-zero phase shift value which is added to the individual phase shift values required by the electronic scanning and which is obtained for the 'one of the two groups at the input of the power amplifiers and for the other group at the output of the power amplifiers. (This common value does not modify the operation of the antenna).
  • the harmonics of order n generated by the group of power amplifiers having been imposed the common phase shift ⁇ at input are all phase shifted by n ⁇
  • those generated by the group of power amplifiers having been imposed the common phase shift ⁇ at output are all phase shifted by ⁇ , phases ⁇ and n ⁇ being measured with respect to the phase of the harmonic of order n, generated by an amplifier having no phase shift at its input, nor at its output (the output phase shifter is very wide band, and therefore has the same transmission phase at the frequency ⁇ and at the harmonic frequency n ⁇ ).
  • the harmonics present in the output signals of these two groups of power amplifiers are no longer in phase but out of phase with each other by (n-1) ⁇ .
  • the active antenna has a network of radiating elements organized in horizontal rows and vertical columns
  • a combination of the two distributions is possible, for example, to have a reduction rate of even harmonics independent of the scanning in bearing and a reduction rate of harmonics 3 independent of the scanning in elevation.
  • the present invention also relates to a device for implementing the above method.
  • Figure 1 shows the usual structure of an active electronic scanning antenna. This comprises a linear network of m + 1 identical radiating elements Eo, ... Em arranged at the output of m + 1 identical active modules Mo, ... Mm. Each active module Mo, ... Mm contains an amplifier of power Ao, ... Am which excites the radiating element placed at the output of the act module considered and a phase shifter ⁇ o, ... ⁇ m adjustable between 0 and 360 °, placed at the input of the power amplifier.
  • a pilot circuit 1 delivers an excitation signal common to all the power amplifiers Ao, ... Am active modules Mo, ... Mm via adjustable phase shifters ⁇ o, ... ⁇ m to ensure electronic scanning.
  • the power amplifiers of the active modules are integrated circuits AsGa employed at the limits of their characteristics generating a non-negligible amount of harmonics which monopolize part of the transmitted power decreasing the efficiency of the antenna and which can interfere with other radio equipment placed in the vicinity.
  • M′m into two groups, for example those of even indices and those of odd indices and we impose, to the power amplifiers of the active modules, a non-zero common phase shift value ⁇ which is added to the individual phase shift values required by the electronic scanning and which is obtained, for one of the groups of active modules, those of even indices , by a fixed phase shifter 3 placed at the input of the power amplifier and, for the other group of active modules, those of odd indices, by a fixed phase shifter 4 placed at the output of the power amplifier.
  • the fundamental signal emitted by each radiating element of the active antenna has thus been shifted by a value ⁇ ce which does not change the pointing of the antenna or any of its characteristics.
  • the harmonics are phase shifted by the value n ⁇ (n being the rank of the harmonic considered), for the group of active modules of even indices, having the fixed phase shifter 3 placed at the input of the power amplifier, and of the value ⁇ , for the group of active modules of odd indices having the fixed phase shifter 4 placed at the output of the power amplifier.
  • the harmonics present in the signals emitted by the radiating elements excited by the two groups of active modules are no longer in phase, but out of phase with (n-1) ⁇ , and can therefore be canceled by combination in the radiated signals coming from two power amplifiers of two active modules, neighboring or not, belonging to two different groups as long as these power amplifiers are imposed the same value or values close to individual phase shift by the pointing computer and that the value (n-1) ⁇ worth ⁇ + 2K ⁇ .
  • the fixed phase shifter 3 placed at the input of the power amplifier of the active modules of even indices is only mentioned in FIG. 2 for explanatory purposes. In reality, it is confused with the adjustable phase shifter ⁇ i, the calibration of which is modified accordingly. It can also, for the particular value ⁇ and certain types of power amplifier with differential inputs, be removed and replaced by an attack of the power amplifier on its inverting input instead of its non-inverting input or vice versa.
  • phase shifter 4 placed at the output of the power amplifier of the active modules of odd index must operate over a very wide band. In particular, it must have an identical transmission phase ⁇ for the signal and the harmonic frequencies.
  • This phase shifter can also, for the particular value ⁇ and certain types of radiating elements, be removed and replaced by an inversion of the orientation of the radiating elements.
  • phase shift equal to ⁇ has the advantage, in addition to the structural simplifications that it entails, of reducing the emission of even 2nf type harmonics.
  • FIGS. 3A and 3B illustrate a possible distribution, in two groups, of the active modules of an active antenna having a network of radiating elements organized in horizontal rows and vertical columns.
  • Each active module is represented by a box containing, in FIG. 3A, the value of the phase shift produced at the input of its power amplifier independently of the individual value of phase shift imposed by the electronic scanning and, in FIG. 3B, the value of the phase shift produced at the output of its power amplifier, the common value of phase shift being chosen equal to ⁇ .
  • the active modules in every second row are assigned to one of the groups while the remaining active modules are assigned to the other group.
  • a reduction in even harmonics is thus obtained which is independent of the bearing angle taken by the beam of the active antenna and which is all the better as the angle of elevation taken by the beam of the active antenna is small (but sufficient in the usual coverage area of the antenna). More precisely when the antenna moves in elevation, the reduction of the even harmonics occurs as long as no lobe of network (or diffraction lobe) exists for these harmonics.
  • FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrate another possible distribution, in two groups, of the active modules of an active antenna having a network of radiating elements organized in horizontal rows and vertical columns, each active module is represented by a box containing, in the FIG. 4A, the value of the phase shift produced at the input of its power amplifier independently of the individual value of phase shift imposed by the electronic scanning and, in FIG. 4B, the value of the phase shift produced at the output of its power amplifier, the common value of phase shift ⁇ being chosen equal to ⁇ / 2 to reduce the emission of third order harmonics.
  • the active modules of one column out of two are assigned to one group while the remaining modules are assigned to the other group.
  • a reduction of order 3 harmonics is then obtained which is independent of the angle of elevation taken by the beam of the active antenna and which is all the better as the angle of bearing taken by the beam of the antenna active is weak.
  • the evolution of this reduction in harmonic 3 as a function of the elevation scanning angle occurs under the same conditions as those described above.
  • FIGS. 5A and 5B illustrate a combination of the two distributions illustrated in FIGS. 3A, 3B and 4A, 4B to reduce both the even harmonics and the harmonic of order 3 emitted by an active antenna having radiating elements organized in horizontal rows and vertical columns.
  • the active modules successively undergo two different partitions in two groups.
  • the active modules of one row out of two are assigned to a group and the remaining active modules to the other group, and a first value is applied to their power amplifiers phase shift common equal to ⁇ which is added to the individual phase shift values required by the electronic scanning and which is imposed, for one group, at the input of the power amplifiers and, for the other group, at the output of the power amplifiers .
  • the active modules of one column out of two are assigned to one group and the active modules remaining to the other group, and a power amplifier is applied to their power amplifiers.
  • second common phase shift value equal to ⁇ / 2 which is added to the individual phase shift values necessitated by electronic scanning and at the first common phase shift value, which is imposed, for one group, at the input of the power amplifiers and, for the other group, at the output of the power amplifiers.
  • Each active module is represented by a box containing, in FIG. 5A, the value of the phase shift produced at the input of its power amplifier independently of the individual value of phase shift imposed by the electronic scanning and, in FIG. 5B, the value of the phase shift produced at the output of its power amplifier.
  • all of the power amplifiers of the active antenna have their signals generally phase-shifted by 3 ⁇ / 2 which does not change the pointing of the antenna. It can also be seen that the power amplifiers belonging to two consecutive rows have phase-shifters having a phase difference of ⁇ at the output allowing a reduction by recombination of even harmonics and that the power amplifiers belonging to two consecutive columns have phase-shifters at the output. having a phase difference of ⁇ / 2 allowing a reduction by recombination of the harmonics of order 3.
  • FIGS. 6 and 7 illustrate a type of radiating element which can be used for an active microwave antenna and which has the advantage of facilitating the production of a phase shift of ⁇ at the output of the power amplifiers.
  • This type of radiating element has a triplate structure. It consists of a pair of flared slots 10, 11 and an excitation line element 14.
  • the flared slots 10, 11 of the Vivaldi type are hollow facing one another in the external metal walls 12, 13 of the triplate structure with their flared opening opening onto an edge of the triplate structure in the direction of propagation of the waves in free space.
  • the excitation line element 14 is arranged in the median plane of the triplate structure. It runs on one of the sides of the slots 10, 11 parallel to these and has a bent end at a right angle which passes through slots 10, 11 perpendicular to their direction before ending in an enlarged part 15 carrying out an impedance matching.
  • the electric field radiated by this type of radiating element is perpendicular to the direction of the flared slots 10, 11 and parallel to the planes of the walls of the triplate structure. It reverses when the three-ply structure is turned over, as is clear from the comparison of FIGS. 6 and 7, which amounts to reversing the orientation of the end of the excitation line passing through the slots.
  • This reversal of the electric field corresponds to a phase shift of ⁇ of the excitation signal which is therefore achieved without the addition of a specific structure of phase shifter, and independently of the frequency.
  • This type of radiating element therefore makes it possible to impose on the power amplifiers which excite them, a common value of phase shift of ⁇ realized for some at their input and for others at their output so as to reduce even harmonics without necessarily make the antenna structure more complex.

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  • Variable-Direction Aerials And Aerial Arrays (AREA)
  • Amplifiers (AREA)
  • Microwave Amplifiers (AREA)
EP92402834A 1991-10-31 1992-10-16 Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Unterdrückung von Harmonischen, ausgestrahlt aus einer aktiven Antenne mit elektonischer Abtastung Ceased EP0545742A1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9113486A FR2683394B1 (fr) 1991-10-31 1991-10-31 Procede et dispositif de rejection des harmoniques emis par une antenne active a balayage electronique.
FR9113486 1991-10-31

Publications (1)

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EP0545742A1 true EP0545742A1 (de) 1993-06-09

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EP92402834A Ceased EP0545742A1 (de) 1991-10-31 1992-10-16 Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Unterdrückung von Harmonischen, ausgestrahlt aus einer aktiven Antenne mit elektonischer Abtastung

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EP (1) EP0545742A1 (de)
FR (1) FR2683394B1 (de)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2811087A1 (fr) * 2000-07-03 2002-01-04 Sagem Perfectionnements aux systemes d'observation et de visee
US6643500B1 (en) 1998-11-20 2003-11-04 Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ) Method and arrangement for radiocommunications

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3495263A (en) * 1967-12-06 1970-02-10 Us Army Phased array antenna system
US4314250A (en) * 1979-08-03 1982-02-02 Communications Satellite Corporation Intermodulation product suppression by antenna processing
WO1989002662A1 (en) * 1987-09-09 1989-03-23 Phasar Corporation Microwave circuit module, such as an antenna, and method of making same
DE3941125A1 (de) * 1989-12-13 1991-06-20 Telefunken Systemtechnik Zweiseitige planare breitband-antenne

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3495263A (en) * 1967-12-06 1970-02-10 Us Army Phased array antenna system
US4314250A (en) * 1979-08-03 1982-02-02 Communications Satellite Corporation Intermodulation product suppression by antenna processing
WO1989002662A1 (en) * 1987-09-09 1989-03-23 Phasar Corporation Microwave circuit module, such as an antenna, and method of making same
DE3941125A1 (de) * 1989-12-13 1991-06-20 Telefunken Systemtechnik Zweiseitige planare breitband-antenne

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6643500B1 (en) 1998-11-20 2003-11-04 Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ) Method and arrangement for radiocommunications
FR2811087A1 (fr) * 2000-07-03 2002-01-04 Sagem Perfectionnements aux systemes d'observation et de visee
EP1170599A1 (de) * 2000-07-03 2002-01-09 Sagem S.A. Verbesserungen an Beobachtungs- und Visiersystemen

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FR2683394B1 (fr) 1993-12-24
FR2683394A1 (fr) 1993-05-07

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