EP0528973B1 - Structural beam - Google Patents

Structural beam Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0528973B1
EP0528973B1 EP91910592A EP91910592A EP0528973B1 EP 0528973 B1 EP0528973 B1 EP 0528973B1 EP 91910592 A EP91910592 A EP 91910592A EP 91910592 A EP91910592 A EP 91910592A EP 0528973 B1 EP0528973 B1 EP 0528973B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
structural beam
central longitudinal
section
folded
flange
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP91910592A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0528973A1 (en
EP0528973A4 (en
Inventor
Ram Navon
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Individual
Original Assignee
Individual
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Priority to EP94203383A priority Critical patent/EP0649949A1/en
Publication of EP0528973A1 publication Critical patent/EP0528973A1/en
Publication of EP0528973A4 publication Critical patent/EP0528973A4/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0528973B1 publication Critical patent/EP0528973B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/04—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
    • E04C3/06—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal with substantially solid, i.e. unapertured, web
    • E04C3/07—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal with substantially solid, i.e. unapertured, web at least partly of bent or otherwise deformed strip- or sheet-like material
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/04—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
    • E04C2003/0404—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects
    • E04C2003/0408—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by assembly or the cross-section
    • E04C2003/0413—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by assembly or the cross-section being built up from several parts
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/04—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
    • E04C2003/0404—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects
    • E04C2003/0408—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by assembly or the cross-section
    • E04C2003/0421—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by assembly or the cross-section comprising one single unitary part
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/04—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
    • E04C2003/0404—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects
    • E04C2003/0426—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by material distribution in cross section
    • E04C2003/043—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by material distribution in cross section the hollow cross-section comprising at least one enclosed cavity
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/04—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
    • E04C2003/0404—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects
    • E04C2003/0426—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by material distribution in cross section
    • E04C2003/0439—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by material distribution in cross section the cross-section comprising open parts and hollow parts
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/04—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
    • E04C2003/0404—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects
    • E04C2003/0443—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by substantial shape of the cross-section
    • E04C2003/0452—H- or I-shaped
    • E04C2003/0456—H- or I-shaped hollow flanged, i.e. "dogbone" metal beams
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/04—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
    • E04C2003/0404—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects
    • E04C2003/0443—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by substantial shape of the cross-section
    • E04C2003/046—L- or T-shaped

Definitions

  • This invention relates to the field of structural building materials, and more particularly to a fabricated structural beam.
  • a variety of types of structural beams are used in non-residential construction. Some examples include fabricated wooden girders, laminated wood beams and reinforced concrete beams. By far, the most commonly used material is structural steel of various cross sections, such as “I”-section, "H”-section, “C”-section, “Z”-section and channel section. These structural steel shapes are most commonly manufactured by hot or cold rolling processes and generally provide a relatively heavy beam for a given load carrying capacity.
  • Structural sections fabricated from sheet steel are used in some construction applications. For example, it is now a common practice to utilize fabricated steel studs, particularly in non-residential construction. These art generally made from galvanized steel sheet, cold-rolled into a "C"-section or channel section. Furthermore, corrugated or fluted steel sheets are widely used in flooring and roofing applications.
  • Figure 1 illustrates a prior art structural shape fabricated from sheet steel.
  • Beam 1 comprises a web portion 2 and opposing head portions 3 and 4.
  • beam 1 can be easily fabricated from a single flat sheet of steel by rolling or otherwise folding the sheet longitudinally. It should be noted that edges 5 and 6 of the sheet are folded back towards web portion 2, but are not fastened or otherwise secured thereto.
  • a prior art beam such as beam 1 has a very limited load bearing capability.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a fabricated structural beam that has a load carrying capability comparable to that of conventional hot or cold rolled structural steel sections, but which is light in weight compared to a conventional section of equal load carrying capability.
  • a fabricated structural beam comprising a one piece longitudinally folded member having a pair of substantially parallel web portions fastened to one another, a folded head portion having a triangular cross-section and a folded tail portion, said tail portion forming a pair of flanges extending from each of said web portions and being substantially perpendicular thereto, characterized by comprising a central longitudinal member inserted between said web portions of said longitudinally folded member, said central longitudinal member being longitudinally folded along one edge thereof to form a substantially perpendicular flange, and said flange of said central longitudinal member abutting the head portion of said one piece longitudinally folded member.
  • the flange of said central longitudinal member is fastened to said head portion of said longitudinally folded member.
  • the central longitudinal member can be a hot rolled steel section.
  • Figure 1 is a cross sectional view of a prior art fabricated structural beam.
  • Figure 2 is a cross-sectional view of a fabricated structural beam according to the present invention.
  • beam 60 comprises a single longitudinally folded member having parallel web portions 62 and 64, head portion 66 of triangular cross-section and opposing tail flanges 68 and 70 extending perpendicular to the web portions 62 and 64.
  • a second longitudinal member 76 is disposed between the web portion 62 and 64.
  • Member 76 includes tail flange 78 that abuts head portion 66 and can be fastened thereto.
  • Web portion 62 and 64 and member 76 are secured by fastening means 18.
  • Member 76 may be of the same or a heavier gauge than the remainder of the beam.
  • Central member 76 may be a hot rolled steel section.
  • Fastening means 18 may comprise conventional mechanical fasteners, such as rivets or screws. Fastening means 18 may also comprise other conventional fastening means, such as spot welding or adhesives.
  • the preferred embodiments utilizes a fastening technique sold under the trademark TOX by Pressotechnik, GMBH and its licensees. This technique employs a stamp and die to join together two or more thicknesses of material in a cold extrusion forming process. The TOX process is particularly advantageous for use with the present invention since it is fast, does not employ consumable fasteners and does not rupture anti-corrosion coatings.
  • beam 60 is thus similar to a conventional "I" beam.
  • beam 60 is fabricated from relatively thin gauge sheet material.
  • beam 60 will be built up from cold rolled sheet steel.
  • the present invention is not limited to such a choice of material, but may be constructed from any suitable malleable sheet material.
  • certain applications may recommend the use of aluminium or even a plastic.
  • Beams of the present invention such as beam 60, may be conveniently fabricated by a continuous process wherein coils of sheet steel are fed through a suitable arrangement of rollers to impart the desired longitudinal folds and simultaneously interleave the members. The fabricated beam then passes through an array of mating stamp and die sets to fasten the members together at suitable intervals.
  • the length of the completed beam is not inherently limited by such a process, and thus beams of any practical length can be readily manufactured.
  • the arrangement of rollers can be relatively easily altered to produce beams of differing transverse dimensions.
  • the manufacturing process also easily accommodates sheet materials of different thicknesses so that the load capacity of the manufactured beam may be selected for each lot produced.
  • suitable equipment may be located at the job site to produce beams according to the present invention in a manner somewhat analogous to that used for on-site fabrication of residential gutters.
  • the cross-section of the head portion 66 be a substantially equilateral triangle.
  • the invention is not limited in this regard.

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  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
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Abstract

The structural beam for building constructions comprises a pair of web members (122) each having a cross section having a center section (124), said center section (124) having a height of approximately thirty-three percent (33 %) of the total height of said elongate structural member cross section, a pair of leg members (126) each angled in the same direction at an acute angle from the center section (124) and a pair of flange mounts (128) each angled from the leg members (126) so as to be parallel to each other; said web members (122) being joined only to each other along their length in facing abutment so that said joined web members (122) form an approximate "X" shape with one of the flange mounts (128) of each of the web members (122) being coplanar with a corresponding flange mount (128) of the other web member (122); a top plate member (30) spanning the respective coplanar flange mounts (128) of the web members (122) and joined thereto along the length of the structural beam; and, a bottom plate member (130) spanning the other respective coplanar flange mounts (128) of the web members (122) and joined thereto along the length of the structural beam. <IMAGE>

Description

    FIELD OF THE INVENTION
  • This invention relates to the field of structural building materials, and more particularly to a fabricated structural beam.
    • BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
  • A variety of types of structural beams are used in non-residential construction. Some examples include fabricated wooden girders, laminated wood beams and reinforced concrete beams. By far, the most commonly used material is structural steel of various cross sections, such as "I"-section, "H"-section, "C"-section, "Z"-section and channel section. These structural steel shapes are most commonly manufactured by hot or cold rolling processes and generally provide a relatively heavy beam for a given load carrying capacity.
  • Structural sections fabricated from sheet steel are used in some construction applications. For example, it is now a common practice to utilize fabricated steel studs, particularly in non-residential construction. These art generally made from galvanized steel sheet, cold-rolled into a "C"-section or channel section. Furthermore, corrugated or fluted steel sheets are widely used in flooring and roofing applications.
  • Certain other fabricated structural shapes are known in the prior art. For example, Figure 1 illustrates a prior art structural shape fabricated from sheet steel. Beam 1 comprises a web portion 2 and opposing head portions 3 and 4. As can be clearly seen in the illustration, beam 1 can be easily fabricated from a single flat sheet of steel by rolling or otherwise folding the sheet longitudinally. It should be noted that edges 5 and 6 of the sheet are folded back towards web portion 2, but are not fastened or otherwise secured thereto. A prior art beam such as beam 1 has a very limited load bearing capability.
  • Another prior art fabricated structural beam is disclosed in US-A-4,852,325 on which the two-part form of independent claim 1 is based. This known beam has a reinforced head portion formed by reverse bends of a longitudinally folded member.
  • Reference is also made to DE-A-494,796 which discloses a beam consisting of two or more folded metal sheets secured to one another, and to US-A-991,603 which shows in Fig. 5 a beam fabricated from a single longitudinally folded member and in Figs. 17 to 24 shows beams assembled from two longitudinally folded members sandwiching a central member therebetween.
    • SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
  • The object of the present invention is to provide a fabricated structural beam that has a load carrying capability comparable to that of conventional hot or cold rolled structural steel sections, but which is light in weight compared to a conventional section of equal load carrying capability.
  • According to the invention, to achieve this there is provided a fabricated structural beam comprising a one piece longitudinally folded member having a pair of substantially parallel web portions fastened to one another, a folded head portion having a triangular cross-section and a folded tail portion, said tail portion forming a pair of flanges extending from each of said web portions and being substantially perpendicular thereto, characterized by comprising a central longitudinal member inserted between said web portions of said longitudinally folded member, said central longitudinal member being longitudinally folded along one edge thereof to form a substantially perpendicular flange, and said flange of said central longitudinal member abutting the head portion of said one piece longitudinally folded member.
  • In one embodiment the flange of said central longitudinal member is fastened to said head portion of said longitudinally folded member. The central longitudinal member can be a hot rolled steel section.
    • BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
  • Figure 1 is a cross sectional view of a prior art fabricated structural beam.
  • Figure 2 is a cross-sectional view of a fabricated structural beam according to the present invention.
    • BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
  • In the following description, for purposes of explanation and not limitation, specific numbers, dimensions, materials, etc. are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. However, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced in other embodiments that depart from these specific details.
  • Referring to Figure 2, beam 60 comprises a single longitudinally folded member having parallel web portions 62 and 64, head portion 66 of triangular cross-section and opposing tail flanges 68 and 70 extending perpendicular to the web portions 62 and 64. A second longitudinal member 76 is disposed between the web portion 62 and 64. Member 76 includes tail flange 78 that abuts head portion 66 and can be fastened thereto. Web portion 62 and 64 and member 76 are secured by fastening means 18. Member 76 may be of the same or a heavier gauge than the remainder of the beam. Central member 76 may be a hot rolled steel section.
  • Fastening means 18 may comprise conventional mechanical fasteners, such as rivets or screws. Fastening means 18 may also comprise other conventional fastening means, such as spot welding or adhesives. The preferred embodiments utilizes a fastening technique sold under the trademark TOX by Pressotechnik, GMBH and its licensees. This technique employs a stamp and die to join together two or more thicknesses of material in a cold extrusion forming process. The TOX process is particularly advantageous for use with the present invention since it is fast, does not employ consumable fasteners and does not rupture anti-corrosion coatings.
  • In overall configuration, beam 60 is thus similar to a conventional "I" beam. However, unlike a conventional structural beam, beam 60 is fabricated from relatively thin gauge sheet material. In most applications, beam 60 will be built up from cold rolled sheet steel. However, it is to be understood that the present invention is not limited to such a choice of material, but may be constructed from any suitable malleable sheet material. In particular, certain applications may recommend the use of aluminium or even a plastic.
  • Beams of the present invention, such as beam 60, may be conveniently fabricated by a continuous process wherein coils of sheet steel are fed through a suitable arrangement of rollers to impart the desired longitudinal folds and simultaneously interleave the members. The fabricated beam then passes through an array of mating stamp and die sets to fasten the members together at suitable intervals. The length of the completed beam is not inherently limited by such a process, and thus beams of any practical length can be readily manufactured. Moreover, the arrangement of rollers can be relatively easily altered to produce beams of differing transverse dimensions. The manufacturing process also easily accommodates sheet materials of different thicknesses so that the load capacity of the manufactured beam may be selected for each lot produced. For relatively large construction projects, suitable equipment may be located at the job site to produce beams according to the present invention in a manner somewhat analogous to that used for on-site fabrication of residential gutters.
  • It is preferable that the cross-section of the head portion 66 be a substantially equilateral triangle. However, the invention is not limited in this regard.
  • It will be recognized that the above described invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the scope of the claims. Numerous variations will be apparent to persons skilled in the art of structural design. For example, while the embodiments discussed above are most advantageously constructed of cold rolled sheet steel, a hot rolling process may be employed in certain applications. In particular, it should be noted that cold rolled and hot rolled sections may be combined. Furthermore, because of the open nature of the beams of the present invention, a plurality of such beams may be "nested" within one another to provide a greater load bearing capability than a single such beam without increasing the gauge of sheet material used.

Claims (5)

  1. Fabricated structural beam comprising a one piece longitudinally folded member having a pair of substantially parallel web portions (62, 64) fastened to one another, a folded head portion (66) having a triangular cross-section and a folded tail portion, said tail portion forming a pair of flanges (68, 70) extending from each of said web portions (62, 64) and being substantially perpendicular thereto, characterized by comprising a central longitudinal member (76) inserted between said web portions (62, 64) of said longitudinally folded member, said central longitudinal member (76) being longitudinally folded along one edge thereof to form a substantially perpendicular flange (78), and said flange (78) of said central longitudinal member (76) abutting the head portion (66) of said one piece longitudinally folded member.
  2. Fabricated structural beam of claim 1, characterized in that said flange (78) of said central longitudinal member (76) is fastened to said head portion (66) of said longitudinally folded member.
  3. Fabricated structural beam of claim 1, characterized in that said central longitudinal member (76) is a hot rolled steel section.
  4. Fabricated structural beam of claim 1, characterized in that said central longitudinal member is of the same or heavier gauge material than the one piece folded member.
  5. Fabricated structural beam of claim 1, characterized in that said one piece folded member is made of cold rolled sheet steel.
EP91910592A 1990-05-03 1991-04-29 Structural beam Expired - Lifetime EP0528973B1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP94203383A EP0649949A1 (en) 1990-05-03 1991-04-29 Structural beam

Applications Claiming Priority (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US51855490A 1990-05-03 1990-05-03
US518554 1990-05-03
US67454991A 1991-03-22 1991-03-22
US674549 1991-03-22
PCT/US1991/002944 WO1991017328A1 (en) 1990-05-03 1991-04-29 Structural beam

Related Child Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP94203383.8 Division-Into 1994-11-22

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0528973A1 EP0528973A1 (en) 1993-03-03
EP0528973A4 EP0528973A4 (en) 1993-03-31
EP0528973B1 true EP0528973B1 (en) 1995-06-14

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EP91910592A Expired - Lifetime EP0528973B1 (en) 1990-05-03 1991-04-29 Structural beam
EP94203383A Withdrawn EP0649949A1 (en) 1990-05-03 1991-04-29 Structural beam

Family Applications After (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP94203383A Withdrawn EP0649949A1 (en) 1990-05-03 1991-04-29 Structural beam

Country Status (8)

Country Link
EP (2) EP0528973B1 (en)
JP (1) JPH05507133A (en)
AT (1) ATE123835T1 (en)
AU (2) AU657689B2 (en)
CA (1) CA2082530A1 (en)
DE (1) DE69110465T2 (en)
ES (1) ES2075453T3 (en)
WO (1) WO1991017328A1 (en)

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KR100780105B1 (en) 2006-12-29 2007-11-30 주식회사 포스코 Structural member and manufacturing method thereof
CN102059513B (en) * 2010-11-23 2012-04-11 南车南京浦镇车辆有限公司 Process for manufacturing integral chassis towing beam for railway passenger vehicle
US20140134394A1 (en) * 2012-11-13 2014-05-15 Noble Environmental Technologies Corporation Void containing structural member
JP5510597B1 (en) * 2013-06-24 2014-06-04 株式会社 構造材料研究会 Circular ring reinforcing beam member
JP5500472B1 (en) * 2013-11-11 2014-05-21 株式会社 構造材料研究会 Cross-section corner reinforcement structural member
JP6540242B2 (en) * 2015-06-04 2019-07-10 日本製鉄株式会社 Grooved lightweight steel
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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ES2075453T3 (en) 1995-10-01
DE69110465D1 (en) 1995-07-20
WO1991017328A1 (en) 1991-11-14
DE69110465T2 (en) 1996-03-07
AU7909191A (en) 1991-11-27
CA2082530A1 (en) 1991-11-04
JPH05507133A (en) 1993-10-14
AU1223195A (en) 1995-05-18
AU657689B2 (en) 1995-03-23
EP0528973A1 (en) 1993-03-03
ATE123835T1 (en) 1995-06-15
EP0528973A4 (en) 1993-03-31
EP0649949A1 (en) 1995-04-26

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