EP0526129B1 - Compositions pour le contrôle de l'augmentation du besoin en octane - Google Patents

Compositions pour le contrôle de l'augmentation du besoin en octane Download PDF

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EP0526129B1
EP0526129B1 EP19920306805 EP92306805A EP0526129B1 EP 0526129 B1 EP0526129 B1 EP 0526129B1 EP 19920306805 EP19920306805 EP 19920306805 EP 92306805 A EP92306805 A EP 92306805A EP 0526129 B1 EP0526129 B1 EP 0526129B1
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concentrate
less
volatility
mineral oil
antioxidant
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EP0526129A1 (fr
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Lawrence Joseph Cunningham
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Afton Chemical Corp
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/143—Organic compounds mixtures of organic macromolecular compounds with organic non-macromolecular compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/16—Hydrocarbons
    • C10L1/1616—Hydrocarbons fractions, e.g. lubricants, solvents, naphta, bitumen, tars, terpentine
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/16—Hydrocarbons
    • C10L1/1625—Hydrocarbons macromolecular compounds
    • C10L1/1633—Hydrocarbons macromolecular compounds homo- or copolymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C10L1/1641—Hydrocarbons macromolecular compounds homo- or copolymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to carbon unsaturated bonds from compounds containing aliphatic monomers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/182—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof
    • C10L1/183—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof at least one hydroxy group bound to an aromatic carbon atom
    • C10L1/1832—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof at least one hydroxy group bound to an aromatic carbon atom mono-hydroxy
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/188—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof
    • C10L1/1881—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof carboxylic group attached to an aliphatic carbon atom
    • C10L1/1883—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof carboxylic group attached to an aliphatic carbon atom polycarboxylic acid
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/192—Macromolecular compounds
    • C10L1/198—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an acyloxy radical of a saturated carboxylic acid, of carbonic acid
    • C10L1/1985—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an acyloxy radical of a saturated carboxylic acid, of carbonic acid polyethers, e.g. di- polygylcols and derivatives; ethers - esters
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
    • C10L1/222—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing at least one carbon-to-nitrogen single bond
    • C10L1/223—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing at least one carbon-to-nitrogen single bond having at least one amino group bound to an aromatic carbon atom
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
    • C10L1/234—Macromolecular compounds
    • C10L1/238—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C10L1/2383—Polyamines or polyimines, or derivatives thereof (poly)amines and imines; derivatives thereof (substituted by a macromolecular group containing 30C)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/24—Organic compounds containing sulfur, selenium and/or tellurium
    • C10L1/2431—Organic compounds containing sulfur, selenium and/or tellurium sulfur bond to oxygen, e.g. sulfones, sulfoxides
    • C10L1/2437—Sulfonic acids; Derivatives thereof, e.g. sulfonamides, sulfosuccinic acid esters

Definitions

  • This invention relates to controlling octane requirement increase in internal combustion engines. More particularly this invention relates to fuel compositions and to gasoline type fuels and fuels mixtures for internal combustion engines capable of reducing and at least minimizing the amount of octane requirement increase during engine operation.
  • An object of this invention is to provide compositions capable of reducing the severity of the octane requirement increase problem. Another object is to provide compositions which also reduce deposits which are already present due to prior operation with fuels which have formed such deposits. Still another object is to provide compositions which tend to reduce the plugging of fuel injectors and which do not contribute significantly to intake valve sticking problems.
  • Figure 1 is a plot of octane requirement increase versus additive treat rate in pounds per thousand barrels.
  • This invention provides a fuel additive concentrate for controlling octane requirement increase in internal combustion engines comprising the reaction product of (i) polyamine and (ii) at least one acyclic hydrocarbyl substituted succinic acylating agent; an unhydrotreated poly- ⁇ -olefin; and optionally, a mineral oil having a viscosity index of less than about 90, and a volatility of about 50% or less as determined by a test method described herein.
  • this invention provides a major amount of hydrocarbons in the gasoline boiling range, or hydrocarbon/oxygenate mixtures, or oxygenates containing a minor, but effective amount, of (a) a fuel additive comprising the reaction product of (i) polyamine and (ii) at least one acyclic hydrocarbyl substituted succinic acylating agent; (b) an unhydrotreated poly- ⁇ -olefin having a volatility of about 50% or less as determined by a test method described herein; (c) and optionally (A) a mineral oil having a viscosity index of less than about 90 and a volatility of 50% or less as determined by a test method described herein; (B) an antioxidant, or (C) a demulsifier, or (D) an aromatic hydrocarbon solvent, or (E) a corrosion inhibitor, or any combination of any two, three, four, or all five of components (A), (B), (C), (D) and (E).
  • Other performance additives such as combustion improvers, and o
  • Another embodiment of this invention is a method for controlling octane requirement increase of internal combustion engines comprising providing for use as a fuel composition (a) a major amount of an unleaded gasoline and (b) a minor but effective amount of a octane requirement increase controlling mixture comprising (i) the reaction product of polyamine and at least one acyclic hydrocarbyl substituted succinic acylating agent, (ii) an unhydrotreated poly- ⁇ -olefin having a volatility of 50% or less as determined by a method described herein, and (iii) optionally, a mineral oil having a viscosity index of less than about 90 and a volatility of 50% or less as determined by a method described herein, whereby the octane requirement increase of an internal combustion engine is effectively controlled.
  • the fuel additive concentrate of this invention comprises (a) as a detergent/dispersant, the reaction product of (i) polyamine and (ii) at least one acyclic hydrocarbyl substituted succinic acylating agent; (b) an unhydrotreated poly- ⁇ -olefin having a volatility of 50% or less; and (c) optionally, a mineral oil having a viscosity index of less than about 90 and a volatility of 50% or less.
  • the polyamine reactant may be one or more alkylene polyamine(s), which polyamines are may be linear, branched, or cyclic; or a mixture of linear, branched and/or cyclic polyamines and wherein each alkylene group contains from 1 to 10 carbon atoms.
  • a preferred polyamine is a polyamine containing from 2 to 10 nitrogen atoms per molecule or a mixture of polyamines containing an average of from 2 to 10 nitrogen atoms per molecule.
  • a particularly preferred polyamine is a polyamine or mixture of polyamines having from 3 to 7 nitrogen atoms with triethylene tetramine or a combination of ethylene polyamines which approximate triethylene tetramine being the most preferred.
  • consideration should be given to the compatibility of the resulting detergent/dispersant with the gasoline fuel mixture with which it is mixed.
  • triethylene tetramine will comprise a commercially available mixture having the general overall composition approximating that of triethylene tetramine but which can contain minor amounts of branched-chain and cyclic species as well as some linear polyethylene polyamines such as diethylene triamine and tetraethylene pentamine.
  • such mixtures should contain at least 50% and preferably at least 70% by weight of the linear polyethylene polyamines enriched in triethylene tetramine.
  • the acylating agent which is reacted with the polyamine is an acyclic hydrocarbyl substituted succinic acylating agent in which the substituent contains an average of 50 to 100 (preferably 64 to 80) carbon atoms.
  • the acyclic hydrocarbyl substituted succinic acylating agent have an acid number in the range of 0.7 to 1.1 (preferably in the range of 0.8 to 1.0, and most preferably 0.9).
  • the molar ratio of acylating agent to polyamine in the reaction product of (i) and (ii) is desirably greater than 1 : 1.
  • the molar ratio of acylating agent to polyamine in the reaction product is in the range of 1.5 : 1 to 2.2 : 1, more preferably from 1.7 : 1 to 1.9 : 1, and most preferably 1.8 : 1.
  • the acid number of the acyclic hydrocarbyl substituted succinic acylating agent is determined in the customary way -- i.e., by titration -- and is reported in terms of mg of KOH per gram of product. It is to be noted that this determination is made on the overall acylating agent with any unreacted olefin polymer (e.g., polyisobutene) present.
  • the acyclic hydrocarbyl substituent of the acylating agent is preferably an alkyl or alkenyl group having the requisite number of carbon atoms as specified above.
  • Alkenyl substituents derived from poly- ⁇ -olefin homopolymers or copolymers of appropriate molecular weight e.g., propene homopolymers, butene homopolymers, C3 and C4 ⁇ -olefin copolymers are suitable.
  • the substituent is a polyisobutenyl group formed from polyisobutene having a number average molecular weight (as determined by gel permeation chromatography) in the range of 700 to 1200, preferably 900 to 1100, most preferably 940 to 1000.
  • Acyclic hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic acid acylating agents and methods for their preparation and use in the formation of succinimide are well known to those skilled in the art and are extensively reported in the patent literature. See for example the following U. S. Patents.
  • the important considerations insofar as the present invention is concerned are to insure that the hydrocarbyl substituent of the acylating agent contain the requisite number of carbon atoms, that the acylating agent have the requisite acid number, that the acylating agent be reacted with the requisite polyethylene polyamine, and that the reactants be employed in proportions such that the resultant succinimide contains the requisite proportions of the chemically combined reactants, all as specified herein.
  • formulations containing detergent/dispersants may be formed which possess exceptional effectiveness in controlling or reducing the amount of induction system deposits formed during engine operation and which permit adequate demulsification performance.
  • the acyclic hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic acylating agents include the hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic acids, the hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydrides, the hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic acid halides (especially the acid fluorides and acid chlorides), and the esters of the hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic acids and lower alcohols (e.g., those containing up to 7 carbon atoms), that is, hydrocarbyl-substituted compounds which can function as carboxylic acylating agents.
  • hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic acids and the hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydrides and mixtures of such acids and anhydrides are generally preferred, the hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydrides being particularly preferred.
  • the acylating agent used in producing the detergent/dispersants of this invention is preferably made by reacting a polyolefin of appropriate molecular weight (with or without chlorine) with maleic anhydride.
  • a polyolefin of appropriate molecular weight with or without chlorine
  • similar carboxylic reactants can be employed such as maleic acid, fumaric acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, itaconic acid, itaconic anhydride, citraconic acid, citraconic anhydride, mesaconic acid, ethylmaleic anhydride, dimethylmaleic anhydride, ethylmaleic acid, dimethylmaleic acid, and hexylmaleic acid, including the corresponding acid halides and lower aliphatic esters.
  • the reaction between components (i) and (ii) is generally conducted at temperatures of 80°C to 200°C, more preferably 140°C to 180°C, such that a succinimide is formed.
  • These reactions may be conducted in the presence or absence of an ancillary diluent or liquid reaction medium, such as a mineral lubricating oil solvent.
  • Suitable solvent oils include natural and synthetic base oils having a volatility of 50% or less as determined by the test method described herein.
  • Suitable synthetic diluents include polyesters, hydrogenated or unhydrogenated poly- ⁇ -olefins (PAO) such as hydrogenated or unhydrogenated 1-decene oligomer. Blends of mineral oil and synthetic oils are also suitable for this purpose.
  • the reactions are conducted in the substantial absence of an ancillary diluent oil so that the reaction product is essentially free of paraffinic mineral oils.
  • essentially free is meant that the reaction product contains less than about 1% by weight paraffinic mineral oil.
  • succinimide is meant to encompass the completed reaction product from components (i) and (ii) and is intended to encompass compounds wherein the product may have amide, amidine, and/or salt linkages in addition to the imide linkage of the type that results from the reaction of a primary amino group and an anhydride moiety.
  • a key feature of this invention is the use of an unhydrotreated poly- ⁇ -olefln having a volatility of 50% or less and, optionally, a mineral oil having a viscosity index of less than about 90 and a volatility of 50% or less as a diluent in the formation of the fuel additive concentrate or as a key component in blends of gasoline and succinimide reaction product. It has been found surprisingly, and quite unexpectedly, that when particular succinimide and particular poly- ⁇ -olefins are admixed, with or without particular mineral oils, with gasoline in particular proportions, the octane requirement increase of internal combustion engines is effectively controlled. By “effectively controlled” is meant, that the formation of deposits which tend to increase the octane requirement are significantly inhibited, and/or engines initially containing heavy deposits, exhibit a substantial reduction in deposits when operated in accordance with the method of this invention.
  • poly- ⁇ -olefins (PAO) useful in compositions and methods of this invention are preferably the unhydrotreated poly- ⁇ -olefins.
  • poly- ⁇ -olefins are unhydrogenated or unhydrotreated oligomers, primarily trimers, tetramers and pentamers of alphaolefin monomers containing from 6 to 12, generally 8 to 12 and most preferably 10 carbon atoms.
  • Their synthesis is outlined in Hydrocarbon Processing, Feb. 1982, page 75 et seq. and essentially comprises catalytic oligomerization of short chain linear alpha olefins (suitably obtained by catalytic treatment of ethylene).
  • PAO The nature of an individual PAO depends in part on the carbon chain length of the original alphaolefin, and also on the structure of the oligomer. The exact molecular structure may vary to some extent according to the precise conditions of the oligomerization, which is reflected in changes in the physical properties of the final PAO. Since the suitability of a particular PAO as base lubrication oil is determined primarily by its physical properties, and in particular its viscosity, the various products are generally differentiated and defined by their viscosity characteristics. According to the present invention, polyalphaolefins having a viscosity (measured at 100°C) from 2 to 20 centistokes are particularly desirable for forming fuel additive compositions of this invention.
  • the polyalphaolefin has a viscosity of at least 8 centistokes, and most preferably about 10 centi-stokes at 100°C.
  • the volatility of the poly- ⁇ -olefin is also a key feature of this invention and may be determined by the ensuing procedure.
  • the mineral oil or poly- ⁇ -olefin is heated in an oil bath to 300°C for 1 hour while stirring the oil in the flask at a rate of 150 rpm. During the heating and stirring, the free space above the oil in the flask is swept with 7.5 L/hr of air. The volatility of the oil thus determined is expressed in terms of the weight percent of material lost based on the total initial weight of material tested.
  • Mineral oils having suitable volatilities include naphthenic and asphaltic oils which are defined generally as those found along the Gulf Coast such as a Coastal Pale.
  • a typical Coastal Pale may contain 3-5 wt. % polar material, 20-35 wt.% aromatic hydrocarbons, and 50-75 wt.% saturated hydrocarbons and have a molecular weight in the range of from 300 to 600.
  • Asphaltic oils are defined as containing high molecular weight (ca > 800) compounds with high polar functionality and little or no pure hydrocarbon type compounds. Principal polar functionalities generally present in such asphaltic oils include carboxylic acids, phenols, amides, carbazoles, and pyridine benzologs.
  • asphaltenes typically contain 40-50% by weight aromatic carbon and have molecular weights of several thousand.
  • Asphaltic oils are generally found along the West Coast.
  • the mineral oil has a viscosity at 38°C (100°F) of less than about 346 cSt (1600 SUS) more preferably less than 325 cSt (1500 SUS), and most preferably between 173 and 315 cSt (800 and 1500 SUS) at 38°C (100°F). It is highly desirable that the mineral oil have a viscosity index of less than 90, more particularly, less than 70 and most preferably in the range of from 30 to 60.
  • the weight ratio of succinimide to the diluent oil in the mixtures of this invention is a particularly key feature of this invention. It has been discovered that a weight ratio of less than 1 part succinimide to 3 parts diluent oil achieves the purposes of this invention.
  • the weight ratio of succinimide to diluent oil is in the range of from 1 : 1.5 to 1 : 3.0 and most preferably, the weight ratio is from 1 : 1.2 to 1 : 25.
  • the diluent oil desirably contains from 30 to 80 percent by weight mineral oil and from 70 to 20 percent by weight unhydrotreated polyalphaolefin.
  • a more preferred diluent oil contains from 50 to 65 percent by weight mineral oil and from 35 to 50 percent by weight unhydrotreated polyalphaolefin.
  • Particularly preferred is a diluent oil having from 55 to 60 percent naphthenic mineral oil and from 40 to 45 percent unhydrotreated polyalphaolefin
  • antioxidants Various compounds known for use as oxidation inhibitors can be utilized in the practice of this invention. These include phenolic antioxidants, amine antioxidants, sulfurized phenolic compounds, and organic phosphites, among others.
  • the antioxidant should be composed predominantly or entirely of either (1) a hindered phenol antioxidant such as 2-tert-butylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol,2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenol,4-methyl-2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, 4,4'-methylenebis-(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol), and mixed methylene bridged polyalkyl phenols, or (2) an aromatic amine antioxidant such as the cycloalkyl-di-lower alkyl amines, and phenylenediamines, or a combination of one or more such phenolic antioxidants with one or more such amine antioxidants.
  • a hindered phenol antioxidant such as 2-tert-butylphenol
  • tertiary butyl phenols such as 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, 2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenol, and o-tert-butylphenol.
  • Demulsifier A wide variety of demulsifiers are available for use in the practice of this invention, including, for example, polyoxyalkylene glycols, oxyalkylated phenolic resins, and like materials. Particularly preferred are mixtures of polyoxyalkylene glycols and oxyalkylated alkylphenolic resins, such as are available commercially from Petrolite Corporation under the TOLAD trademark.
  • TOLAD 9308 One such proprietary product, identified as TOLAD 9308, is understood to be a mixture of these components dissolved in a solvent composed of heavy aromatic naphtha and isopropanol. This product has been found efficacious for use in the compositions of this invention.
  • other known demulsifiers can be used such as TOLAD 286.
  • Corrosion Inhibitor a variety of materials are available for use as corrosion inhibitors in the practice of this invention.
  • dimer and trimer acids such as are produced from tall oil fatty acids, oleic acid, linoleic acid, or the like. Products of this type are currently available from various commercial sources, such as, for example, the dimer and trimer acids sold under the HYSTRENE trademark by the Humko Chemical Division of Witco Chemical Corporation and under the EMPOL trademark by Emery Chemicals.
  • alkenyl succinic acid and alkenyl succinic anhydride corrosion inhibitors such as, for example, tetrapropenylsuccinic acid, tetrapropenylsuccinic anhydride, tetradecenylsuccinicacid, tetradecenylsuccinicanhydride,hexadecenylsuccinicacid, and hexadecenylsuccinic anhydride.
  • half esters of alkenyl succinic acids having 8 to 24 carbon atoms in the alkenyl group with alcohols such as the polyglycols.
  • Preferred materials are the succinic acids or derivatives thereof represented by the formula: wherein each of R2, R3, R5 and R6 is, independently, a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbyl group containing 1 to 30 carbon atoms, and wherein each of R1 and R4 is, independently, a hydrogen atom, a hydrocarbyl group containing 1 to 30 carbon atoms, or an acyl group containing from 1 to 30 carbon atoms.
  • R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, and R6 when in the form of hydrocarbyl groups can be, for example, alkyl, cycloalkyl or aromatic containing groups.
  • R1, R2, R3, R4 and R5 are hydrogen or the same or different straight-chain or branched-chain hydrocarbon radicals containing 1-20 carbon atoms.
  • R1, R2, R3, R4, and R5 are hydrogen atoms.
  • R6 when in the form of a hydrocarbyl group is preferably a straight-chain or branched-chain saturated hydrocarbon radical.
  • tetralkenyl succinic acid of the above formula wherein R1, R2, R3, R4 and R5 are hydrogen and R6 is a tetrapropenyl group.
  • Aromatic Hydrocarbon Solvent A wide variety of aromatic hydrocarbon solvents can be used with this invention such as benzene, and alkyl substituted benzene or mixtures thereof. Particularly useful are mixtures of o-, p-, and m-xylenes and mesitylene and higher boiling aromatics such as Aromatic 150 which is available from Chemtech. However, other mixtures of aromatic hydrocarbon solvents may also be used.
  • compositions should contain from 10 to 50 parts by weight (preferably from 20 to 35 parts by weight) of succinimide, up to 75 parts by weight (preferably from 50 to 65 parts by weight) of diluent oil, 0 to 5 parts by weight (preferably, from 1 to 3 parts by weight) of antioxidant, from 0 to 10 parts by weight (preferably, from 0.3 to 3 parts by weight) of demulsifier, from 0 to 75 parts by weight (preferably 5 to 25 parts by weight) of aromatic hydrocarbon solvent, and from 0 to 5 parts by weight (preferably, from 0.025 to 1.0 part by weight) of corrosion inhibitor per each one hundred parts by weight of fuel additive composition.
  • the above additive compositions of this invention are preferably employed in hydrocarbon mixtures in the gasoline boiling range or hydrocarbon/oxygenate mixtures, or oxygenates, but are also suitable for use in middle distillate fuels, notably, diesel fuels and fuels for gas turbine engines.
  • middle distillate fuels notably, diesel fuels and fuels for gas turbine engines.
  • oxygenates is meant alkanols and ethers such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, methyl-tert-butyl ether, ethyl-tert-butyl ether, tert-amyl-methyl ether, or combinations thereof.
  • the base fuels may contain other commonly used ingredients such as cold starting aids, dyes, metal deactivators, octane improvers, cetane improvers, emission control additives, and antioxidants.
  • the additives are employed in amounts sufficient to reduce or inhibit octane requirement increase in an internal combustion engine.
  • the fuel additive comprising a succinimide, a unhydrotreated polyalphaolefin having a volatility of 50% or less and a mineral oil having a viscosity index of less than about 90 and a volatility of 50% or less will be employed in unleaded gasoline in minor amounts such that the gasoline portion of the fuel is the major component.
  • minor amount is meant less than 3000 parts per million parts of gasoline, preferably, less than 1500 parts per million parts of gasoline.
  • a particularly preferred amount of additive is in the range of from 600 to 1200 parts per million parts of gasoline.
  • the other components which are preferably used in conjunction with the detergent/dispersant and diluent oil can be blended into the fuel individually or in various sub-combinations.
  • a fuel additive concentrate is prepared from the following ingredients:
  • This concentrate is blended with gasolines and with diesel fuels at concentrations of 0.44 kg/m3 (155.5 pounds per thousand barrels (PTB)).
  • Example 1 is repeated using each of the components set forth therein except 60 parts of (a); 60-80 parts of (b); 40-60 parts of (c); and in addition, 4 parts of a tertiary butylated phenol antioxidant mixture containing a minimum of 75 percent of 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, 10-15 percent of 2,4,6-tri-tert-butyl-phenol, and 15-10 percent of 2-tert-butylphenol; 3 parts of Tolad® 286; and 2 parts of tetrapropenyl succinic acid supplied as a 50% solution in light mineral oil. This mixture is then blended with gasoline at a rate of 0.51 kg/m3 (180 pounds per thousand barrels (PTB)).
  • PTB pounds per thousand barrels
  • Example 1 is repeated using each of the components set forth therein except that 75 parts of (a); 75-100 parts of (b); and 75 parts of (c); and in addition, 5 parts of a tertiary butylated phenol antioxidant mixture containing a minimum of 75 percent of 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, 10-15 percent of 2,4,6-tri-tert-butyl-phenol, and 15-10 percent of 2-tert-butylphenol; 3.5 parts of Tolad® 9308; and 2 parts of tetrapropenyl succinic acid supplied as a 50% solution in light mineral oil. This mixture is then blended with gasoline at a rate of 0.64 to 0.71 kg/m3 (225-250 pounds per thousand barrels (PTB)).
  • PTB pounds per thousand barrels
  • compositions of this invention to reduce or inhibit the octane requirement increase in an internal combustion engine is illustrated by a series of test performed on a 2.3L Ford Engine. The engine was run with the indicated amount of additive for 112 hours and the octane requirement increase was determined by standard octane requirement determination methods.
  • Figure 1 is a graphic illustration of the effect different additive concentrations have on the octane requirement of the 2.3L Ford Engine.
  • compositions of this invention in reducing induction system deposits was demonstrated in a series of standard engine tests using the test gasoline formulation as in Examples 1, 2 and 3.
  • Example 1 In one set of tests -- the Briggs and Stratton engine test -- formulations of Example 1 were compared to an untreated gasoline.
  • the tests utilized a Briggs & Stratton 3 Hp engine with SAE 10W-40 oil. The length of the tests were 150 hours. After breaking the engine in at varying speeds and loads, the engine was run at 3,000 RPM with a load of 500 Watts (0.67 Hp). The spark plug temperature was maintained at about 204°C (400°F). Oil level was checked often and the oil was changed after 80 hours. Valves were weighed before and after each test to determine the amount of deposits. Using Phillips J unleaded, untreated fuel, the amount of intake valve deposits was measured. Results of the tests under the same test conditions are indicated in Table 1.
  • test gasolines as in Example 2 were compared to an untreated fuel. Duration of the tests were 112 hours.
  • the engine was prepared by cycling at 2,000 RPM with 0-3 kW (0-4 BHP) for 1 minute then 2,800 RPM at 28 kW (37 BHP) for 3 minutes.
  • the oil was checked every 8 hours and was changed at 56 hours.
  • the intake valves and ports were removed and weighed. Results of testing with treated and untreated fuels under the same test conditions are as indicated in Table 2.
  • a BMW 318 with automatic transmission, 1.8L PFI engine was run on untreated and treated Mobil regular unleaded fuel. The engine was run for 1600 km (10,000 miles). During the testing, the BMW was operated 10% at city speeds in stop and go traffic, 20% at moderate speeds with infrequent stops, and 70% at highway speeds of 105 kph (65 MPH). To accumulate the required mileage, the BMW was operated for 20 hours a day or 1300 km (800 miles) per day. The oil was changed according to the BMW maintenance schedule. The intake valves were removed and weighted after 8000 and 16000 km (5,000 and 10,000 miles). Results of the testing of various additive concentrations are as indicated in Table 3.

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  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Lubricants (AREA)
  • Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)

Claims (14)

  1. Concentré d'additifs pour carburant, servant à limiter l'augmentation du besoin en octane dans les moteurs à combustion interne, comprenant (a) le produit de réaction (i) d'une polyamine et (ii) d'au moins un agent acylant succinique à substituant hydrocarbyle acyclique ; (b) un oligomère poly-α-oléfinique liquide non traité à l'hydrogène ayant une volatilité égale ou inférieure à 50 % ; et (c) à titre facultatif, (A) une huile minérale ayant un indice de viscosité inférieur à environ 90, et une volatilité égale ou inférieure à 50 % ; cette volatilité étant exprimée en termes de pourcentage en poids de matière perdue, sur la base du poids initial total de matière testée, lorsque cette matière est chauffée à 300°C pendant 1 heure dans un ballon à fond rond de 250 ml sous agitation à une vitesse de 150 tr/min et avec balayage de l'espace libre au-dessus de la matière dans le ballon par un courant d'air de 7,5 l/h.
  2. Concentré suivant la revendication 1, comprenant en outre une quantité plus faible mais efficace :
    (B) d'un antioxydant ;
    (C) d'un désémulsionnant ;
    (D) d'un solvant hydrocarboné aromatique ;
    (E) d'un inhibiteur de corrosion ; ou
       de toute association de tous composants (A), (B), (C), (D) et (E).
  3. Concentré suivant la revendication 2, dans lequel l'antioxydant est un antioxydant phénolique à encombrement stérique.
  4. Concentré suivant la revendication 3, dans lequel l'antioxydant est un phénol tertio-butylé contenant un minimum de 75 pour cent de 2,6-di-tertio-butylphénol, 10 à 15 pour cent de 2,4,6-tri-tertio-butylphénol et 15-10 pour cent de 2-tertio-butylphénol.
  5. Concentré suivant la revendication 2, comprenant l'huile minérale (A), le désémulsionnant (C) et l'inhibiteur de corrosion (E).
  6. Concentré suivant la revendication 2, 3 ou 4, comprenant l'huile minérale (A), l'antioxydant (B), le désémulsionnant (C) et l'inhibiteur de corrosion (E).
  7. Concentré suivant l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 6, dans lequel le rapport en poids de (a) à (b) plus (c) est inférieur à 1:3.
  8. Concentré suivant la revendication 7, dans lequel le rapport en poids de (a) à (b) plus (c) se situe dans la plage de 1:1,2 à 1:2,5.
  9. Concentré suivant l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel la polyamine consiste en une ou plusieurs alkylènepolyamines, alkylènepolyamines cycliques, alkylènepolyamines acycliques ou un mélange de deux quelconques ou davantage des polyamines indiquées cidessus dans lesquelles chaque groupe alkylène contient 1 à 10 atomes de carbone ; le substituant hydrocarbyle acyclique est un polyalkylène ayant 64 à 80 atomes de carbone ; et la poly-α-oléfine non traitée à l'hydrogène a une viscosité à 100°C de 10 cSt.
  10. Concentré suivant la revendication 9, dans lequel la polyamine est la triéthylènetétramine ou une association d'éthylènepolyamines s'approchant de la triéthylènetétramine.
  11. Concentré suivant l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, contenant une huile minérale ayant une volatilité égale ou inférieure à 50 %, le rapport de l'huile minérale à la poly-α-oléfine étant compris dans la plage de 3:1 à 0,5:1.
  12. Carburant pour moteur, contenant (i) une quantité dominante d'hydrocarbures dans la plage d'ébullition de l'essence ou de mélanges hydrocarbures/produits oxygénés, ou de produits oxygénés et (ii) contenant une quantité secondaire mais efficace des composants d'un concentré d'additifs pour carburant suivant l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 11.
  13. Procédé pour limiter l'augmentation du besoin en octane de moteurs à combustion interne ou pour réduire la formation de dépôts dans le système d'admission de moteurs à combustion interne, consistant à prévoir l'utilisation, comme composition de carburant, d'une quantité dominante d'une essence sans plomb et d'une quantité secondaire mais efficace d'un mélange limitant l'augmentation du besoin en octane ou mélange réduisant la formation de dépôts dans le système d'admission, comprenant (a) le produit de réaction (i) d'une polyamine et (ii) d'au moins un agent acylant succinique à substituant hydrocarbyle acyclique ; (b) un oligomère poly-α-oléfinique liquide non traité à l'hydrogène ayant une volatilité égale ou inférieure à 50 % ; et (c) à titre facultatif, une huile minérale ayant un indice de viscosité inférieur à environ 90, et une volatilité égale ou inférieure à 50 %, cette volatilité étant exprimée en termes de pourcentage en poids de matière perdue, sur la base du poids initial total de matière testée, lorsque cette matière est chauffée à 300°C pendant 1 heure dans un ballon à fond rond de 250 ml sous agitation à une vitesse de 150 tr/min et avec balayage de l'espace libre au-dessus de la matière dans le ballon par un courant d'air de 7,5 l/h, ce qui limite efficacement l'augmentation du besoin en octane d'un moteur à combustion interne.
  14. Procédé suivant la revendication 13, dans lequel les composants du mélange sont tels que définis dans l'une quelconque des revendications 2 à 11.
EP19920306805 1991-07-29 1992-07-24 Compositions pour le contrôle de l'augmentation du besoin en octane Expired - Lifetime EP0526129B1 (fr)

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JP (1) JPH05194966A (fr)
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CA2104825C (fr) * 1992-09-14 2004-01-06 Joseph Graham Essence contenant des additifs de polyalphaolefine et de polyoxyalkylene
GB2279965A (en) * 1993-07-12 1995-01-18 Ethyl Petroleum Additives Ltd Additive compositions for control of deposits, exhaust emissions and/or fuel consumption in internal combustion engines
GB2283495A (en) * 1993-11-01 1995-05-10 Ethyl Petroleum Additives Ltd Compositions for control of induction system deposits in internal combustion engines
US5509944A (en) * 1994-08-09 1996-04-23 Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. Stabilization of gasoline and gasoline mixtures
GB9502041D0 (en) * 1995-02-02 1995-03-22 Exxon Chemical Patents Inc Additives and fuel oil compositions
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US6183525B1 (en) * 1998-09-18 2001-02-06 American Energy Group, Inc. Fuel additive composition and method for the treatment of fuels
WO2002006428A1 (fr) * 2000-07-19 2002-01-24 The Lubrizol Corporation Composition additive pour combustibles de distillat moyen et compositions de combustibles de distillat moyen les contenant
US20030177692A1 (en) * 2002-03-12 2003-09-25 The Lubrizol Corporation Method of operating a direct injection spark-ignited engine with a fuel composition
US8907150B2 (en) 2006-07-27 2014-12-09 Swift Fuels, Llc Biogenic fuel and method of making same
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DE69202642T2 (de) 1995-10-12
EP0526129A1 (fr) 1993-02-03
CA2074208A1 (fr) 1993-01-30
DE69202642D1 (de) 1995-06-29
ES2073248T3 (es) 1995-08-01
JPH05194966A (ja) 1993-08-03
AU654569B2 (en) 1994-11-10
AU2059792A (en) 1993-02-04

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