EP0518747B1 - Elektrischer Heizwiderstand mit Elementen aus Kohlenstoff/Kohlenstoff-Kompositmaterialien - Google Patents

Elektrischer Heizwiderstand mit Elementen aus Kohlenstoff/Kohlenstoff-Kompositmaterialien Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0518747B1
EP0518747B1 EP92401581A EP92401581A EP0518747B1 EP 0518747 B1 EP0518747 B1 EP 0518747B1 EP 92401581 A EP92401581 A EP 92401581A EP 92401581 A EP92401581 A EP 92401581A EP 0518747 B1 EP0518747 B1 EP 0518747B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
strips
carbon
bars
resistance according
connection pieces
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP92401581A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0518747A1 (de
Inventor
Jean-Pierre Maumus
Henri Gaston Giret
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Safran Aircraft Engines SAS
Original Assignee
Societe Europeenne de Propulsion SEP SA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
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Application filed by Societe Europeenne de Propulsion SEP SA filed Critical Societe Europeenne de Propulsion SEP SA
Publication of EP0518747A1 publication Critical patent/EP0518747A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0518747B1 publication Critical patent/EP0518747B1/de
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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/62—Heating elements specially adapted for furnaces
    • H05B3/64—Heating elements specially adapted for furnaces using ribbon, rod, or wire heater

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an electrical resistance heater using resistive elements made of carbon / carbon composite material (C / C).
  • the field of application of the invention is more particularly that of high power heating resistors, typically 100 kW or more, such as, for example, those used for the heating of industrial ovens.
  • C / C composite material that is to say a material comprising a fibrous carbon reinforcement texture densified by a matrix also made of carbon.
  • C / C composites combine high mechanical resistance with thermal characteristics close to those of graphite; they can be used at relatively high temperatures, for example up to around 1300 ° C.
  • C / C materials are relatively expensive to develop.
  • the object of the invention is to provide an electrical heating resistance using resistive elements made of C / C composite material and the design of which is optimized to reduce the manufacturing cost as much as possible.
  • the resistive elements consist of bars of carbon / carbon composite material connected together by connecting pieces also of carbon / carbon composite material which ensure both the connections electrical and mechanical connections between the bars, the bars and the connecting parts being made of a composite material comprising a fibrous carbon reinforcement texture densified by a carbon matrix.
  • the assembly between the bars and the connecting pieces is made at least in part by the shape. It can be completed by means of fastening elements such as screws or screw-nut systems also made of carbon / carbon composite material.
  • the bars are arranged parallel to an axis around which they are distributed.
  • the connecting pieces comprise first pieces, or bars, intended to connect ends of bars diametrically opposite with respect to the axis, second pieces, or connecting blocks, intended to connect ends of adjacent bars, third pieces, or strips intended to connect neighboring ends of aligned bars, and fourth pieces, or current inlets, intended to connect ends of bars to current supply terminals.
  • the electrical resistance according to the invention can be adapted to different powers using the same basic elements.
  • the C / C composite materials are capable of supporting, without embrittlement, machining of shapes, such as dovetails, allowing assembly at least in part by shape between the bars and the connecting pieces. Such an assembly provides good quality mechanical and electrical connections.
  • the mechanical properties of C / C composite materials are such that the elements of the resistance constitute both heating resistive elements and structural elements capable of giving the desired mechanical strength to the resistance without requiring a supporting structure.
  • the reinforcement texture is of two-dimensional (2D) or three-dimensional (3D) type.
  • a 2D texture is formed of superimposed strata. These can be unidirectional strata, for example layers of wires or cables parallel to each other, or bidirectional strata, for example layers of fabric.
  • a 3D texture has fibers oriented in at least three different non-coplanar directions.
  • a 3D reinforcement texture can be formed by three-dimensional weaving, or by superimposition of two-dimensional layers linked together by needling or by implantation of threads.
  • the densification of the reinforcing texture by the carbon matrix is carried out in a manner known per se by the liquid or gas route.
  • Liquid densification consists in impregnating the fibrous texture with a carbon precursor, such as a resin which is polymerized and pyrolyzed. Several impregnation-polymerization-pyrolysis cycles may be necessary to obtain the desired degree of densification.
  • Densification by gas consists in forming the carbon matrix by chemical vapor infiltration.
  • the resistive bars can be cut from prefabricated C / C composite material plates, while the connecting pieces are machined in blanks or in a solid block of carbon / carbon composite material.
  • the reinforcing texture of the composite material constituting the bars is formed of superimposed strata, these are arranged parallel to the faces of the plates from which the bars are cut.
  • the bars and connecting parts forming a resistance are advantageously coated with a layer of pyrocarbon. This is formed by chemical vapor deposition on the bars and the connecting parts, preferably before they are assembled.
  • the resistive elements coated with pyrocarbon have an improved behavior and a longer service life.
  • the resistive elements not coated with pyrocarbon deteriorate more quickly.
  • the operation of the resistive elements is affected by the presence of fingerprints due to their handling; this is no longer the case with a coating of pyrocarbon.
  • the heating resistance represented by FIGS. 1 to 3 comprises twelve elementary bars 10 1 to 10 12 dishes with rectangular section (partially cut away in FIG. 1).
  • the bars 10 1 to 10 12 are identical and are distributed between a first group of bars 10 1 to 10 6 and a second group of bars 10 7 to 10 12 . In the two groups, the bars are distributed angularly around the same axis 14 to which they are all parallel.
  • Each of the bars 10 1 to 10 6 of the first group is aligned with a respective bar 10 7 to 10 12 of the second and connected electrically to it by means of a respective connecting strip 12 1 to 12 6 .
  • two (10 1 and 10 4 ) of the bars of the first group are connected to respective current inlets 20 1 and 20 2 and the other four are connected two by two by means of respective radial bars 16 1 and 16 2 while, at their other ends, the bars of the second group are connected two by two by means of connection blocks 18 1 to 18 3 .
  • Each bar 10 has a constant width over its entire length with the exception of its ends 10a and 10b which are cut identically into dovetails.
  • Figure 5 shows in exploded form the connecting pieces of the ends - in Figure 1, the upper ends - of the bars 10 1 to 10 6 between them and with the current inlets.
  • Each current supply 20 comprises: a first part 21 secured to a terminal 22 allowing the connection of an electrical conductor by means of a terminal, and a second part 23 provided with a housing 24 in the form of a dovetail of form complementary to that of the dovetail formed at each end of a bar 10.
  • the part 21 is connected to the part 23 by means of screws 25 passing through the holes formed in an insulating disc 26.
  • the latter is interposed between parts 21 and 23 of each current supply.
  • the assembly between one end of a bar and the housing 24 is produced by interlocking in a radial direction relative to the axis 14. This assembly by form is completed by a fixing by means of a screw (not shown) passing through the end of the bar and screwed into a threaded hole formed in the center of the housing 24.
  • the bars 16 have at their opposite ends housings 16a, 16b similar to the housings 24 so as to allow the ends of the bars to be connected 10.
  • the fixing of these ends to the bars is completed by means of screws 17 similar to the screws 27, each screw 17 passing through the end of a bar and being screwed into a threaded hole formed in the center of a housing 16a or 16b.
  • An insulating washer 29 is interposed between the bars 16 1 and 16 2 in order to prevent any contact between them.
  • the insulating washer 29 is provided with a centering pin 29a which penetrates into one of two orifices formed in the middle of the bars 16 1 , 16 2 .
  • the bars 16 1 , 16 2 have a greater thickness at their ends where the housings are formed allowing, in combination with the screws 17, the connection of the ends of the bars.
  • FIG. 6 shows one of the connecting strips 12 and a support piece 30 of insulating material used for connecting the ends of the bars 10 1 to 10 6 adjacent to the corresponding ends of the bars 10 7 to 10 12 .
  • Each connecting strip 12 has, on one side, two dovetail housings 12a, 12b offset in the axial direction and, symmetrically, on the other side, two other housings 12c, 12d also offset in the axial direction.
  • Each of the housings 12a, 12b, 12c, 12d has a shape complementary to that of the end of a bar 10.
  • the support piece 30 has a hexagonal shape and has at its periphery housings 31 regularly distributed and each receiving a strip link 12.
  • Each strip 12 is engaged in its respective housing 31 with the housings 12a to 12d facing outwards.
  • the upper ends of the bars 10 7 to 10 12 are connected to the strips 12 1 to 12 6 and to the insulating piece 30 by engagement in the housings 12c or 12d and by screws 37 ( Figures 1 and 3) which pass through the ends of the bars , pass through a hole formed in the center of the corresponding housing 12c or 12d and are screwed into threaded holes formed in the part 30 in the center of the housings 31.
  • the lower ends of the bars 10 1 to 10 6 are connected to the strips 12 1 to 12 6 by engagement in the housings 12a or 12b and by screws 35 (FIG. 1) which pass through the ends of the bars, pass through a hole formed in the center of the corresponding housing 12a or 12b and are immobilized by nuts 36 (FIG. 1 ).
  • the lower ends of the bars 10 1 and 10 6 are at three different levels.
  • the upper ends of the bars 10 7 to 10 12 are at the same level, that of the support piece 30.
  • the strips 12 1 to 12 6 make it possible to make up for the different distances between the opposite ends of the bars which they connect .
  • a first offset can be made up by placing the strip with its housing 12c or its housing 12d at the level of the part 31 (as is the case respectively for the strips 12 2 , 12 3 , 12 5 , 12 6 and the strips 12 1 , 12 2 ).
  • a second offset can be made up by engaging the lower end of the bars 10 1 to 10 6 in a housing 12a or in a housing 12b (as is the case, respectively, for the bars 10 1 , 10 2 , 10 4 , 10 5 , and the bars 12 3 , 10 6 ).
  • FIG. 7 shows one of the connection blocks 18 and a support piece of insulating material 40 used to connect two by two and assemble the lower ends of the bars 10 7 to 10 12 .
  • the part 40 comprises a base 41 from which project walls 42 which delimit three housings 43 1 , 43 2 , 43 3 distributed angularly around axis 14 and isolated from each other.
  • Each housing 43 1 , 43 2 , 43 3 receives a respective connection block.
  • Each connecting block is intended to connect the lower ends of two adjacent bars.
  • a block 18 has two housings 18a, 18b having a shape of dovetail complementary to that of the end of a bar.
  • the assembly between one end of a bar and a block 18 is produced by engaging this end in a housing 18a or 18b, in the radial direction, and fixing by means of a screw 47 which passes through the end of the bar and is screwed into a threaded hole formed in the center of the housing.
  • connection between the ends of the bars and the various connecting pieces using a dovetail assembly makes it possible to maintain satisfactory electrical contact even in the event of loosening of the screws which complete the assembly.
  • the various insulating parts - disc 26, washer 19, support parts 30 and 40 - are for example made of ceramic.
  • the bars as well as the various parts ensuring the connections between them are made of carbon / carbon composite material.
  • Carbon / carbon composite materials are known and used in particular for their thermostructural properties, that is to say their capacity to constitute structural elements, due to their good mechanical properties, and to preserve these properties up to relatively temperatures. high.
  • Carbon / carbon composite materials consist of a carbon reinforcement texture densified by a carbon matrix.
  • a two-dimensional (2D) reinforcing texture made from carbon fibers and formed of unidirectional or bidirectional layers stacked flat parallel to the faces of the bars.
  • Unidirectional strata are, for example, plies of wires or cables parallel to one another; in this case, the longitudinal direction of the bars is parallel to wires or cables.
  • Bidirectional strata are, for example, layers of fabric.
  • the densification of the fibrous reinforcement texture is carried out by liquid or by gaseous route. These two methods are well known per se.
  • Liquid densification consists in impregnating the fibrous texture by means of a carbon precursor, such as a resin or a pitch leaving a carbon residue after polymerization and pyrolysis.
  • a carbon precursor such as a resin or a pitch leaving a carbon residue after polymerization and pyrolysis.
  • the impregnation can be carried out on the layers (layers of yarns or fabric) before they are superimposed.
  • the pre-impregnated layers can be shaped in press, in order, by compacting, to obtain a desired fiber content (the fiber content being the percentage actually occupied by the fibers within the material).
  • several successive cycles of impregnation -polymerization -pyrolysis may be necessary.
  • Densification by gas consists of forming the matrix by chemical vapor infiltration.
  • the texture is placed in an oven in which a gas flow is admitted which, under determined conditions of temperature and pressure leaves a carbon deposit within the accessible porosity of the texture.
  • the gas flow typically consists of a hydrocarbon or a mixture of hydrocarbons.
  • the fibrous texture at least until consolidation, can be maintained in shape in a tool which also ensures the degree of compaction necessary to obtain the desired fiber content. The tool is dismantled when the texture is consolidated, that is to say when the pyrocarbon deposit is sufficient to bind the fibers together. Chemical vapor infiltration is continued until the desired degree of densification is reached.
  • the bars are coated with a layer of pyrolytic or pyrocarbon carbon. This is formed by deposit chemical vapor phase under conditions similar to that of chemical vapor infiltration of carbon.
  • the thickness of the pyrocarbon layer is for example approximately equal to 100 microns.
  • a carbon / carbon material is used, preferably comprising a three-dimensional (3D) reinforcement texture.
  • a texture is obtained for example by three-dimensional weaving of carbon threads, or by superposition of unidirectional or bidirectional strata and bonding of the strata together.
  • unidirectional strata such as layers of cables are superimposed, the directions of the cables are different from one layer to another.
  • the connection between superimposed strata can be achieved by needling or by implantation of wires. When needling is used, the fibers entrained by the needles can be taken from fiber veils interposed between the strata.
  • the densification of the three-dimensional texture is carried out by the liquid or gaseous route as indicated above.
  • the connecting parts are machined from blocks of carbon / carbon material. After machining, they can be coated with a layer of pyrocarbon, like bars.
  • carbon / carbon composite material is particularly advantageous because it makes it possible to produce an electric heating device in which the resistive elements, in particular the bars, are also structural elements due to their mechanical properties and their non-brittleness.
  • carbon / carbon composite materials are light - their density is generally about 1.7 - and can withstand high temperatures, for example up to 2500 ° C in a non-oxidizing atmosphere.
  • the connections between the resistive elements are produced by means of parts which provide not only the electrical connection but also the mechanical connection.
  • the connections between the resistive elements are produced by means of parts which provide not only the electrical connection but also the mechanical connection.
  • the pyrocarbon coating formed on the resistive elements and the connecting parts makes it possible to improve the service life and the functioning of the resistance.
  • the coating can be renovated after a certain period of use.
  • a heating device intended for use under a power of 250 kW and as illustrated in FIG. 1 has been produced.
  • the bars 10 were cut from a plate of composite material comprising a fibrous texture formed by stacking layers of carbon fabric with a fiber content of 25% and a carbon matrix formed by chemical vapor infiltration. The infiltration was continued until leaving a residual porosity of the order of 15%. The material obtained has a density of about 1.7.
  • Each bar 10 has a thickness of 5 mm, a width of 50 mm and a length of 750 mm. The dimensions are adapted to the desired power.
  • the connecting pieces (current inlets, rods, bars, blocks, screws and nuts) were machined in blocks of composite material comprising a fibrous texture formed by stacking and needling layers of carbon fabric alternating with veils of fiber fibers carbon, with a fiber content of around 25%.
  • the texture was densified by infiltration of pyrocarbon in the vapor phase until a residual porosity of the order of 15% was reached.
  • the material obtained has a density of about 1.7.
  • the resistive elements are formed by twelve bars distributed in two groups of six.
  • the heating device can be adapted to different powers or different configurations of use, by providing for a greater or lesser number of bars.
  • one or more additional groups of six bars can be added to the device of FIG. 1 using one or more additional sets of strips and insulating piece such as the set constituted by strips 12 1 to 12 6 and piece 30 .
  • the resistive elements consist of a group of bars 10 ′ 1 to 10 ′ 6 each extending from one end to the other of the device. If using at the ends of the bars, connecting pieces identical to those used at the ends of the heating device of FIG. 1, it is then necessary to provide bars having different lengths to take account of their offset to their upper end.
  • the offset between the positions of the upper ends of the bars 10 ′ 1 to 10 ′ 6 can be made up, not by giving the bars different lengths, but by using connection blocks 18 ' offering, for each end of a bar, three possibilities of assembly at different levels.

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  • Resistance Heating (AREA)
  • Furnace Details (AREA)
  • Surface Heating Bodies (AREA)

Claims (10)

  1. Elektrischer Heizwiderstand hoher Leistung, mit Widerstandselementen aus Kohlenstoff/Kohlenstoff-Verbundmaterial,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet,
    daß die Widerstandselemente durch Stäbe (10) gebildet sind, die durch Verbindungsteile (12, 16, 18) miteinander verbunden sind, welche sowohl die elektrischen als auch die mechanischen Verbindungen zwischen den Stäben bilden, wobei die Stäbe und die Verbindungsteile aus einem Kohlenstoff/Kohlenstoff-Verbundmaterial gebildet sind, das eine Verstärkungsfaserstruktur aufweist, die durch eine Kohlenstoffmatrix verdichtet ist.
  2. Widerstand nach Anspruch 1,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet,
    daß die Verbindung zwischen den Stäben (10) und den Verbindungsteilen (12, 16, 18) zumindest teilweise formschlüssig ausgeführt ist.
  3. Widerstand nach Anspruch 1 oder 2,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet,
    daß die Widerstandselemente (12) mit einer Pyrocarbonschicht überzogen sind.
  4. Widerstand nach Anspruch 3,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet,
    daß die Verbindungsteile (12, 16, 18) mit einer Pyrocarbonschicht überzogen sind.
  5. Widerstand nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet,
    daß die Verbindung zwischen den Stäben und den Verbindungsteilen teilweise formschlüssig ausgeführt und durch Befestigungselemente (17, 36, 37, 47) vervollständigt ist, die aus Kohlenstoff/Kohlenstoff-Verbundmaterial gebildet sind.
  6. Widerstand nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet,
    daß die Stäbe (10) parallel zu einer Achse (14) angeordnet sind, um die herum sie verteilt sind.
  7. Widerstand nach Anspruch 6,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet,
    daß an einem Ende des Widerstands die Verbindungen zwischen Stäben (10) mittels Verbindungsteilen (16) ausgeführt sind, die radial angeordnet sind, um die Enden von Stäben zu verbinden, die einander bezüglich der Achse (14) diametral gegenüberliegen.
  8. Widerstand nach Anspruch 6 oder 7,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet,
    daß an einem Ende des Widerstands die Verbindungen zwischen Stäben (10) mit Hilfe von Verbindungsteilen (18) ausgeführt sind, welche die Enden von benachbarten Stäben miteinander verbinden.
  9. Widerstand nach einem der Ansprüche 6 bis 8,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet,
    daß er Verbindungsstücke (16) trägt, welche benachbarte Enden von miteinander fluchtenden Stäben verbinden.
  10. Widerstand nach Anspruch 9,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet,
    daß jedes Verbindungsteil (12), welches dazu dient, die benachbarten Enden von miteinander fluchtenden Stäben zu verbinden, mehrere Aufnahmesitze (12a-12d) aufweist, die dazu ausgebildet sind, jeweils ein Ende eines Stabs aufzunehmen und voneinander parallel zu der Achse (14) zu beabstanden, um die Längsposition zumindest eines der mit dem Verbindungsteil verbundenen Stäbe einzustellen.
EP92401581A 1991-06-11 1992-06-09 Elektrischer Heizwiderstand mit Elementen aus Kohlenstoff/Kohlenstoff-Kompositmaterialien Expired - Lifetime EP0518747B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9107093 1991-06-11
FR9107093A FR2677840B1 (fr) 1991-06-11 1991-06-11 Resistance electrique chauffante utilisant des elements resistifs en materiau composite carbone/carbone.

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0518747A1 EP0518747A1 (de) 1992-12-16
EP0518747B1 true EP0518747B1 (de) 1996-09-11

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP92401581A Expired - Lifetime EP0518747B1 (de) 1991-06-11 1992-06-09 Elektrischer Heizwiderstand mit Elementen aus Kohlenstoff/Kohlenstoff-Kompositmaterialien

Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (1) US5233165A (de)
EP (1) EP0518747B1 (de)
JP (1) JP3015806B2 (de)
CA (1) CA2070860C (de)
DE (1) DE69213571T2 (de)
ES (1) ES2092073T3 (de)
FR (1) FR2677840B1 (de)

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US5343022A (en) * 1992-09-29 1994-08-30 Advanced Ceramics Corporation Pyrolytic boron nitride heating unit
US6922017B2 (en) 2000-11-30 2005-07-26 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Infrared lamp, method of manufacturing the same, and heating apparatus using the infrared lamp
US6349108B1 (en) * 2001-03-08 2002-02-19 Pv/T, Inc. High temperature vacuum furnace
CN1325841C (zh) * 2004-07-20 2007-07-11 董礼 电炉具
WO2009003424A1 (fr) * 2007-07-04 2009-01-08 Hunan Kingbo Carbon-Carbon Composites Co. Ltd Pièce de fixation et procédé de fabrication de celle-ci
US8463113B2 (en) * 2010-12-20 2013-06-11 Gyu Eob HWANG Fan heater applying a carbon fiber ribbon secured in each heating cartridge
JP2018195425A (ja) * 2017-05-16 2018-12-06 イビデン株式会社 抵抗発熱体

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US1565575A (en) * 1923-12-24 1925-12-15 Samuel S Levy Machine for molding concrete blocks
US3369920A (en) * 1964-11-24 1968-02-20 Union Carbide Corp Process for producing coatings on carbon and graphite filaments
FR1491108A (fr) * 1966-09-02 1967-08-04 Australlian Atomic Energy Comm Fours à résistance électrique pour le chauffage à des températures élevées
US3506771A (en) * 1968-10-10 1970-04-14 Stephen F Cole Jr Modularly constructed heating elements for electric furnaces
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FR2463563A1 (fr) * 1979-08-07 1981-02-20 Electric Furnace Co Element de chauffage electrique a ailettes radiales
CA1202508A (en) * 1981-05-07 1986-04-01 Norio Murata Protective packaging assembly and method for optical fibers
EP0082678B1 (de) * 1981-12-18 1987-08-26 Toray Industries, Inc. Elektrisches Widerstandsheizelement und Widerstandsofen, in dem dieses als Heizquelle verwendet wird
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JP2521682B2 (ja) * 1986-12-26 1996-08-07 東芝セラミツクス株式会社 シリコン単結晶引上装置用カ―ボンヒ―タ
FR2622381B1 (fr) * 1987-10-21 1990-03-16 Electricite De France Thermoplongeur electrique
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JP2807271B2 (ja) * 1989-08-04 1998-10-08 株式会社ナガノ 発熱体

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE69213571D1 (de) 1996-10-17
DE69213571T2 (de) 1997-02-06
FR2677840A1 (fr) 1992-12-18
JPH05182747A (ja) 1993-07-23
US5233165A (en) 1993-08-03
CA2070860A1 (en) 1992-12-12
EP0518747A1 (de) 1992-12-16
ES2092073T3 (es) 1996-11-16
FR2677840B1 (fr) 1993-10-15
JP3015806B2 (ja) 2000-03-06
CA2070860C (en) 1997-09-30

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