EP0501181A1 - Method for producing home-made filter cigarettes - Google Patents

Method for producing home-made filter cigarettes Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0501181A1
EP0501181A1 EP92101782A EP92101782A EP0501181A1 EP 0501181 A1 EP0501181 A1 EP 0501181A1 EP 92101782 A EP92101782 A EP 92101782A EP 92101782 A EP92101782 A EP 92101782A EP 0501181 A1 EP0501181 A1 EP 0501181A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
tobacco
cartridge
cigarette
diameter
tobacco cartridge
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Granted
Application number
EP92101782A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0501181B1 (en
Inventor
Edgar Mentzel
Henning Seidel
Wolfgang Wildenau
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HF and PhF Reemtsma GmbH and Co
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HF and PhF Reemtsma GmbH and Co
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Application filed by HF and PhF Reemtsma GmbH and Co filed Critical HF and PhF Reemtsma GmbH and Co
Publication of EP0501181A1 publication Critical patent/EP0501181A1/en
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
    • A24C—MACHINES FOR MAKING CIGARS OR CIGARETTES
    • A24C5/00—Making cigarettes; Making tipping materials for, or attaching filters or mouthpieces to, cigars or cigarettes
    • A24C5/40—Hand-driven apparatus for making cigarettes

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a system for self-manufacturing filter cigarettes according to the preamble main claim.
  • Tobacco cartridges for the self-production of cigarettes are for self-rolling cigarettes from DE-PS 889 578, from NL-PS 6 703 935 and both for self-rolling and for stuffing in sleeves from DE-OS 3 244 906 and also from DE- U-8 326 921 and DE-U-8 309 186 are known. All of these cartridges are based on the fact that their circumference or wrapping consists of completely smokable material, but is so permeable to air that the cartridge itself is not smokable, but can only be consumed by smoking after it has been introduced into a cigarette paper tube.
  • the same tobacco cartridge is proposed as a system according to DE-OS 3 407 461 and EU-A-0 155 514, which, in addition to the usual dimensional stability of a prefabricated cartridge, is dimensioned in terms of length and cross-section so that it lies tightly against the inner surface of the cigarette paper tube .
  • the object of the invention is to propose a system of the type mentioned at the outset, in which the consumer can freely influence the taste of the cigarette he has produced more freely. Furthermore, it is an object of the invention to propose a system in which tobacco is saved in favor of the consumer and furthermore different tobacco mixtures of different flavors can be used.
  • the tobacco cartridge designed according to the invention surprisingly makes it possible for the self-made cigarette maker to change the way the main flow smoke is selected and thus also to change the aroma of his cigarette by selecting the tobacco cartridge.
  • the shape of the tobacco cartridge allows the main flow smoke from the tobacco cartridge to be channeled or swirled as desired, which can be increased accordingly in connection with a perforation in the transition area between the cigarette paper tube and the tip paper.
  • the further advantage of the average reduction and the fact that the diameter of the cigarette cartridge is not adapted to the cigarette tube is the formation of an area not filled with tobacco upstream or in the immediate vicinity of the filter plug, which is surrounded by the wrapping sheet that surrounds the Filter plug completely and surrounds the lower fuselage of the adjoining sleeve made of cigarette paper. Because the consumer never gets his cigarette used up to the very edge of the filter plug and consequently generally discards around 13% or more of the tobacco amount of the tobacco rod when ejecting a cigarette with the filter sleeves currently available on the market, this average reduction of the tobacco cartridge in the area of the filter stopper gives it an empty space without tobacco which he would otherwise reject.
  • This reduction in the amount of tobacco results both from the average reduction in the mouthpiece area and from the corresponding recess in the mostly lower middle area of the tobacco cartridge, which also contributes to the increase in the number of tobacco cartridges from, for example, 30 to 32 cartridges in a 25 g fine-cut pack.
  • the tobacco cartridge 2 consists of a tobacco portion 4, which is surrounded by an air-permeable casing 6, the permeability of which is dimensioned such that the tobacco cartridge as such is not smokable, although it can be consumed by smoking.
  • the cigarette paper tube 10 is provided with a filter plug 12 and a tip paper 14.
  • the tobacco cartridge 2 has a somewhat smaller diameter than the cigarette paper tube 10 so that it can be inserted into the tube.
  • this tobacco cartridge has areas 16 whose diameter is 5 to 25% and preferably 10% smaller than that of the tobacco cartridge. This area with a smaller diameter can lie between the center of the tobacco cartridge and the mouthpiece area and, in one embodiment, can form the insertion of the tobacco cartridge and can be inserted up to the filter plug, as shown in FIG. 1.
  • the area 16 ′ with a smaller diameter can be in the middle area or in the first third of the tobacco cartridge.
  • the manufacture of such tobacco cartridges can be carried out on conventional devices, either by reducing the diameter of the tobacco rod at appropriate intervals and, after wrapping, dividing it and straightening it by reversing the respective sections.
  • the regions of the tobacco cartridge with reduced diameter can be produced separately and then connected or encased with strands of the tobacco cartridge of the usual diameter and divided accordingly.
  • the separately manufactured areas 16 of the tobacco cartridge with a smaller diameter can contain different, preferably cheaper tobacco mixtures than those of the tobacco cartridge.
  • the length of the region 16, which is smaller in diameter, is preferably 2 to 4 times the diameter of the cigarette paper tube 10; This results in advantageous flow conditions in the lower area in addition to the desired tobacco savings, especially for ventilated cigarettes in this area.
  • a diameter difference between tobacco cartridge 2 and the region 16 with a smaller diameter is particularly preferred of approximately 0.5 mm.

Abstract

The invention relates to a system for producing home-made filter cigarettes, consisting of a) a cigarette paper wrapper (10) with filter tip (12, 14), b) a tobacco cartridge (2) which is severed by a cutting step from a tobacco rod and prefabricated in the factory and consists of a tobacco portion (4) which is open at the end face, corresponds to the tobacco filling of a finished cigarette and can be introduced into a cigarette paper wrapper and whose outer surface is formed by a wrapper (6) which consists of completely smokable material and has an air permeability such that it cannot be smoked as such but is consumable by smoking after it has been introduced into the cigarette paper wrapper (10), characterised in that the tobacco cartridge has different diameters (16, 16') in different zones and that these consist of different tobacco mixtures. <IMAGE>

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein System zur Selbstverfertigung von Filtercigaretten gemäß Oberbegriff Hauptanspruch.The invention relates to a system for self-manufacturing filter cigarettes according to the preamble main claim.

Tabakpatronen zur Selbstverfertigung von Cigaretten sind zum Selbstdrehen von Cigaretten aus der DE-PS 889 578, aus der NL-PS 6 703 935 und sowohl zum Selbstdrehen als auch zum Stopfen in Hülsen aus der DE-OS 3 244 906 und ebenso aus dem DE-U-8 326 921 und DE-U-8 309 186 bekannt. Alle diese Patronen beruhen darauf, daß deren Umfang bzw. Umhüllung zwar aus vollständig rauchbarem Material besteht, aber derart luftdurchlässig ist, daß die Patrone selbst nicht abrauchbar ist, sondern erst nach Einbringen in eine Cigarettenpapierhülse durch Rauchen konsumierbar ist.Tobacco cartridges for the self-production of cigarettes are for self-rolling cigarettes from DE-PS 889 578, from NL-PS 6 703 935 and both for self-rolling and for stuffing in sleeves from DE-OS 3 244 906 and also from DE- U-8 326 921 and DE-U-8 309 186 are known. All of these cartridges are based on the fact that their circumference or wrapping consists of completely smokable material, but is so permeable to air that the cartridge itself is not smokable, but can only be consumed by smoking after it has been introduced into a cigarette paper tube.

Eine gleiche Tabakpatrone wird als System gemäß DE-OS 3 407 461 bzw. EU-A-0 155 514 vorgeschlagen, die neben der üblichen Formstabilität einer fabrikatorisch vorgefertigten Patrone hinsichtlich Länge und Querschnitt so bemessen ist, daß sie dicht an der Innenfläche der Cigarettenpapierhülse anliegt.The same tobacco cartridge is proposed as a system according to DE-OS 3 407 461 and EU-A-0 155 514, which, in addition to the usual dimensional stability of a prefabricated cartridge, is dimensioned in terms of length and cross-section so that it lies tightly against the inner surface of the cigarette paper tube .

Der Nachteil derartiger Systeme, bei denen insbesondere gemäß DE-PS 34 07 461 die Tabakpatrone längenmäßig an eine mit einem Filterpfropfen versehene Cigarettenpapierhülse angepaßt sein muß, besteht darin, daß dem Konsumenten die Möglichkeit fehlt, den Geschmack der selbstgefertigten Cigarette zu beeinflussen.The disadvantage of such systems, in which, in particular according to DE-PS 34 07 461, the length of the tobacco cartridge is adapted to a cigarette paper tube provided with a filter plug must be that the consumer lacks the ability to influence the taste of the homemade cigarette.

Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es ein System der eingangs erwähnten Art vorzuschlagen, bei dem der Verbraucher in freier Wahl die Geschmacksrichtung der von ihm verfertigten Cigarette individuell besser beeinflussen kann. Ferner ist es Aufgabe der Erfindung, ein System vorzuschlagen, bei dem Tabak zugunsten des Verbrauchers eingespart wird und ferner unterschiedliche Tabakmischungen verschiedener Geschmacksrichtungen eingesetzt werden können.The object of the invention is to propose a system of the type mentioned at the outset, in which the consumer can freely influence the taste of the cigarette he has produced more freely. Furthermore, it is an object of the invention to propose a system in which tobacco is saved in favor of the consumer and furthermore different tobacco mixtures of different flavors can be used.

Zur Lösung dieser Aufgabe wird daher ein System gemäß Kennzeichen Hauptanspruch vorgeschlagen, wobei besonders bevorzugte Ausführungsformen in den Unteransprüchen erwähnt sind.To achieve this object, a system according to the characterizing part of the main claim is therefore proposed, particularly preferred embodiments being mentioned in the subclaims.

Durch die erfindungsgemäß ausgebildete Tabakpatrone ist es überraschenderweise möglich, dem Selbstverfertiger von Cigaretten die Möglichkeit zu geben, durch Auswahl der Tabakpatrone die Führung des Hauptstromrauches zu verändern und damit auch Aroma seiner Cigarette zu verändern.The tobacco cartridge designed according to the invention surprisingly makes it possible for the self-made cigarette maker to change the way the main flow smoke is selected and thus also to change the aroma of his cigarette by selecting the tobacco cartridge.

Durch die Form der Tabakpatrone läßt sich der Hauptstromrauch aus der Tabakpatrone je nach Wunsch kanalisieren oder verwirbeln, was in Zusammenhang mit einer Perforation im Übergangsbereich zwischen Cigarettenpapierhülse und Mundstücksbelagpapier entsprechend verstärkt werden kann.The shape of the tobacco cartridge allows the main flow smoke from the tobacco cartridge to be channeled or swirled as desired, which can be increased accordingly in connection with a perforation in the transition area between the cigarette paper tube and the tip paper.

Der weitere Vorteil, der sich durch die Durchschnittsverringerung und dadurch ergibt, daß die Cigarettenpatrone hinsichtlich des Durchmessers nicht der Cigarettenhülse angepaßt ist, ist die Ausbildung eines nicht mit Tabak angefüllten Bereiches stromaufwärts oder in unmittelbarer Nähe des Filterpfropfens, der vom Umhüllungsblatt umgeben wird, welches den Filterpfropfen vollständig und den unteren Rumpf der sich anschließenden Hülse aus Cigarettenpapier umgibt. Da der Konsument seine Cigarette niemals bis genau an den Rand des Filterpfropfens aufraucht und demzufolge in der Regel bei den heutzutage marktüblichen Filterhülsen etwa 13% oder mehr der Tabakmenge des Tabakstranges beim Ausdrücken einer Cigarette verwirft, erhält er durch diese im Bereich des Filterstopfens sich ergebende Durchschnittsverringerung der Tabakpatrone einen Leerraum ohne Tabak, den er sonst verwerfen würde. Zum Ausgleich dafür, daß eine Patrone mit geringerer Tabakmenge angeboten wird, können unter Beachtung der gesetzlich vorgeschriebenen Mindestmenge von beispielsweise 25 g Feinschnittabak je Schachtel mit Tabakpatronen nicht 30, sondern beispielsweise 32 Tabakpatronen unter Einhaltung der gesetzlichen Vorschriften dem Konsumenten zur Verfügung gestellt werden.The further advantage of the average reduction and the fact that the diameter of the cigarette cartridge is not adapted to the cigarette tube is the formation of an area not filled with tobacco upstream or in the immediate vicinity of the filter plug, which is surrounded by the wrapping sheet that surrounds the Filter plug completely and surrounds the lower fuselage of the adjoining sleeve made of cigarette paper. Because the consumer never gets his cigarette used up to the very edge of the filter plug and consequently generally discards around 13% or more of the tobacco amount of the tobacco rod when ejecting a cigarette with the filter sleeves currently available on the market, this average reduction of the tobacco cartridge in the area of the filter stopper gives it an empty space without tobacco which he would otherwise reject. To compensate for the fact that a cartridge with a smaller amount of tobacco is offered, taking into account the legally prescribed minimum amount of e.g. 25 g fine-cut tobacco per box of tobacco cartridges, not 32 but for example 32 tobacco cartridges can be made available to the consumer in compliance with the legal regulations.

Diese Verringerung der Tabakmenge ergibt sich sowohl durch die Durchschnittsverringerung im Mundstücksbereich als auch durch die entsprechende Aussparung im meist unteren Mittelbereich der Tabakpatrone, was ebenfalls zu der Erhöhung der Anzahl der Tabakpatronen von beispielsweise 30 auf 32 Patronen in einer 25 g Feinschnittpackung beiträgt.This reduction in the amount of tobacco results both from the average reduction in the mouthpiece area and from the corresponding recess in the mostly lower middle area of the tobacco cartridge, which also contributes to the increase in the number of tobacco cartridges from, for example, 30 to 32 cartridges in a 25 g fine-cut pack.

Im folgenden soll die Erfindung anhand von Zeichnungen näher erläutert werden; es zeigen:

Figur 1:
einen Schnitt durch eine selbstgefertigt erfindungsgemäße Cigarette;
Figur 2:
einen Schnitt analog Figur 1 mit einer abgewandelten Tabakpatrone.
In the following the invention will be explained in more detail with reference to drawings; show it:
Figure 1:
a section through a self-made cigarette according to the invention;
Figure 2:
a section analogous to Figure 1 with a modified tobacco cartridge.

Bei der in Figur 1 gezeigten Cigarette besteht die Tabakpatrone 2 aus einer Tabakportion 4, die von einer luftdurchlässigen Umhüllung 6 umgeben ist, deren Durchlässigkeit derart bemessen ist, daß die Tabakpatrone als solche nicht rauchbar, wenngleich durch Rauchen konsumierbar ist.In the cigarette shown in Figure 1, the tobacco cartridge 2 consists of a tobacco portion 4, which is surrounded by an air-permeable casing 6, the permeability of which is dimensioned such that the tobacco cartridge as such is not smokable, although it can be consumed by smoking.

Die Cigarettenpapierhülse 10 ist mit einem Filterstopfen 12 und einem Mundstückbelagpapier 14 versehen.The cigarette paper tube 10 is provided with a filter plug 12 and a tip paper 14.

Die Tabakpatrone 2 hat wie üblich einen etwas geringeren Durchmesser als die Cigarettenpapierhülse 10, damit sie in die Hülse einschiebbar ist. Erfindungsgemäß hat diese Tabakpatrone Bereiche 16, deren Durchmesser 5 bis 25% und vorzugsweise 10% kleiner als der der Tabakpatrone ist. Dieser Bereich mit kleinerem Durchmesser kann zwischen der Mitte der Tabakpatrone und dem Mundstückbereich liegen und kann bei einer Ausführungsform das Einführende der Tabakpatrone bilden und bis an den Filterpfropfen einführbar sein, wie es in Figur 1 gezeigt ist.As usual, the tobacco cartridge 2 has a somewhat smaller diameter than the cigarette paper tube 10 so that it can be inserted into the tube. According to the invention, this tobacco cartridge has areas 16 whose diameter is 5 to 25% and preferably 10% smaller than that of the tobacco cartridge. This area with a smaller diameter can lie between the center of the tobacco cartridge and the mouthpiece area and, in one embodiment, can form the insertion of the tobacco cartridge and can be inserted up to the filter plug, as shown in FIG. 1.

Bei einer anderen Ausführungsform kann der im Durchmesser kleinere Bereich 16', wie es in Figur 2 gezeigt ist, in dem mittleren Bereich oder im ersten Drittel der Tabakpatrone liegen.In another embodiment, the area 16 ′ with a smaller diameter, as shown in FIG. 2, can be in the middle area or in the first third of the tobacco cartridge.

Die Herstellung derartiger Tabakpatronen läßt sich auf herkömmlichen Vorrichtungen durchführen, indem entweder der Tabakstrang in entsprechenden Abständen in seinem Durchmesser verringert wird und nach Umhüllung geteilt und durch Umkehren der jeweiligen Abschnitte gleich gerichtet wird. Bei einer anderen üblichen Herstellungsweise können analog der Filtercigarettenherstellung die im Durchmesser verringerten Bereiche der Tabakpatrone gesondert hergestellt und anschließend mit Strängen der Tabakpatrone üblichen Durchmessers verbunden bzw. umhüllt und entsprechend geteilt werden.The manufacture of such tobacco cartridges can be carried out on conventional devices, either by reducing the diameter of the tobacco rod at appropriate intervals and, after wrapping, dividing it and straightening it by reversing the respective sections. In another conventional method of manufacture, analogously to the manufacture of filter cigarettes, the regions of the tobacco cartridge with reduced diameter can be produced separately and then connected or encased with strands of the tobacco cartridge of the usual diameter and divided accordingly.

Die gesondert hergestellten Bereiche 16 der Tabakpatrone mit geringerem Durchmesser können andere, vorzugsweise preisgünstigere Tabakmischungen als die der Tabakpatrone enthalten.The separately manufactured areas 16 of the tobacco cartridge with a smaller diameter can contain different, preferably cheaper tobacco mixtures than those of the tobacco cartridge.

Vorzugsweise beträgt die Länge des im Durchmesser kleineren Bereiches 16 das 2-bis 4-fache des Durchmessers der Cigarettenpapierhülse 10; dadurch ergeben sich im unteren Bereich neben der gewünschten Tabakeinsparung vorteilhafte Strömungsverhältnisse, insbesondere bei in diesem Bereich ventilierten Cigaretten. Besonders bevorzugt ist eine Durchmesserdifferenz zwischen Tabakpatrone 2 und den im Durchmesser kleineren Bereich 16 von etwa 0,5 mm.The length of the region 16, which is smaller in diameter, is preferably 2 to 4 times the diameter of the cigarette paper tube 10; This results in advantageous flow conditions in the lower area in addition to the desired tobacco savings, especially for ventilated cigarettes in this area. A diameter difference between tobacco cartridge 2 and the region 16 with a smaller diameter is particularly preferred of approximately 0.5 mm.

Claims (4)

System zur Selbstverfertigung von Filtercigaretten bestehend aus a) einer Cigarettenpapierhülse mit Filtermundstück, b) einer Tabakpatrone, die fabrikatorisch durch einen Schneidvorgang aus einem Tabakstrang abgeteilt und vorgefertigt ist und aus einer stirnseitig offenen, der Tabakfüllung einer fertigen Cigarette entsprechenden und in eine Cigarettenpapierhülse einbringbaren Tabakportion besteht, deren Mantelfläche aus einer derart luftdurchlässigen Umhüllung aus vollständig rauchbarem Material gebildet ist, daß sie als solche nicht abrauchbar, aber nach Einbringung in die Cigarettenpapierhülse durch Rauchen konsumierbar ist, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Tabakpatrone (2), deren größter Durchmesser zum Einbringen in die Cigarettenhülse (10) geringfügig kleiner als deren Durchmesser ist, Bereiche (16) unterschiedlichen Durchmessers aufweist, deren Durchmesser 5 bis 25% kleiner als der des größten Durchmessers der Tabakpatrone ist.System for the self-production of filter cigarettes consisting of a) a cigarette paper tube with filter mouthpiece, b) a tobacco cartridge, which is manufactured and prefabricated by a cutting process from a tobacco rod and which consists of a tobacco portion which is open at the end and corresponds to the tobacco filling of a finished cigarette and can be inserted into a cigarette paper tube, the outer surface of which is formed from such an air-permeable covering made of completely smokable material that it cannot be smoked as such, but can be consumed by smoking after being inserted into the cigarette paper tube, characterized in that the tobacco cartridge (2), the largest diameter for insertion into the cigarette tube (10) is slightly smaller than its diameter, has areas (16) of different diameters, the diameter of which is 5 to 25% smaller than that of the largest diameter of the tobacco cartridge is. System nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der im Durchmesser kleinere Bereich (16) der Tabakpatrone (2) das Einführende der Tabakpatrone bildet und bis an den Filterpfropfen einführbar ist; (Figur 1).System according to Claim 1, characterized in that the area (16) of the tobacco cartridge (2) which is smaller in diameter forms the insertion of the tobacco cartridge and can be inserted up to the filter plug; (Figure 1). System nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der im Durchmesser kleinere Bereich (16') der Tabakpatrone (2) in dem mittleren Bereich oder im ersten Drittelbereich der Tabakpatrone liegt.System according to claim 1, characterized in that the area (16 ') of the tobacco cartridge (2) which is smaller in diameter lies in the middle area or in the first third area of the tobacco cartridge. System nach Anspruch 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Bereiche unterschiedlichen Durchmessers aus verschiedenen Tabakamischungen bestehen.System according to claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the areas of different diameters consist of different tobacco mixtures.
EP92101782A 1991-03-01 1992-02-04 Method for producing home-made filter cigarettes Revoked EP0501181B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE4107024A DE4107024C2 (en) 1991-03-01 1991-03-01 System for self-production of filter cigarettes
DE4107024 1991-03-01

Publications (2)

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EP0501181A1 true EP0501181A1 (en) 1992-09-02
EP0501181B1 EP0501181B1 (en) 1995-06-14

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EP92101782A Revoked EP0501181B1 (en) 1991-03-01 1992-02-04 Method for producing home-made filter cigarettes

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EP (1) EP0501181B1 (en)
AT (1) ATE123629T1 (en)
BA (1) BA96159A (en)
CZ (1) CZ282582B6 (en)
DE (2) DE4107024C2 (en)
EE (1) EE03013B1 (en)
HR (1) HRP920026B1 (en)
HU (1) HU214953B (en)
LT (1) LT3407B (en)
LV (1) LV10746B (en)
MD (1) MD325C2 (en)
MX (1) MX9200823A (en)
PL (1) PL167800B1 (en)
RU (1) RU2055496C1 (en)
SI (1) SI9200027B (en)
SK (1) SK278884B6 (en)
UA (1) UA27774C2 (en)
YU (1) YU48155B (en)

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LV10746A (en) 1995-08-20
HU214953B (en) 1998-08-28
UA27774C2 (en) 2000-10-16
HRP920026A2 (en) 1995-02-28
PL167800B1 (en) 1995-11-30
SI9200027B (en) 2001-04-30
YU20592A (en) 1994-06-24
PL293622A1 (en) 1992-11-02
DE59202480D1 (en) 1995-07-20
HU9200535D0 (en) 1992-04-28
MX9200823A (en) 1992-09-01
LV10746B (en) 1996-04-20
MD325B1 (en) 1995-11-30
BA96159A (en) 2000-11-06
YU48155B (en) 1997-05-28
SI9200027A (en) 1992-11-27
MD325C2 (en) 1996-03-31
DE4107024C2 (en) 1993-12-23
LT3407B (en) 1995-09-25
RU2055496C1 (en) 1996-03-10
EP0501181B1 (en) 1995-06-14
CS59992A3 (en) 1992-12-16
DE4107024A1 (en) 1992-09-03
SK278884B6 (en) 1998-04-08
LTIP824A (en) 1995-02-27
HUT73334A (en) 1996-07-29
CZ282582B6 (en) 1997-08-13
HRP920026B1 (en) 1998-06-30
ATE123629T1 (en) 1995-06-15
EE03013B1 (en) 1997-08-15

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