EP0500491A1 - Appareil de pulvérisation par plasma de matériaux en poudre ou gazeux - Google Patents

Appareil de pulvérisation par plasma de matériaux en poudre ou gazeux Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0500491A1
EP0500491A1 EP92810094A EP92810094A EP0500491A1 EP 0500491 A1 EP0500491 A1 EP 0500491A1 EP 92810094 A EP92810094 A EP 92810094A EP 92810094 A EP92810094 A EP 92810094A EP 0500491 A1 EP0500491 A1 EP 0500491A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
plasma
cathode
anode
spraying device
channel
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP92810094A
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German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0500491B1 (fr
Inventor
Klaus Dr.-Ing. Landes
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Oerlikon Metco AG
Original Assignee
Sulzer Metco AG
Plasma Tecknik AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Sulzer Metco AG, Plasma Tecknik AG filed Critical Sulzer Metco AG
Publication of EP0500491A1 publication Critical patent/EP0500491A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0500491B1 publication Critical patent/EP0500491B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
    • H05H1/00—Generating plasma; Handling plasma
    • H05H1/24—Generating plasma
    • H05H1/26—Plasma torches
    • H05H1/32—Plasma torches using an arc
    • H05H1/42—Plasma torches using an arc with provisions for introducing materials into the plasma, e.g. powder, liquid
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
    • H05H1/00—Generating plasma; Handling plasma
    • H05H1/24—Generating plasma
    • H05H1/26—Plasma torches
    • H05H1/32—Plasma torches using an arc
    • H05H1/34—Details, e.g. electrodes, nozzles
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
    • H05H1/00—Generating plasma; Handling plasma
    • H05H1/24—Generating plasma
    • H05H1/26—Plasma torches
    • H05H1/32—Plasma torches using an arc
    • H05H1/34—Details, e.g. electrodes, nozzles
    • H05H1/3484—Convergent-divergent nozzles
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
    • H05H1/00—Generating plasma; Handling plasma
    • H05H1/24—Generating plasma
    • H05H1/26—Plasma torches
    • H05H1/32—Plasma torches using an arc
    • H05H1/34—Details, e.g. electrodes, nozzles
    • H05H1/3436—Hollow cathodes with internal coolant flow
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
    • H05H1/00—Generating plasma; Handling plasma
    • H05H1/24—Generating plasma
    • H05H1/26—Plasma torches
    • H05H1/32—Plasma torches using an arc
    • H05H1/34—Details, e.g. electrodes, nozzles
    • H05H1/3452—Supplementary electrodes between cathode and anode, e.g. cascade

Definitions

  • plasma sprayers for spraying e.g. powdery material in the molten state are plasma sprayers in use which work with an indirect plasmatron, i.e. a plasma generator with an electrically non-current-carrying plasma jet flowing out of a nozzle.
  • an indirect plasmatron i.e. a plasma generator with an electrically non-current-carrying plasma jet flowing out of a nozzle.
  • the plasma is generated by an arc and passed through a plasma channel to an outflow nozzle, a distinction being made between devices with a short arc and those with a long arc.
  • the plasma which is generated by a powerful arc discharge between a pin-shaped cathode and a hollow cylindrical anode, is melted and axially accelerated, e.g. powder spray material, e.g. Metal or ceramic powder, added laterally in the area of the anode opening.
  • powder spray material e.g. Metal or ceramic powder
  • this type of powder input is unfavorable, since the powder particles, depending on their size and entry speed, are treated differently in the plasma jet. Large powder particles e.g. fly through the plasma jet and are not melted. This leads to poor use of the spray material and to a reduction in the quality of the plasma-sprayed layer.
  • the complex interrelationships between the operating parameters make it difficult to optimize the plasma spraying process. Above all, the disruption of the plasma jet by the carrier gas that flows in from the side and is necessary for the powder transport has a disadvantageous effect.
  • EP 0 249 238 A2 discloses a plasma spraying device in which the spraying material is supplied axially, specifically through a tube which is introduced radially into the nozzle cavity from the side on a nozzle placed in front of the anode and bent into the nozzle axis within the latter is.
  • the arrangement of the feed tube within the plasma jet leads to difficulties because the feed tube and the plasma jet adversely affect one another.
  • the flow of the plasma jet through the feed tube is mechanically hindered, on the other hand, the feed tube in the center of the plasma jet is subjected to extremely high thermal stress.
  • such a device has an elongated plasma channel which extends from the cathode to the anode and is formed by a number of ring-shaped neutrodes which are electrically insulated from one another.
  • the long arc can develop greater thermal energy than a short arc, but is also exposed to more intensive cooling in the longer, relatively narrow plasma channel.
  • DE-GM 1 932 150 shows a plasma spraying device of this type for spraying powdery material, with an indirect plasmatron, which works with a short arc.
  • a hollow cylindrical cathode works together with a likewise hollow cylindrical, nozzle-shaped anode, the cathode protruding into the anode arranged coaxially to this.
  • the hollow cathode also serves as a feed pipe for the spray material, which is introduced axially into the arc space in this way.
  • the plasma gas passes through the annular gap between the cathode and anode into the arc space and then into the anode nozzle, through which the plasma jet is constricted.
  • a disadvantage of this arrangement is the relatively short service life due to the relatively high amperages.
  • the residence time of the spray material emerging from the hollow cathode in the arc space is quite short, so that the powder particles can absorb only relatively little thermal energy in this space, especially since the arc attachment lies at the edge of the cathode and therefore outside the powder jet axis. It may be of advantage that under these circumstances the powder particles have not yet melted until they emerge from the anode nozzle and therefore cannot be deposited on the wall of the anode nozzle. On the other hand, the predominant amount of energy for melting and accelerating the powder particles from the free plasma jet must be applied.
  • the invention relates to a plasma spraying device for spraying solid, powdery or gaseous material, with an indirect plasmatron for generating a long arc, which has at least one cathode, an annular anode distanced from the cathode and one extending from the cathode to the anode stretching plasma channel, which is formed by the anode ring and a number of annular, mutually electrically isolated neutrodes, and with means for an axial supply of the spray material into the plasma jet.
  • the invention aims to improve the efficiency and the service life of such a plasma spraying device and is intended to ensure that the spraying material supplied is processed more uniformly.
  • the invention consists in that the means for supplying the spray material are located at the cathode-side end of the plasma channel and that the plasma channel has a constriction zone in the region near the cathode and widens from this constriction zone towards the anode.
  • the constriction zone compresses the plasma formed in the inlet area of the plasma channel and at the same time narrows the electrical current distribution. This causes an increase in pressure and temperature in terms of gas dynamics and an electrically increased heating in the center of the plasma jet. It is also assumed that the electrical current lines brought together in the constriction zone remain concentrated in the wider area of the plasma channel due to the attraction of parallel current threads and keep the plasma compressed thanks to a so-called plasma dynamic pinch effect. Practical tests with the mentioned constriction zone have shown in any case that an increased energy density and speed of the plasma occurs in the zone of the cathode space near the axis into which the spray material is introduced. The heat transfer to the spray material, e.g. on the powder particles for melting them and the axial acceleration of the powder particles improved. Without the constriction zone, a "cold soul" in the plasma jet is also visually recognizable. However, the constriction zone according to the invention has no anodic function.
  • EP 0 157 407 A2 also shows a plasmatron working with a short arc, in which the plasma channel has an extension following a constriction.
  • the expanded area of the plasma channel is, however, outside the anode nozzle.
  • the plasma is not cooled in this area, but is additionally heated by external action, and no passage of spray material through this channel area is provided.
  • a major advantage of a plasma spraying device working with a long arc and with spray material introduced axially in the cathode compartment is that thermal energy is supplied to the spray material over the entire length of the high-energy arc, so that the spray material emerges from the plasma channel in the molten state.
  • the inventive expansion of the plasma channel from the constriction zone to the anode makes it possible to greatly reduce the heat loss from the bundled plasma jet and to reduce the amount of coolant. It is precisely the shifting of the energy concentration into the arc space that makes it possible to provide an anode with a larger inner diameter instead of an anode nozzle, since at this point it is no longer necessary to influence the free plasma jet by a nozzle effect.
  • the plasma channel at the anode-side end has a diameter at least 1.5 times as large as at the narrowest point of the constriction zone.
  • the expanded part of the plasma channel following the constriction zone can be wholly or partly cylindrical or conical.
  • the cavity of the anode can be flared outwards.
  • the anode can be offset outwards in the channel profile, i.e. the annular anode can have a larger inner diameter than the neutrode adjacent to the anode.
  • the neutrodes forming the plasma channel are usually separated from one another by ring-shaped insulating disks which are generally set back with respect to the channel wall in order to prevent them from being subjected to excessive heat from the plasma jet.
  • the channel wall is through gaps interrupted between the neutrodes, which can lead to undesirable turbulence at the edge of the plasma beam, especially in the inlet area of the plasma channel, in which the plasma is concentrated by the channel wall.
  • a gas-dynamically favorable solution consists in that the neutrode closest to the cathode extends at least to the narrowest point of the constriction zone. This means that there is only a single neutrode in this area, which forms a continuous channel wall.
  • the spray material is preferably introduced into the cathode space through a tube with the aid of a carrier. From here, the particle tracks run essentially within a cone due to the shot effect. With the expansion of the plasma channel mentioned, it can now be achieved that this cone as a whole spreads exclusively within the plasma channel and does not intersect the channel wall, so that no molten particles can deposit on the channel wall. In contrast, an impact of the powder particles on the channel wall in the constriction zone does not lead to deposits, since the powder particles have not yet melted in this area.
  • a central tube can be provided in a manner known per se, which is axially aligned with the plasma channel and projects into the cavity of the neutrode closest to the cathode.
  • this is preferably designed as a hollow cathode, which at the same time forms the tube for supplying the spray material or surrounds a tube insulated from it.
  • rod-shaped cathodes can also be provided, which are arranged distributed in a circle around the central tube.
  • the plasma channel 4 is formed by a number of ring-shaped neutrodes 6 to 12 which are electrically insulated from one another and the ring-shaped anode 3.
  • the cathode rods 1 are anchored in a cathode support 13 made of insulating material.
  • a sleeve-shaped anode carrier 14 made of insulating material, which surrounds the neutrodes 6 to 12 and the anode 3.
  • the whole is held together by three metal sleeves 15, 16 and 17, the first sleeve 15 being screwed to the end on the end face and the second sleeve 16 being screwed to the first circumference, while the third sleeve 17 is loosely anchored on the one hand to the second sleeve 16 and on the other hand is screwed circumferentially to the anode carrier 14.
  • the third sleeve 17 also presses with an inwardly directed flange 18 against the anode ring 3 and thus holds the elements forming the plasma channel 4 together, the neutrode 6 closest to the cathodes being supported on an inner collar 19 of the anode carrier 13.
  • the cathode rods 1 carry at their free ends cathode pins 20 which are made of an electrically and thermally particularly conductive and also high-melting material, e.g. thoriated tungsten.
  • the cathode pins 20 are arranged eccentrically to the respective axis of the cathode rods 1 in such a way that their longitudinal axes are closer to the central longitudinal axis 2 than those of the cathode rods 1.
  • a central insulating body 21 made of high-melting, in particular, is attached to the cathode carrier 13 glass-ceramic material from which the cathode pins 20 protrude into the cavity 22 of the inlet nozzle formed by the first neutrode 6.
  • the exposed part of the outer circumferential surface of the insulating body 21 lies radially opposite a part of the nozzle wall and forms with this wall part an annular channel 23 for the inlet of the plasma gas into the nozzle cavity 22.
  • the supply of the spray material SM, e.g. Metal or ceramic powder into the plasma jet is carried out with the aid of a carrier gas TG at the cathode-side end of the plasma channel 4.
  • a pipe 24 running in the longitudinal axis 2 and held by the insulating body 21 is provided, which also opens into the nozzle cavity 22, whereby the cathode tips 20 extend beyond the mouth 25 of the tube 24.
  • the plasma gas PG is fed through a transverse channel 26 provided in the cathode carrier 13, which transitions into a longitudinal channel 27, from which the plasma gas reaches an annular space 28 and from there into the annular channel 23.
  • a distributor ring 29 with a plurality of through bores 30 is seated on the insulating body 21 provided which connect the annular space 28 with the annular channel 23.
  • the elements forming the plasma channel 4, namely the anode 3 and the neutrodes 6 to 12, are made of insulating material, e.g. Boron nitride, electrically insulated from one another and gas-tightly connected to one another by sealing rings 32.
  • the plasma channel 4 has a constriction zone 33 in the vicinity of the cathode and, following this constriction zone 33, widens towards the anode 3 to a diameter which is at least 1.5 times the channel diameter at the narrowest point of the constriction zone 33 this expansion, the plasma channel 4 runs cylindrical to its anode-side end.
  • neutrodes 6 to 12 e.g. consist of copper
  • the anode 3 is made of an outer ring 34, e.g. made of copper, and an inner ring 35 made of an electrically and thermally particularly conductive and also high-melting material, e.g. thoriated tungsten.
  • the neutrode 6 closest to the cathode rods 1 extends over the entire constriction zone 33, so that the channel wall 52 unites beyond the narrowest point of the constriction zone has a steady course.
  • the parts directly exposed to the arc and plasma heat are largely water-cooled.
  • different cavities for the circulation of the cooling water KW are provided in the cathode holder 13, in the cathode rods 1 and in the anode holder 14.
  • the cathode holder 13 has three annular spaces 36, 37 and 38 which are connected to connecting lines 39, 40 and 41, respectively, and the anode holder 14 has an annular space 42 in the region of the anode 3 and one surrounding all neutrodes in the region of the neutrodes 6 to 12 Cavity 43 on.
  • Cooling water KW is supplied via the connecting lines 39 and 41.
  • the cooling water of the connecting line 39 first passes through a longitudinal channel 44 to the annular space 42 surrounding the most thermally stressed anode 3.
  • the cooling water flows through the cavity 43 of the lateral surface of the neutrodes 6 to 12 back through a longitudinal channel 45 into the annular space 37
  • the cooling water of the connecting line 41 flows into an annular space 38 and out of this into a cavity 46 of the cathode rods 1, which is divided by a cylindrical partition wall 47.
  • the cooling water likewise arrives from the cathode rods 1 into the annular space 37, from which it flows out via the connecting line 40.
  • FIG. 3 shows the approximate course of the arc 48 during operation of the plasma spraying device according to FIGS. 1 and 2, as well as the flow course of the plasma gas PG and the trajectory of the spraying material SM.
  • the effect of the constriction zone 33 and the subsequent expansion of the plasma channel 4 can clearly be seen.
  • the existence of the channel wall 50 relative to the plasma jet is relatively large. Under these circumstances, the channel wall 50 is subjected to less thermal stress in this area, and the cooling capacity can be reduced accordingly.
  • a single cathode 54 is provided, which is designed as a hollow cathode.
  • the neutrode cascade 55 and the anode ring 56, which form the plasma channel 57, are constructed in principle in the same way as the corresponding parts in the embodiment according to FIG. 1, with the difference that the inlet nozzle 58 can run flat here and that the anode ring 56 has a larger inner diameter than the neutrode 59 closest to the anode ring 56.
  • a tube 60 is inserted into the hollow cathode 54 for supplying the spray material, the mouth 61 of which protrudes towards the end of the cathode 54.
  • An insulating tube 62 which projects beyond the mouth 61 of the tube 60 and fixes the tube 60 radially with a spacer ring 63, provides the necessary insulation between the cathode 54 and the tube 60 and protects the latter from excessive heating. Otherwise, the plasma spraying device can be constructed identically or similarly to that according to FIG. 1.
  • FIG. 5 finally shows yet another embodiment of the anode 64, in which the inner wall 65 of the anode ring 66 used is conical to the outside.
EP92810094A 1991-02-21 1992-02-10 Appareil de pulvérisation par plasma de matériaux en poudre ou gazeux Expired - Lifetime EP0500491B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE4105408 1991-02-21
DE4105408A DE4105408C1 (fr) 1991-02-21 1991-02-21

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0500491A1 true EP0500491A1 (fr) 1992-08-26
EP0500491B1 EP0500491B1 (fr) 1995-10-18

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EP92810094A Expired - Lifetime EP0500491B1 (fr) 1991-02-21 1992-02-10 Appareil de pulvérisation par plasma de matériaux en poudre ou gazeux

Country Status (6)

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US (1) US5225652A (fr)
EP (1) EP0500491B1 (fr)
JP (1) JP3258694B2 (fr)
AT (1) ATE129378T1 (fr)
CA (1) CA2061158C (fr)
DE (2) DE4105408C1 (fr)

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EP0851720A1 (fr) * 1996-12-23 1998-07-01 Sulzer Metco AG Plasmatron à arc non transféré
EP2147582B1 (fr) * 2007-05-15 2016-10-12 Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e.V. Source de plasma
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EP0596830A1 (fr) * 1992-11-06 1994-05-11 Sulzer Metco AG Appareil de pulvérisation par plasma
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CH712835A1 (de) * 2016-08-26 2018-02-28 Amt Ag Plasmaspritzvorrichtung.

Also Published As

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JP3258694B2 (ja) 2002-02-18
JPH0584454A (ja) 1993-04-06
ATE129378T1 (de) 1995-11-15
EP0500491B1 (fr) 1995-10-18
US5225652A (en) 1993-07-06
DE59204023D1 (de) 1995-11-23
DE4105408C1 (fr) 1992-09-17
CA2061158C (fr) 1998-06-30
CA2061158A1 (fr) 1992-08-22

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