EP0493458A1 - Toile d'egouttage pour section de presse. - Google Patents

Toile d'egouttage pour section de presse.

Info

Publication number
EP0493458A1
EP0493458A1 EP90914113A EP90914113A EP0493458A1 EP 0493458 A1 EP0493458 A1 EP 0493458A1 EP 90914113 A EP90914113 A EP 90914113A EP 90914113 A EP90914113 A EP 90914113A EP 0493458 A1 EP0493458 A1 EP 0493458A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
fabric
dewatering
flattened
fabric according
dewatering fabric
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP90914113A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0493458B1 (fr
Inventor
Graham William Jackson
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Jwi Ltd
Original Assignee
Jwi Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Jwi Ltd filed Critical Jwi Ltd
Priority to AT90914113T priority Critical patent/ATE94230T1/de
Publication of EP0493458A1 publication Critical patent/EP0493458A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0493458B1 publication Critical patent/EP0493458B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21F—PAPER-MAKING MACHINES; METHODS OF PRODUCING PAPER THEREON
    • D21F1/00—Wet end of machines for making continuous webs of paper
    • D21F1/0027—Screen-cloths
    • D21F1/0054—Seams thereof
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21F—PAPER-MAKING MACHINES; METHODS OF PRODUCING PAPER THEREON
    • D21F7/00—Other details of machines for making continuous webs of paper
    • D21F7/08—Felts
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21F—PAPER-MAKING MACHINES; METHODS OF PRODUCING PAPER THEREON
    • D21F1/00—Wet end of machines for making continuous webs of paper
    • D21F1/0027—Screen-cloths
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21F—PAPER-MAKING MACHINES; METHODS OF PRODUCING PAPER THEREON
    • D21F1/00—Wet end of machines for making continuous webs of paper
    • D21F1/0027—Screen-cloths
    • D21F1/0036—Multi-layer screen-cloths
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21F—PAPER-MAKING MACHINES; METHODS OF PRODUCING PAPER THEREON
    • D21F7/00—Other details of machines for making continuous webs of paper
    • D21F7/08—Felts
    • D21F7/083—Multi-layer felts

Definitions

  • This invention relates to dewatering fabrics used in the pres section of a paper making machine, and is particularly concerned with suc a fabric including flattened onofilaments configured to provide improve water removal and reduced paper marking.
  • a thin, wet, sel supporting web of matted paper fibers having a consistency of from abou 15% to about 25% (that is a wet paper web containing from about 15% t about 25% of fibers and other solids and from about 75% to 85% water), is passed though a series of pressure rollers whilst supported on a series o endless belts of permeable felts.
  • some o the water in the paper web is transferred to the felt by the action o line nip pressure between the press rolls.
  • the wet paper web will have a consistency of from about 30% to about 50%.
  • pressure rolls are used in pairs.
  • One roll usually is smooth, and may be provided with an elastomeric (typically rubber) surface.
  • the other roll has a contoured surface usually made also of an elastomeric material adapted to provide voids into which water can be transported from the press felt.
  • a roll having a grooved surface wherein the grooves are around the roll and essentially perpendicular to the roll axis is commonly used.
  • the press felt acts as an intermediary between these grooves (or other receptacles, such as perforations) and the wet paper web.
  • water is squeezed from the paper web by the smooth roll into the compressed felt and ultimately into the roll grooves.
  • the felt and wet paper web leave the nip, some of the water remaining in the felt can be transferred back to, and be reabsorbed by, the wet paper web.
  • a press felt comprises a combination of a base cloth having needle punched to it a staple fiber batt.
  • a single layer of batt is used, needle punched to the paper side of the base cloth.
  • two layers of batt are used, one on each side of the base cloth, to which they are both needle punched. It is known that the batt fibers tend to be aligned in the direction the batt is laid on the base cloth. If the batt is cross lapped, that is, laid essentially in the cross-machine direction, then in addition to the batt fibers being aligned across the machine, a cross lap line exists between successive strips of batt.
  • the batt can be laid substantially in the machine direction using, for example, the method described by Dilo, in U.S. 3,508,307, which both eliminates the cross-machine mass variations and provides better drainage due to the fiber alignment in the batt being in the machine direction.
  • the base fabrics of modern press felts can include a pin seam and are typically woven of synthetic, circular cross-section monof laments as both the warp and weft, as typified by Lilja in U.S. 4,601,785.
  • the machine direction yarns, which form the pin-receiving loops of these felts, must be monofilaments for the loops to retain their shape, thereby ensuring that the fabric may be easily seamed during its installation on the paper making machine.
  • a machine side batt must then be used to assist adhesion of the paper side batt.
  • a further disadvantage of press felt base fabrics woven of all round monofilaments is that they tend to form prominent knuckles at warp and weft intersection points.
  • a further disadvantage is that the area of contact between warp and weft cross-overs is limited to a point. The fabric is thus susceptible to diagonal distortion or sleaziness.
  • Miller et al . define their improved press felt as "comprising an open-mesh fabric woven of a plurality of synthetic filaments extending in both the lateral and longitudinal directions, and at least one batt of staple fibers needled thereto, characterised in tha at least some of the filaments extending in the lateral direction ar monofilaments having a flattened cross-section, the long axis of whic lies parallel to the plane of the fabric".
  • Mille et al. recommend that the aspect ratio (that is the ratio of width t thickness) should be from 1.2:1 to 3:1, with a value of about 2:1 bein preferred, for these flattened monofilaments.
  • Kositzke advocates the use of flattened monofilament in which the ratio of width to height is of th order of 1.2:1 to 1.3:1.
  • Flat monofilaments have been proposed for drye fabrics to reduce air permeability (Buchanan et al., U.S. 4,290,209) or t increase surface contact (Malmendier, U.S. 4,621,663). It is also known to extrude such flat monofilaments with contoured surfaces (Langston et al., U.S. 4,643,119).
  • the key feature of the Miller et al. press felt is the use in the base fabric of a flattened monofilament. It has now been discovered that similar flattened monofilaments can be used to provide an improved press dewatering fabric offering both improvements in web dewatering and resistance to paper marking by either the dewatering fabric or the press roll grooves. Furthermore, the paper side batt required by Miller et al . can be omitted in some applications.
  • flattened monofilaments are used both at a high fill factor and in a weave pattern that provides a long float surface on the paper side of the fabric.
  • These features of the dewatering fabrics of this invention appear to impart to the fabric a relatively flat, smooth, almost platform-like surface on the paper side of the fabric. This relatively flat surface appears to transfer the mechanical loads imposed by the press rolls in a way that provides improved pressure uniformity. It is also believed that the improved paper web dewatering capabilities and the resistance to paper marking shown by the fabrics of this invention may be directly related to the pressure uniformity characteristics of these fabrics under compressive loading.
  • this invention provides a woven dewatering fabric for the press section of a paper making machine having opposed side edges, the fabric having a cross machine direction extending between the side edges and a machine direction extending perpendicularly to the cross-machine direction, and having a fabric weave pattern tha provides long exposed floats on the paper side of the fabric of monofilament warp yarn having a flattened cross-section with an aspec ratio of at least 1.5:1, having a fill factor for the flattene monofilament of at least 45%, and having a float ratio for the expose floats of the flattened monofilaments expressed by the formula of a/b wherein:
  • the fill factor for the flattened monofilaments is at least 60%. More preferably, the fill factor is at least 80%; most preferably the fill factor is about 85%.
  • the dewatering fabric is of a single layer construction but the benefits of this invention can also be obtained with more complex fabrics.
  • the float ratio for the flattened monofilaments calculated as detailed above, is at least 5/8 and more preferably is from 3/4 to 7/8.
  • the aspect ratio of the flattened monofilament is at least 1.6:1 and most preferably at least about 2:1.
  • a press dewatering fabric can be woven in several ways. It can be woven as a closed endless loop of the desired length, and which may include a pin seam. Alternatively, the fabric can be woven as a continuous run of flat fabric, a suitable length of which is then seamed, for example with a pin seam, to provide the required endless loop.
  • the warp yarns lie in the cross machine direction, and comprise the flattened monofilaments of this invention.
  • the fabric is to be used in the press section with a needled batt applied either to the paper side, or to both sides of the fabric, a fabric woven as a closed endless loop is preferred.
  • the endless loop may also include a pin seam.
  • press felts are constructed from nylon monofilaments with nylon staple fibers as the batt, although polyester and othe materials have been used. It is preferred to use nylon monofilaments an staple fibers for this invention, but this invention is not limited t this material.
  • Figure 1 shows in schematic form a dewatering fabric according to this invention
  • Figure 2 shows the fabric of Figure 1 with a paper side batt
  • Figure 3 shows the fabric of Figure 1 with batts on both sides
  • Figure 4 shows typical flattened monofilament cross-sections
  • Figure 5 illustrates some alternative weave patterns for single and double layer fabrics
  • Figures 6 and 7 illustrate pin seam structures
  • Figure 8 illustrates the weave structures used in the examples.
  • FIG 1 one example of a dewatering fabric according t this invention is shown schematically, generally at 1.
  • the arrow 2 indicates the cross-machine direction
  • the arrow 3 indicates th machine direction.
  • the fabric is thus one made as a closed loop by endless weaving.
  • arrows 2 and 3 are interchanged: 2 becomes the machine direction and 3 becomes the cross-machine direction.
  • a single layer fabric is shown comprising essentially parallel weft yarns 4 and essentially parallel flattened warp monofilaments 5.
  • the weft yarns 4 can be any of those commonly used in such a fabric, including monofilaments, spun yarns and braided yarns.
  • porous layers such as a needle punched fiber batt, may be attached to the fabric.
  • a paper side batt is shown generally at 6A, and a machine side batt generally at 6B. It is preferred that a paper side batt 6A be applied substantially perpendicular to the flattened monofilament warps 5, that is, substantially parallel to the arrow 3.
  • these filaments have a width W and a thickness T.
  • the aspect ratio of such a filament is defined as the ratio W:T.
  • the aspect ratio is 4:1.
  • the aspect ratio should be greater than 2:1, and preferably of the order 2:1 to 20:1. If T is made too low, the filament becomes too thin and too flexible to prevent both the knuckle pattern of the weft yarns 4 and the groove, or other pattern, in the press roll from being transmitted to the paper in the press roll nip. Such marking of the paper surface is not desirable.
  • a suitable lower limit for T appears to be at about 0.1 mm.
  • the lowest value for the aspect ratio is 1:1; that is, a substantially square monofilament.
  • the long exposed floats of the flattened monofilament provide something approximating to a flat surface to support the wet paper web.
  • the aspect ratio is made too small, it becomes difficult to create such a fabric with currently available machinery, even at the high flattened monofilament fill factors used in this invention.
  • An undesirable degree of twisting of the flattened monofilaments appears to occur if the aspect ratio is less than about 1.3:1.
  • an aspect ratio of 2:1 or higher is preferred.
  • the upper limit for the aspect ratio appears to be determined by the weaving equipment. A practical upper limit appears to be at about 100:1.
  • the monofilament shown generally at 7 in Figure 4(b) with an aspect ratio of 4:1 has four flat faces 8 separated by three grooves 9 on each side. It is found in practice that the needles will tend to punch through in the grooves 9 ather than the faces 8 with such a monofilament.
  • the orientation of the flattened monofilaments is of importance in the context of pin seams. Due to the fact that the wefts used are of a substantially circular cross-section, in a needle punching operation few of the wefts are punctured by the needles: in most cases the weft is simply deflected a little sideways by the needle. It is therefore advantageous to form the pin seam from the undamaged weft yarns. Since the wefts are in the machine direction in a fabric woven as a closed loop, it is preferred to use such a fabric if a batt is to be applied. Alternatively, if no batt is to be used, then it may be advantageous to form the pin seam using the flattened monofilament warp yarns.
  • FIGs 5, 6(b), 7(b) and 8 are shown diagrammatic cross-sections for various possible dewatering fabric constructions, of which three, as is discussed in more detail below, are outside the scope of this invention ( Figures 5(d), 8(a) and 8(e)) and are given for comparison purposes.
  • the float ratio represents the proportion of a flattened monofilament warp which provides a long, exposed float on the paper side of the fabric, as at 10 in this group of Figures.
  • the float ratio is expressed as a "ratio" a/b in which a and b are integers, and
  • the observed float ratio must satisfy two further limitations: (iii) "a” is greater than 1; and (iv) "a" is greater than one half of "b".
  • the float ratio in a given fabric need not be constant either along a given flattened monofilament, or for all of the monofilaments in a given weave. Further, not all of the exposed floats need have a float ratio in accordance with the limitations placed on a and b in this invention, although maximum benefit will be obtained if all of the flattened monofilaments do have a float ratio in accordance with those limitations.
  • Figure 5(c) shows a fabric with varying float ratios: from the top downwards the float ratios are: 7/8, 5/8, 6/8, 1/8, 4/8, 6/8, 3/8 and 5/8.
  • the float length periodically along the length of the warps it is also possible to change the float length periodically along the length of the warps, to provide, for example, in sequence a 1/2 unit, and then a 5/6 unit.
  • the overall length of the full pattern repeat should be used: the preceding example gives a float ratio of 6/8.
  • the proportion of the flattened monofilament warps woven with float ratios in which both a and b are small numbers, or in which a is close to one half of b then the dewatering properties of the fabric will be impaired, and the risk of the fabric imparting knuckle marks to the paper will increase.
  • the fill factor expresses essentially just how much of the space in the fabric is taken up by the yarns from which it is constructed It can be measured for both the warp and the weft yarns. It is given by:
  • N is the number of yarns in a given distance D; and (ii) W is the maximum lateral width of the yarn.
  • N is also known as the yarn count.
  • W is the yarn diameter.
  • W is the monofilament width as indicated in Figure 4(a). Both D and W are measured in the same units.
  • the fill factor for the flattened monofilaments should be above 45%, preferably at least 60%, and more preferably is about 80%, with a value of 85% being most preferred. As noted earlier, this high fill factor aids in batt retention when these are used.
  • the yarn count, N determines the amount of support provided to the long exposed floats. These need to be supported enough to substantially prevent them from sagging under the pressure applied to the dewatering fabric in the press roll nip. If the flattened monofilaments in a warp are relatively thick, have a high fill factor, and the press roll line pressure is relatively low, then the weft yarn count can be decreased. Generally, it is found that the yarn count should be relatively high for the yarns other than the flattened monofilaments.
  • FIGs 6 and 7 Typical pin seams of largely conventional construction are shown in Figures 6 and 7.
  • the fabric is one woven as a closed loop, with the exposed warp floats 10 in the cross machine direction.
  • Figure 7 the fabric is one woven as a continuous flat run, with the exposed warp floats 10 in the machine direction.
  • the batt 6A is shown only in Figure 6(c) for clarity. Referring first to Figure 6, the fabric shown in face view in Figure 6(a) is shown in section along the lines I-I in Figure 6(b), and along the lines II-II in Figure 6(c).
  • the fabric which has a float ratio of 5/8, comprises flattened warps 20, two layers of wefts 21 and 22, a single surface batt 6A, and a pin seam pin 23.
  • the pin seam is constructed by providing loops as at 24 in the weft yarns which may be a plain bend ( Figure 6(c)) or a more or less complete loop ( Figure 6(d)).
  • the pin is removed, the fabric is fed through the press section, and the loop is closed by reinterdigitating the fabric butt end loops and reinserting the pin.
  • FIG 7 the construction is substantially the same.
  • the fabric weave is essentially the same, including flattened monofilament warps 20, two layers of wefts 21 and 22, and a pin seam pin 23.
  • FIG 7(a) For clarity only one side of the seam is shown in Figure 7(a).
  • the warp end 27 can be re-entered into the weave to form an overlapped joint in a fashion that is well known in the art, since it will then be crimped to fit the existing weave pattern.
  • the flattened monofilaments in either configuration provide a surface that offers excellent paper side batt adherence, possibly eliminating the need for a machine side batt. This is because the flat monofilaments split when needled, trapping the batt fibers and anchoring them in the base fabric. Flattened monofilaments reduce paper marking because the warp and weft cross-over points are not as prominent as those formed of all-round monofilaments. Pin-seamed fabrics woven according to the invention are also more resistant to diagonal distortion because the area of contact between the flat and round monofilaments at cross-overs is greater than that found at cross-overs of two round yarns.
  • Consistency is defined as the percentage of dry paper solids (fibers, fillers, and so forth) in the wet paper web.
  • a typical consistency entering a press section is 22%.
  • the exiting consistency will typically be from about 38% to about 41%.
  • upper layer (31) 350 tex multifilaments; woven at a pitch of 1.1 mm lower layer (30): as in Table I Warp: 0.2 by 0.4 mm without grooves; fill factor: 80%
  • the ingoing consistency of the paper was 35%.
  • the data for MA3 and MA25 is included for comparison purposes.
  • the float ratio is one in which a is one half of b, and thus is outside this invention.
  • the woven dewatering fabric of this invention may not require a porous structure such as a batt on the paper side surface. If a batt is used, some thought needs also to be given to the direction in which it is to be laid. If the dewatering fabric is an endless woven loop with flattened monofilament warps in the cross machine direction then the batt should be laid in the machine direction using, for example, the Dilo method (see U.S. 3,508,307). If the dewatering fabric is a flat woven fabric in which the warps are the flattened monofilaments then a cross lapped batt structure is preferred. But if the dewatering fabric is a flat woven fabric in which the wefts are the flattened monofilaments, then the batt should be preferably laid in the machine direction. Again, the Dilo method can be used.

Landscapes

  • Paper (AREA)
  • Woven Fabrics (AREA)
  • Drying Of Solid Materials (AREA)
  • Treatment Of Fiber Materials (AREA)
  • Filtration Of Liquid (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention se rapporte à une toile d'égouttage pour la section de presse d'une machine à papier qui se caractérise par des capacités d'égouttage améliorées. Une telle toile est conçue de façon à présenter de longs segments superficiels exposés de monofilaments aplatis sur le côté de la toile en contact avec le papier, selon un facteur d'occupation élevé. La toile peut être utilisée seule, avec une couche de fibres aiguilletées sur le côté en contact avec le papier ou avec une couche de fibres aiguilletées sur les deux côtés.
EP90914113A 1989-09-19 1990-09-18 Toile d'egouttage pour section de presse Expired - Lifetime EP0493458B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT90914113T ATE94230T1 (de) 1989-09-19 1990-09-18 Entwaesserungsgewebe fuer eine presspartie.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US40916389A 1989-09-19 1989-09-19
US409163 1989-09-19

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0493458A1 true EP0493458A1 (fr) 1992-07-08
EP0493458B1 EP0493458B1 (fr) 1993-09-08

Family

ID=23619308

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP90914113A Expired - Lifetime EP0493458B1 (fr) 1989-09-19 1990-09-18 Toile d'egouttage pour section de presse

Country Status (12)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0493458B1 (fr)
JP (1) JPH04504740A (fr)
KR (1) KR950014794B1 (fr)
AU (1) AU628669B2 (fr)
BR (1) BR9007653A (fr)
CA (1) CA2066256C (fr)
DD (1) DD295886A5 (fr)
DE (1) DE69003246T2 (fr)
FI (1) FI96047C (fr)
MX (1) MX172727B (fr)
WO (1) WO1991004374A1 (fr)
ZA (1) ZA907421B (fr)

Families Citing this family (15)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5713396A (en) * 1990-06-06 1998-02-03 Asten, Inc. Papermakers fabric with stacked machine and cross machine direction yarns
DK0612881T3 (da) * 1990-06-06 1997-07-14 Asten S C V Papirfremstillingsvæv med flade tråde i maskinretningen.
US5199467A (en) * 1990-06-06 1993-04-06 Asten Group, Inc. Papermakers fabric with stacked machine direction yarns
JPH07500381A (ja) * 1991-07-12 1995-01-12 ジェイダブリューアイ　リミテッド 多面水切り布
GB9210066D0 (en) * 1992-05-09 1992-06-24 Scapa Group Plc Paper machine clothing
FI88059C (fi) * 1992-06-03 1993-03-25 Valmet Paper Machinery Inc Foerfarande i ett torkningsparti med enkelt viradrag och viragrupp foer ifraogavarande torkningsparti
FR2693747B1 (fr) * 1992-07-15 1994-08-19 Feutres Papeteries Tissus Indl Toile de papeterie dissymétrique et dispositif de fabrication de papier utilisant une telle toile.
US5458161A (en) * 1993-03-19 1995-10-17 Jwi Ltd. High loop density pin seam
CA2395310C (fr) * 1999-12-29 2009-03-17 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Textile decoratif moule en phase humide pour fabrication de mouchoirs
DE102005056618A1 (de) * 2005-11-25 2007-05-31 Voith Patent Gmbh Gewebegefüge
JP5620761B2 (ja) * 2010-09-07 2014-11-05 東洋紡Ｓｔｃ株式会社 高密度織物
CA2773501A1 (fr) * 2012-04-02 2013-10-02 Derek Chaplin Tissus monocouches permeables a l'air restant plus secs
FI127677B (en) * 2016-02-26 2018-11-30 Valmet Technologies Oy Industrial textiles and their use
FI128025B (en) 2017-03-24 2019-08-15 Valmet Technologies Oy industrial Textiles
EP3604669B1 (fr) * 2018-08-01 2023-09-20 Voith Patent GmbH Tissu pour machine de fabrication de toile et une telle machine avec un tissu correspondant

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4290209A (en) * 1978-05-17 1981-09-22 Jwi Ltd. Dryer fabric
US4438788A (en) * 1980-09-30 1984-03-27 Scapa Inc. Papermakers belt formed from warp yarns of non-circular cross section
US4414263A (en) * 1982-07-09 1983-11-08 Atlanta Felt Company, Inc. Press felt
DE3426264A1 (de) * 1984-07-17 1986-01-30 Franz F. 5160 Düren Kufferath Entwaeserungsband fuer pressen in der nasspartie einer papiermaschine
SE455380B (sv) * 1986-12-12 1988-07-11 Scandiafelt Ab Vevt filtermedia for slamavvattning
CA1311400C (fr) * 1987-02-13 1992-12-15 Scapa Inc. Tissu de papeterie peu extensible
FI92738C (fi) * 1989-09-08 1994-12-27 Albany Int Corp Hihna

Non-Patent Citations (1)

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Title
See references of WO9104374A1 *

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FI96047C (fi) 1996-04-25
MX172727B (es) 1994-01-10
DE69003246T2 (de) 1994-01-05
ZA907421B (en) 1991-08-28
AU628669B2 (en) 1992-09-17
AU6423490A (en) 1991-04-18
DE69003246D1 (de) 1993-10-14
WO1991004374A1 (fr) 1991-04-04
BR9007653A (pt) 1992-06-30
FI921165A0 (fi) 1992-03-18
FI921165A (fi) 1992-03-18
CA2066256A1 (fr) 1991-03-20
DD295886A5 (de) 1991-11-14
FI96047B (fi) 1996-01-15
KR950014794B1 (ko) 1995-12-14
CA2066256C (fr) 1996-03-05
KR920703926A (ko) 1992-12-18
EP0493458B1 (fr) 1993-09-08
JPH04504740A (ja) 1992-08-20

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