EP0491099B1 - Fermeture inviolable et methode d'application - Google Patents

Fermeture inviolable et methode d'application Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0491099B1
EP0491099B1 EP19900313896 EP90313896A EP0491099B1 EP 0491099 B1 EP0491099 B1 EP 0491099B1 EP 19900313896 EP19900313896 EP 19900313896 EP 90313896 A EP90313896 A EP 90313896A EP 0491099 B1 EP0491099 B1 EP 0491099B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
adhesive layer
closure
layer
backing
adhesive
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP19900313896
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0491099A1 (fr
Inventor
Robert W. Etheredge, Iii
Luz Elisa Thomas
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Kendall Co
Original Assignee
Kendall Co
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Kendall Co filed Critical Kendall Co
Priority to DE1990628309 priority Critical patent/DE69028309T2/de
Priority to EP19900313896 priority patent/EP0491099B1/fr
Publication of EP0491099A1 publication Critical patent/EP0491099A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0491099B1 publication Critical patent/EP0491099B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09F—DISPLAYING; ADVERTISING; SIGNS; LABELS OR NAME-PLATES; SEALS
    • G09F3/00—Labels, tag tickets, or similar identification or indication means; Seals; Postage or like stamps
    • G09F3/02—Forms or constructions
    • G09F3/0291—Labels or tickets undergoing a change under particular conditions, e.g. heat, radiation, passage of time
    • G09F3/0292—Labels or tickets undergoing a change under particular conditions, e.g. heat, radiation, passage of time tamper indicating labels

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to flexible tamper-evident tapes wherein the evidence of tampering is either a transfer of a pattern to the tampered product, revelation of a pattern on the backing of the closure, or tearing of the closure and/or the product over a wide temperature range including temperatures on the order of -320 o F (-195 o C) where other so-called tamper-evident seals do not exhibit tampering when removed and replaced later.
  • Tamper proofing has been of concern throughout the ages in the financial and security sectors. However recently it has taken on new significance due to tampering with food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical products.
  • U.S. Patent No. 2,845,728 issued to Huber discloses a self-destroying label having pressure sensitive adhesive on one surface thereof.
  • the principal object of this invention provided for a pressure sensitive label readily applicable to items of various kinds. Yet, when an attempt is made to remove such labels from the article, the label is damaged or disintegrates to a sufficient extent so that the condition of the label, if removed from one article and applied to another, readily and visibly will serve to indicate that the label has been tampered with.
  • the invention consists of weakening means comprising either interrupted rows of incisions or substantially continuous partial incisions.
  • U.S. Patent No. 3,383,121 discloses a self-adhesive copy label comprising a laminate construction consisting of a first layer such as a sheet of paper, a second pressure sensitive adhesive layer, preferentially adhered to the first layer so that it separates with the first layer when the first and third layers are separated, and a third layer consisting of a sheet of material constructed to be impact sensitive in that it carries, in normally separate states, chemicals which intermix upon impact to produce a color change in the impact area in or on the third layer itself.
  • the tamper evidence here is a color change.
  • U.S. Patent No. 4,082,873 issued to Williams discloses a "laminate comprising a transparent or translucent outer sheet having an information-containing pattern printed on its inner surface, the printed inner surface having a coating of pressure sensitive adhesive film coated thereon.
  • the affinity of the adhesive for the surface to which the laminated label is adhered and to the printed pattern is greater than the affinity of the printed pattern for the outer sheet.
  • Patent No. 4,121,003 issued to Williams modifies Patent No. 4,082,873, by providing that at least a portion of the information-containing pattern be printed with an ink which is not dried into an integral film form so as to form a disruptable pattern when tampered with.
  • a portion of the pigmentation in the disruptable pattern adheres to both the top sheet as well as the adhesive layer, resulting in a "diminution of interruption of the coloration of the disruptable pattern on the top sheet sufficient to give visual indication of tampering.”
  • U.S. Patent No. 4,184,701 issued to Franklin et al discloses a label comprising "a laminate comprising a transparent or translucent outer sheet having an information containing pattern printed on its inner surface, said printed film having a discontinuous coating of transparent plasticized organic polymeric material thereon, with said printed and coated surface having a coating of a color containing pressure sensitive adhesive film thereon.”
  • the label delaminates such that at least portions of the colored adhesive in register with the transparent discontinuous plasticized polymer coating remain on the substrate to which the label is adhered.
  • the evidence of tampering is a visual change in at least portions of background color.
  • U.S. Patent No. 4,608,288 issued to Spindler discloses a label comprising a cover foil with an adhesive layer laminated onto a base foil.
  • the cover foil is made of a material which is irreversibly deformable or easily breakable upon tampering. Moreover, the cover foil extends beyond the periphery of the base foil, thereby creating a safety rim which makes access to the base foil difficult.
  • U.S. Patent No. 4,652,473 issued to Han discloses a tape comprising a backing having an outer and inner layer, the outer layer having sufficiently high tensile strength to maintain its integrity when removed.
  • the inner layer is thin and deformable.
  • evidence of tampering is present by way of delamination.
  • the outer layer Upon removal of the outer layer, it delaminates from the inner layer which in turn generally causes a partial stretching out of the thin inner layer.
  • the patentee suggests using printed or colored layers for additional evidence.
  • U.S. Patent No. 4,721,638, 4,746,556 and 4,763,931 all issued to Matsuguchi et al disclose a multilayered adhesive material comprising various separation forces so that when particular layers are separated they cannot readhere or cannot readhere as in the original state.
  • the present invention obviates the disadvantages of the prior art in an elegant and novel manner by providing for a tamper evident closure effective at a wide range of temperatures.
  • a tamper-evident closure comprising a transparent backing layer and an adhesive layer for attaching the backing layer to a substrate characterised in that the transparent backing layer has surface adhesion properties which vary from location to location, a first adhesive layer, the adhesion of which to the backing layer varies from location to location from a first value to lower values and a second adhesive layer for attaching the first adhesive layer and the backing layer to a substrate, the first value of adhesion of the first adhesive layer to the backing being greater than the value of the adhesion of the second adhesive layer to the first adhesive layer, the arrangement being such that an attempted removal of the closure from a substrate will result in a visually detectable change in appearance, the closure providing evidence of tampering over a wide temperature range from above to below the Tg (glass transition temperature) of the adhesive layer adhering the closure to the substrate to be protected.
  • Tg glass transition temperature
  • the substrate may be a bag pouch.
  • the surface adhesion properties of the backing layer may be varied by chemical etching. Alternatively, the surface adhesion properties of the backing layer may be varied by depositing a barrier material having reduced adhesion properties such as a silicone, discontinuously on the backing layer.
  • the first adhesive layer is desirably of a different colour to the second adhesive layer.
  • the second adhesive layer may contain an ingredient which gives a colour reaction with skin.
  • the backing layer may be of polyester, polyolefin, polycarbonate or a cellulosic ester or copolymers or blends thereof.
  • the barrier material may be a silicone, a fluorocarbon, or polyoctadecyl carbonate as discrete deposits.
  • the first adhesive layer may be a polyester adhesive.
  • the second adhesive layer may be an acrylic pressure sensitive adhesive.
  • the backing layer is preferably 0.5 to 3 mils (0.013 to 0.075 mm) thick.
  • the deposits of barrier material are preferably up to about 1 micron (micrometre) thick.
  • the first adhesive layer is preferably 0.1 to 0.5 mil (0.0025 to 0.013 mm) thick.
  • the second adhesive layer is preferably 0.1 to 0.4 mil (0.0025 to 0.01 mm) thick.
  • the present invention is directed to a novel tamper-evident tape for applying over the flap or other opening in pouches, bags, envelopes or other containers for currency, security documents and the like, which tape will exhibit evidence of tampering if the tape is removed to gain access to the contents and then replaced.
  • the novel tamper-evident closure of this invention 10 will comprise a transparent backing 12 carrying, in order, a discontinuous layer of a barrier material 14; a coloured laminating adhesive layer 16; and an adhesive layer 18, preferably a pressure-sensitive adhesive, which bonds aggressively to the bag, pouch, envelope or other substrate.
  • a per se known release sheet 20 is preferably provided to protect the adhesive surface from premature contact.
  • Backing layer 12 may comprise any of the per se known transparent and flexible backing or support sheets, e.g. a polyester such as polyethylene terephthalate, a polyolefin such as polyethylene or polypropylene, polycarbonate, a cellulosic ester such as cellulose acetate or triacetate, etc., including copolymers or blends thereof. It may be on the order of from about 0.5 to about 3.0 mils (0.013 mm to 0.075 mm) thick, 1.0 mil (0.025 mm) being preferred.
  • the barrier material 14 which is preferably applied in a pattern but which may be randomly adhered to the backing, may comprise any material which does bond aggressively to the backing 12. Examples of such materials include silicone, fluorocarbons, Quilon (trademark of DuPont), polyoctadecyl carbonate, etc., silicone being preferred.
  • the function of the barrier material 14 is to preclude or reduce the adherence of the underlying coloured laminating adhesive layer 16 to the backing 12 in the areas where it is deposited.
  • the barrier material 14 is preferably transparent or translucent so that the underlying coloured layer 16 may be seen therethrough when viewed through the transparent backing 12.
  • the barrier material deposits may, for example, be on the order of about 1.0 micron (micrometre) thick. They may be provided on the inner surface of the backing 12 by per se known techniques such as gravure or flexible printing, spray coating, chemical etching and the like.
  • the laminating adhesive layer 16 has a greater affinity for the backing 12 than for the adhesive layer 18. Accordingly, when an effort is made to strip the tape from the substrate, the layer 16 tends to stay with the backing 12.
  • the layer 16, which contains a colour-providing material, e.g. a non-migrating dye or a pigment, may comprise any of the known laminating adhesives.
  • a colour-providing material e.g. a non-migrating dye or a pigment
  • the coloured layer 16 may comprise any of the commercially available polyester laminating adhesives in which the colour-providing material has been incorporated.
  • the thickness of the coloured layer 16 may be on the order of from about 0.1 to about 0.4 mil or 0.5 mil (.0025 to 0.01 mm or 0.013 mm), a preferred thickness being about 0.2 mil (0.0051 mm).
  • the adhesive layer 18 used to laminate the tape to the substrate, which is to be sealed may comprise an acrylic pressure sensitive adhesive formulation which adheres aggressively to the substrate.
  • the adhesive preferably includes an adhesion promoter such as an unsaturated higher fatty acid having at least 12 carbon atoms, oleic acid being illustrative. Tackifiers and/or plasticizers may also be incorporated in the acrylic adhesive to increase adhesion.
  • the layer 18 may further contain a non-migratory colour-providing material contrasting with the colour-providing material in the overlying layer 16. It may also contain a chemical reagent which, through contact with the skin of someone trying to remove the tape, produces a traceable reaction product in the skin and/or on the layer 18 itself, or on the pouch with which it is used.
  • the tape will of course be applied over the mouth or other opening in the container or other substrate to be sealed.
  • the tape is removed at a temperature above the Tg value of the layer 18, e.g. at ambient temperatures, so as to tamper with the contents, in areas where no barrier material is present, the coloured layer 16 will remain with the backing, as heretofore alluded to.
  • the coloured layer will be stripped away from the barrier, adhering to the adhesive layer 18 which remains aggressively bonded to the substrate.
  • the adhesive layer 18 will delaminate from the coloured layer 16 except where barrier layer 14 is present. At these areas, the coloured layer 16 will break from the barrier layer 14 and transfer with the adhesive layer 18.
  • a second possible evidence of tampering is that the backing is liable to tear, leaving an image on the substrate along with the evidence of tearing of the backing.
  • a third evidence which may occur is a noticeable wrinkling or distortion of the substrate.
  • the invention also extends to a tamper evident method for securing a bag pouch from tampering comprising the steps of:
  • the invention also extends to a bag pouch comprising a tamper evident closure in accordance with the present invention.
  • EXAMPLE 1 Layer Ingredient Thickness Layer 1 Mylar* (polyester film) 1 mil (0.025 mm) Layer 2 Silicone ⁇ 1 u (micron) (micrometre) Layer 3 Polyester Laminating Adhesive 0.4-0.5 mil) (0.01 to 0.013 mm) 10% Blue Pigment Layer 4 Ethylacetate Based Acrylic Adhesive 0.1-0.4 mil (0.0025 to 0.01 mm) 5% Oleic Acid Layer 5 Kraft Release Liner 4 mils (0.10 mm) * Trademark of DuPont
  • Mylar film was flexible printed with a silicone layer. The printed side was then overcoated with the laminating layer which was in turn overcoated with the adhesive layer. Lastly, a Kraft release liner was applied to the adhesive side of the aforementioned film.
  • the present invention offers a tamper evident closure over a temperature ranging from +150°F to -320°F (+66°C to -195°C).
  • tamper evident mechanisms are: transfer of a coloured pattern to the substrate, revealing of a printed pattern on the backing, tearing of the backing, colour change, wrinkling of the substrate, finger prints as well as transfer of colour to the person doing the tampering.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
  • Adhesive Tapes (AREA)
  • Bag Frames (AREA)

Claims (9)

  1. Fermeture (10), comprenant une couche de renfort arrière transparente et une couche adhésive pour fixer la couche de renfort arrière transparente sur un support, dans laquelle la couche de renfort arrière transparente (12) présente des propriétés d'adhérence de surface qui varient d'un endroit à l'autre, caractérisée par une première couche adhésive (16) dont l'adhérence avec la couche de renfort arrière (12) varie d'un endroit à l'autre entre une première valeur et des valeurs inférieures, et une seconde couche adhésive (18) pour fixer la première couche adhésive (16) et la couche de renfort arrière (12) sur un support, la première valeur d'adhérence de la première couche adhésive (16) au renfort arrière (12) étant supérieure à la valeur d'adhérence de la seconde couche adhésive (18) à la première couche adhésive (16), l'agencement étant tel que, lorsqu'on tente d'enlever la fermeture d'un support, cela entraîne un changement d'aspect détectable visuellement, la fermeture fournissant une preuve de tentative d'effraction dans une large plage de températures allant d'une température supérieure à la Tg (température de transition vitreuse) à une température inférieure à la Tg de la couche adhésive fixant la fermeture sur le support qui doit être protégé.
  2. Fermeture selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce que les propriétés d'adhérence de surface de la couche de renfort arrière (12) sont modifiées par attaque chimique.
  3. Fermeture selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce que les propriétés d'adhérence de surface de la couche de renfort arrière sont modifiées en déposant de manière discontinue un matériau de barrière (14) présentant des propriétés d'adhérence réduites sur la couche de renfort arrière (12).
  4. Fermeture selon la revendication 3, caractérisée en ce que le matériau est un silicone.
  5. Fermeture selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisée en ce que la première couche adhésive (16) est d'une couleur différente de celle de la seconde couche adhésive (18).
  6. Fermeture selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 5, caractérisée en ce que la seconde couche adhésive (18) contient un ingrédient qui donne une réaction de coloration avec la peau.
  7. Fermeture selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 6, caractérisée en ce que la couche de renfort arrière (12) est réalisée en polyester, en polyoléfine, en polycarbonate ou en ester de cellulose, ou en copolymères ou en mélanges de ceux-ci, le matériau de barrière (14) est un silicone, un hydrocarbure fluoré ou un carbonate de polyoctadécyle présentant la forme de dépôts discontinus, la première couche adhésive (16) est un polyester adhésif et la seconde couche adhésive (18) est un adhésif acrylique sensible à la pression.
  8. Fermeture selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 7, caractérisée en ce que la couche de renfort arrière (12) est d'une épaisseur de 0,013 à 0,075 mm (0,5 à 3 mils), les dépôts du matériau de barrière (14) ont jusqu'à 1 micromètre d'épaisseur, la première couche adhésive (16) est d'une épaisseur de 0,0025 à 0,013 mm (0,1 à 0,5 mil) et la seconde couche adhésive (18) est d'une épaisseur de 0,0025 à 0,01 mm (0,1 à 0,4 mil).
  9. Procédé de mise en évidence de tentatives d'effraction en vue de protéger un sac, caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend les étapes consistant à :
    (a) fixer une fermeture selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 8, sur un quelconque des côtés de l'ouverture dudit sac,
    (b) fermer ledit sac en superposant les deux côtés et en fixant un côté à l'autre au moyen de ladite fermeture.
EP19900313896 1990-12-19 1990-12-19 Fermeture inviolable et methode d'application Expired - Lifetime EP0491099B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE1990628309 DE69028309T2 (de) 1990-12-19 1990-12-19 Sicherheitsverschluss und Verfahren zur Verwendung desselben
EP19900313896 EP0491099B1 (fr) 1990-12-19 1990-12-19 Fermeture inviolable et methode d'application

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP19900313896 EP0491099B1 (fr) 1990-12-19 1990-12-19 Fermeture inviolable et methode d'application

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0491099A1 EP0491099A1 (fr) 1992-06-24
EP0491099B1 true EP0491099B1 (fr) 1996-08-28

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EP19900313896 Expired - Lifetime EP0491099B1 (fr) 1990-12-19 1990-12-19 Fermeture inviolable et methode d'application

Country Status (2)

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EP (1) EP0491099B1 (fr)
DE (1) DE69028309T2 (fr)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6270256B1 (en) 1997-04-07 2001-08-07 Sealed Air Corporation Tamper evident bag
WO2003104099A1 (fr) * 2002-06-07 2003-12-18 Pak Technologies Group Pty Ltd Sachet souple, ligne de thermosoudage et de remplissage de sachets souples, conteneurs pour supporter et transporter ces sachets souples
US7332205B2 (en) 2000-04-24 2008-02-19 Avery Dennison Corporation Adhesive articles with improved air egress
DE102008016624A1 (de) 2007-04-02 2008-10-16 Securikett Ulrich & Horn Gmbh Versiegelungsfolie

Families Citing this family (25)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5582887A (en) * 1989-08-17 1996-12-10 The Kendall Company Tamper-evident tape having discontinuous barrier layer
CA2134521A1 (fr) * 1993-11-02 1995-05-03 Raymond R. Gosselin Etiquette anti-fraude
US5683774A (en) * 1994-12-09 1997-11-04 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Durable, tamper resistant security laminate
US5510171A (en) * 1995-01-19 1996-04-23 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Durable security laminate with hologram
EP0755776A1 (fr) * 1995-07-28 1997-01-29 Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company Feuille multicouche
US6033762A (en) * 1998-05-08 2000-03-07 Decker Tape Products, Co., Inc. Self-adhesive resealable tamper-evident tape
DE10022002A1 (de) * 1999-12-29 2001-07-12 Beiersdorf Ag Sicherheitsklebeband zum Nachweis des unbefugten Öffnens einer Verpackung
US6537634B2 (en) 1999-12-29 2003-03-25 Tesa Ag Adhesive security tape for detecting unauthorized broaching of a package
DE19963709A1 (de) 1999-12-29 2002-12-05 Tesa Ag Sicherheitsklebeband zum Nachweis des unbefugten Öffnens einer Verpackung
EP1712603B1 (fr) * 2000-04-24 2008-12-03 Avery Dennison Corporation Articles adhésifs à evacuation d'air améliorée et leurs procédés de fabrication
DE10030596A1 (de) 2000-06-21 2003-01-23 Tesa Ag Sicherheitsklebeband zum Nachweis des unbefugten Öffnens einer Verpackung
DE10030555A1 (de) 2000-06-21 2002-03-14 Tesa Ag Sicherheitsklebeband zum Nachweis des unbefugten Öffnens einer Verpackung
DE10140491A1 (de) * 2001-05-28 2002-12-05 Tesa Ag Selbstklebendes Sicherheitsetikett
DE10146270A1 (de) 2001-09-19 2003-04-03 Tesa Ag Verwendung eines Sicherheitsklebebandes zum Anzeigen unautorisierter Öffnungsversuche an Versandpackungen
DE10209542A1 (de) * 2002-03-04 2003-09-25 Tesa Ag Verpackung mit einem als Originalverschluss dienenden Verschlussstreifen
WO2006076116A1 (fr) 2005-01-12 2006-07-20 Avery Dennison Corporation Article adhesif possedant des proprietes d'application ameliorees
FR2880837B1 (fr) * 2005-01-20 2010-09-24 Gen Etiq Plaque multicouche pour la formation d'etiquettes auto-adhesives, procede de fabrication d'une telle plaque et etiquette composant la plaque multicouche
FR2898208B1 (fr) * 2006-03-02 2008-08-22 Novatec Sa Procede de tracabilite de bouteilles ou d'emballages et etiquette securisee adaptee
EP1892689A1 (fr) * 2006-08-21 2008-02-27 3M Innovative Properties Company Etiquette contenant une décoration et/ou une information comprenant des emblèmes et procédé de fabrication IT
US9240131B2 (en) 2007-06-04 2016-01-19 Avery Dennison Corporation Adhesive articles having repositionability or slidability characteristics
GB201009458D0 (en) 2010-06-04 2010-07-21 Avon Adhesive Products Ltd Security films
GB2520992A (en) * 2013-12-06 2015-06-10 Essentra Packaging & Security Ltd Opening label
TWM506831U (zh) * 2015-03-31 2015-08-11 Seal King Ind Co Ltd 防偽膠帶之拆緘顯示結構
CN114173843A (zh) * 2019-08-02 2022-03-11 3M创新有限公司 显窃启闭合件
WO2023126839A1 (fr) * 2021-12-27 2023-07-06 3M Innovative Properties Company Film d'étanchéité ayant une faiblesse de bord périphérique pour une protection inviolable

Family Cites Families (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4180929A (en) * 1978-01-23 1980-01-01 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Tamper indicating label
US4184701A (en) * 1978-02-10 1980-01-22 Monarch Marking Systems, Inc. Tamper proof label
DE3534558A1 (de) * 1984-10-01 1986-04-17 Daimatsu Kagaku Kogyo Co. Ltd., Osaka Aufklebematerial zur verhinderung des wiederaufklebens

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6270256B1 (en) 1997-04-07 2001-08-07 Sealed Air Corporation Tamper evident bag
US7332205B2 (en) 2000-04-24 2008-02-19 Avery Dennison Corporation Adhesive articles with improved air egress
US7344618B2 (en) 2000-04-24 2008-03-18 Avery Dennison Corporation Adhesive articles with improved air egress and methods of making the same
WO2003104099A1 (fr) * 2002-06-07 2003-12-18 Pak Technologies Group Pty Ltd Sachet souple, ligne de thermosoudage et de remplissage de sachets souples, conteneurs pour supporter et transporter ces sachets souples
DE102008016624A1 (de) 2007-04-02 2008-10-16 Securikett Ulrich & Horn Gmbh Versiegelungsfolie

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0491099A1 (fr) 1992-06-24
DE69028309T2 (de) 1997-01-23
DE69028309D1 (de) 1996-10-02

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